Growth of a Nation - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Growth of a NationGr 8 SS Canadian History Unit

“400 Years of Challenges”

“His Story” telling = HistorySlide2

Your Tasks

WATCH, LISTEN, ASK and

DISCUSSNotetaking:

Copy each slide title Add three or more “jot notes” for each slide topic .

Be sure to include

important people, places, events and years

Quietly listen to video clips or music and ENJOY the ride!.

Let’s practice with this slide!

Ready

Set

GO!!Slide3

Land Bridge Migration Theoryvideo

clip

During the last ice age (left), much of Earth's water was locked up in glaciers

, exposing vast swaths of seafloor, such as the Bering land bridge connecting Siberia and Alaska

.

Submerged today (right), the bridge may have been the

route followed by the first humans to enter the Americas.

Sealevel changes videoAboriginal myths and legends vary in the telling but all acknowledge their creation as part of the continent

rather than a migration. Creation Story

The First North AmericansSlide4

Aboriginal People of America <video

Aboriginial

People include First Nations, Inuit and

Metis people who first inhabited the continent upon European arrival.

For centuries they were

misrepresented by the term “Indians” and often considered

by Europeans as one culture

when in reality there were many different cultural, linguistic and ethnic groups who tended to live with the land according to natural regions.

Many of these groups were bitter enemies and in some cases like the Iroquois extremely organized within a Confederacy of Nations.The

arrival of Europeans has proven disasterous for many of these groups as they lost their traditional lands , life styles and succumbed to disease.

Treaties between these many groups and the government were seen as the solution – however many struggles continue. Treaties continue to govern our relations as we continue to share the continent Slide5

Vikings –First Europeans 1000 AD video

Vikings originally came from

Scandanavia (Norway)

Eric the Red

was a well known

Viking explorer who sailed from settlements in Iceland to

discover Greenland – 983 ADBjarni Herjólfsson is believed to

accidentally discovered North America when he was blown off course in his travels from Greenland in 986 AD.Eric’s son, Lief (the Lucky) Ericsson

has been credit with the re -discovery of North America with early settlements in the land they called Vinland (Newfoundland). Vikings 980 AD – first Europeans

Who Wants to be a Viking

?Slide6

European Colonization of America

Although

the Vikings first discovered America in 1000 AD no one knew of their discovery until 1960!

The

popular belief was the Earth was flat

– to sail too far could put your ship over the edge of the earth!!

Early sailors for centuries –

sailed, discovered and explored new territories but always within site of the coast. The

15th Century, was called the “Age of Discovery” as Europeans had sailed around Africa, discovered India and found the riches of the Orient.

In 1492 – Christopher Columbus sponsored by Queen Isabella of Spain, sailed west across the “open seas” of the Atlantic Ocean believing the earth was round so he could find a shorter route to India

– only to discover America. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pvcb1IK6aw0 5 min

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mw7H-eTCYWI&feature=related

Over the next 400 years, Europeans began building Colonial Empires

– the largest were by the Spanish, British, French and Portuguese. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Colonisation2.gifSlide7

John Cabot 1497 claims for England

After Columbus reached the West Indies in 1492 claiming for Spain…

Cabot sailed his ship, the

Matthew, on May 2, 1497 in search of East Asia only to discover the mainland of North America

– at Newfoundland

He claimed it in the name of King Henry VII for England.

He did discover the Grand Banks of Newfoundland – greatest fishing in world.He then

made the first recorded attempt to find the Northwest Passage, only to find ice-crusted waters.FYI - It is only in the last few years – with the warming of the polar regions , that the Northwest Passage has become ice free .The Arctic remains one of the few undiscovered regions on the planet with promise of new resources!Slide8

Jacques Cartier – claims for France -1534

Jacques Cartier lands in

Gaspé

at mouth of St Lawrence River on

July 24, 1534,

He

raised a cross in claimed

possession of the territory in the name of Francis I, King of France. Cartier is credited with the

Naming of Canada as he meets First Nations.Slide9

Earliest Settlements 1606-1667

Royal Charter grants all lands draining in to Hudson Bay (Western Canada) to the Hudson Bay Company (1670-1870)

first and oldest company in Canada.

Notice how

First Nations are ignored as Europeans divide up the New World!Slide10

Samuel de Champlain“Father of New France”

was a French

explorer, navigator, and mapmaker.

He explored much of eastern Canada and became known as the

Father of New France

, which was the French part of Canada.

Samuel Champlain

video

In

1604

Champlain made his second trip to North America. Champlain

explored the Atlantic coast from the Bay of Fundy down to Cape Cod.

In 1606 established

Port Royal as his first attempt at settlement.

In

1608

, Champlain

founded

a settlement and trading post that became

the

city of Quebec

as the

first permanent European settlement in Canada

.

In 2008, Quebec celebrated it’s 400

th

birthday as the oldest city in Canada!

In

1603

he travelled up the Saguenay, St. Lawrence, and Richelieu rivers

to make a

very accurate map of Canada

from Hudson Bay in the north down to the Great Lakes.Slide11

France was a colonial power in North America

from founding

of Québec in 1608 to the ceding of Canada to Britain in

1763.

France

placed its stamp upon the history of the

continent including ACADIA (in

Maritimes), the territory of Louisiana, the Mississippi Valley and the

St Lawrence Valley, are still a French culture today. Govenor

Frontenac was a strong leader who helped the growth of New France through fur trade and defended against British and Iroquois attempts to overtake the colony.

Video clip

New France

1608-1763Slide12

The Fur Trade video^

Beginning with

simple trade between

European fishermen and natives eager to obtain metal and cloth goods

:

iron knives and axes, awls, copper kettles, blankets and

trinkets. in exchange for furs and fresh meat

.. When the wide-brimmed felt hat came into fashion later in the 16th century, the demand for BEAVER PELTS increased tremendously

.

Beginning in 1670 the

Hudson Bay Company begins setting up trading posts along rivers reaching Hudson Bay opening Western Canada

to the trade.

After the defeat of France in 1763

French fur traders (courier de bois) were hired by the North West Company

out of Montreal beginning a

trade war

. .

Voyageurs

By

1825

,

the Hudson Bay Company reclaimed a monopoly

to become one of Canada’s most successful companiesSlide13

French English Conflicts

England and France had become traditional rivals

as they conflicted in Europe and within their respective colonies over many centuries.The European Seven Years War

became the French & Indian War in North America which saw two decisive British victories.

Battle of Louisburg (1758)

saw the

defeat of the French Fortress which guarded the St Lawrence River and New France.

Battle of Quebec (1759) (<video) became one of Canada’s most famous battles as the French General Montcalm is defeated by British General James Wolfe with a sneak attack on the Plains of Abraham following the miraculous night climb of the cliffs. Both generals died in the battle in this final and decisive battle which

left Britain in control of the entire eastern coast of North America.

Battle for Canada video 25 minSlide14

Royal Proclamation 1763

British Rule Begins

The Royal Proclamation of 1763 was to

establish a basis of government administration in the North American territories

, following the

SEVEN YEARS' WAR

.

It established the framework for the negotiation of Indian treaties by

recognizing “Indian Country” as an area outside British rule. This upset those in the 13 American colonies who wanted to expand westward.Video With British colonial governments in the

PROVINCE OF QUEBEC which ended the authority of the Catholic Church and French Civil Law upsetting French settlers.Slide15

Quebec Act 1774

In an effort to satisfy upset colonists the Quebec Act was passed.the

boundaries of Quebec were extended as far as the Ohio River valley.

The Roman Catholic church was recognized by the Quebec Act. the

establishment of the French civil law to govern the relations

British criminal law was remained in all matters having to do with public law and order Although boundaries were to change – the

Quebec legal system and recognition of the Catholic Church remain in modern Quebec!This Act did not satisfy those living in the 13 British Colonies in America.

Slide16

American Revolution 1776

The American Revolution was a war against Great Britain (England) and the

the original 13 colonies living in America.

The conflict started when the mother country, England, began to heavily tax the colonists. They also created unfair laws

which colonists did not agree with it.

The colonists felt that

they deserved a say in the British government (Parliament). This lack of say in the government was called "

Taxation without Representation". More Info

When the colonists began getting angry and protesting the British soldiers came across the Atlantic Ocean to solve the problem

. Instead of solving the problem war broke out versus the colonists. There were many important battles and people that helped the colonists become victorious led by General George Washington.

July 4,1776 they establish themselves as an independent country with the Declaration of Independence and American Constitution..

United States of America first “republic in the world” where leaders are elected to represent the citizens –democracy!

American Revolution in 4 minutes

FYI

Revoultion

Flag of America

13 Colonies

13 Stars (now 50!)

13 Stripes (still)

Why Study History?

US History in 60 secondsSlide17

Constitutional Act 1791

After the American Revolution – the former region of Quebec was restructured .

The Constitutional Act of 1791 was an Act of the British Parliament creating

LOWER CANADA (Quebec) was mainly French .

and

UPPER CANADA (Ontario)which was mainly English.

A migration of thousands of former New England Loyalists who did not want to become Americans moved to Upper Canada.

FYIUpper Canada was named based on higher elevation than Lower Canada.

Established current borders of Ontario and QuebecFYI- York is the site of

Toronto and Bytown becomes Ottawa.Slide18

War of 1812

First Nations in War 1812

T

he causes

of this war

began between England and France

during the European Napoleonic Wars.When

British prevented trade to European ports which led to siezing of American ships and crews – the US declared War on British Canada. Americans

believed British colonists in Canada would eagerly join the USA – it was just a matter of “marching North.”Despite superior US numbers poor tactics and terrible leadership led to repeated British victories.

British success was due largely to leadership of Sir Isaac Brock who set up effective defenses and also led the successful capture of Detroit . Brock’s strategic victory at QueenstonHeights

proved fatal and he dies as ‘the hero who saved Canada’

Recognizing the need to unite First Nations to defend Indian Country

- the great Shawnee Chief Tecumsah led a confederation First Nations against the invading Americans.

American victories were few – however they did sack British capital at Fort York (Toronto) –twice!In retaliation the

British sacked Buffalo and burned the Whitehouse

in Washington DC.

Although insignificant to most British –

Americans and Canadians both claim victory

– although little changes resulted -followed by

200 years of peace

a

long the longest unfortified border in the world

.

Battle of New Orleans

War of 1812

Canadian Version

It is agreed however that the

First Nations lost the War of 1812

loosing large number and never regaining status.

Laura Secord Story

Napoleons

Empire

1807Slide19

1837 Rebellions

With similar frustrations with the British colonial government as the New England colonies -

Lower (Quebec -1837-38) and Upper

(Ontario-1838)Canada exploded into seperate

armed rebellions

.

Major leaders of the rebellion included Joseph Papinau in Lower Canada

and William Lyon Mackenzie in Upper Canada. American sympathizers supported their efforts against the British.British suppress both rebellions fearing another Revolution overpowering the rebels.

There would be no Canadian Revolution!!

PapinauMackenzieSlide20

Durham Report Act of Union 1840

Lord Durham

The

Durham Report 1839

recommended the

Act of Union 1840 uniting

Upper and Lower Canada into a single province Canada under one parliament leading to responsible government which was the aim of the Rebellion.Durham plan however was to

assimilate the French into the more dominant British culture –reigniting French-English conflict.

The British successfully overpowered the rebels avoiding their fears of another American Revolution.

John George Lambton, the Earl of Durham was appointed Governor General to study and solve the causes of the Rebellion .

FYI – Alaska owned by Russia in 1840

until bought by US in 1867.Canadian History OverviewSlide21

American Civil War^Music Video^

American

Civil War (1861–1865) was a major war between the

Northern United States ("Union") led by President Abraham Lincoln

and

Southern

states ("Confederacy")led by President Jefferson Davis.

With a culture and economy based on plantations and slavery the Confederate States proposed sucession (independence) when the Northern Union States demanded the end to slavery.

After four bloody years with unprecedented loss of life and property the Union defeated the ConfederacyMany slaves escaped to Canada through the

“Underground Railway”

.

American History in 4 Min

Canadians are convinced of

the need for a strong federal government

to prevent such devastating civil wars in CanadaSlide22

Fenian Raids 1866

Rather than returning home after Civil War, a group of

battlehardened Irish Americans known as the

Fenians independently attack British Canada

i

n

support of Ireland’s conflicts with Great Britain, With superior numbers, weapons and experience they

sack the town of Fort Eerie and go on to defeat the Canadians at the Battle of Ridgeway.Although the Fenians raids were successful – they quickly returned to the US for safety only to be arrested by American forces

who did not want another war.

Combined with the recent US purchase of Alaska and possible expansion of the west coast,the Fenian Raids became the proof needed to unite the colonies into an independent CanadaSlide23

Fathers of Confederation Charlottetown

Conferernce

Confederation – July 1,1867

Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick

John A Macdonald

First Prime Minister of Canada

Under the

leadership of John A Macdonald

who leads the colony of Canada (Ontario and Quebec) to convince Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick into joining in Confederation forming the new Dominion of Canada. Newfoundland and PEI refuse.

Fears of American annexation after Civil War and desires to stay loyal to Britain were major drivers. British North America Act is signed by British Parliament

creating the new nation on July 1, 1867

Confederation plaque on outside wall of House of

C

ommons in Parliament Building today.

Confederation

Rap Video

Original Flag of CanadaSlide24

“Land of the Beaver” -Rupert’s Land becomes the North West Territories

The year

1870 ends the

Rupert’s Land

200 year lease

with Hudson Bay Company

creating

the huge North West Territories.

Battleford (Sk) becomes Territorial Capital but later moves to Regina.

The Hudson Bay Company maintains its fur trading traditions and eventually grows into one of Canada’s largest Department Store chains.

North West Mounted Police begin training in

Regina to bring law and order to Western Canada.Today all RCMP still train at the Regina “Depot”! Slide25

Manitoba and North West Territory 1870 Seeds of French and Metis Conflict Video (2:32)

Father of Manitoba

Louis Riel

At

Red River

Colony

(Winnipeg)

Louis Riel frustrated with lack of support from the new Canadian government forms a Provisional government establishing a Metis Nation to negotiate terms for Confederation

. -Following a short rebellion including an

execution of Thomas Scott from Ontario -Prime Minister Macdonald reaches agreement with Riel and the tiny new province of Manitoba is

formed as Canada’s fifth province. As new Canadian settlers flood into Manitoba - many Metis move to Saskatchewan while Riel flees to Montana for safety.

The Canadian Government begins land surveying

preparing for the new railway and settlement

ignoring existing First Nations and Metis settlementsSlide26

British Columbia 1871

Strong

British loyalty repulses American attempts to annex

the west coast territory linking to their recent Alaska purchase from Russia.- British Columbia agrees to join Confederation with Macdonald’s promise of transcontinental railway.Slide27

Prince Edward Island 1873

-

PEI agrees to join Confederation

in return for paying off debts and development of a railway.Slide28

National Dream – Building a Railway from Sea to

Sea

Canadian Railway

Trilorgy

– Lightfoot Video

Choo-Choo

Boogie

Prime Minister John A Macdonald

began what became know as his

“National Dream” keeping his promise to British Columbia by building the Canadian Pacific Railway.

This was enormous task of not only building the largest transcontinentral railway but meeting the geographical challenges – including the Rocky Mountains!With

huge work gangs – often consisting of European immigrants the railway quickly crossed the prairies.

The most dangerous and difficult challenge across the Rockies was left to Chinese immigrants

(video) – many who lost their lives in the effort.The long awaited “Last Spike” completed the railway in

1885Slide29

Northwest Rebellion 1885 <video

.

Conflicts with the new government and the Metis and First Nations

led to the

North West Rebellion 1885

in the area of Saskatchewan . Metis again look to

Riel to return as their leader. Macdonald still angry over Red River is determined to prevent this

emerging Canadian Civil War sends troops on CPR.Chief Poundmaker and Big Bear were two influential First Nations leaders

whose people were struggling to survive under new treaties. Canadian Militia were supported by British army and

Northwest Mounted Police and led by British General Fredrick Middleton. Major battles were at Duck Lake, Fish Creek, Frenchman Butte,

Battleford and Cutknife .

The final battle at Batoche

saw the defeat of the Metis and their leaders Louis Riel and

Gabriel Dumont

after three days of battle

.

Riel is brought to trial in Regina and hanged -pleasing Ontario

but leads to

outrage of French Canadians.

Video

Metis Anthem

!

Louis Riel

Gabriel Dumont

Metis

Flag

General Middleton

Poundmaker

-videoSlide30

Yukon & North West Territory Districts 1898

Northwest Mounted Police (Dawson City)

Sam Steele

Most Famous

Mountie

North West Territory divided into Districts – Mackenzie, Keewatin,

Ungave

,

Assiniboia

, Alberta and SaskatchewanKlondike Gold Rush

(video) sees large migration to new territory of the Yukon.North West Mounted Police led by men like Sam Steele

(video) bring law and order to the untamed western territories..Slide31

Saskatchewan & Alberta 1905

Sir Fredrick

Haultain

First and Only Premier of NWT

Proposed one province

Sask

+ Alta =>”Buffalo”

Eastern Concerns that this single province would challenge Ontario led to two new provinces emerge in 1905.

Both provinces grow rapidly with immigration policies focussed on agriculture.

Over 800,000 immigrate to Sask between 1901-31.

Sask has third largest population in Canada before “Dirty Thirties Depression – over 70% rural!

Sir Clifford

Sifton

“Minister of the Interior”

Starts Agricultural

Immigration in Western Canada

.

Encourages skilled

farmers from USA Eastern Europe, and Russia (including

Menonites

, Ukrainians,

Doukabors

and

Hutterites

).

under the Dominion Land Act promising landownership for labor.

Starts the

newspaper

the

Manitoba Free Press

and later the

Regina Leader and Saskatoon Star Phoenix.

Farm of A. Buhler

Warman

, Saskatchewan, 1910Slide32

Newfoundland 1949

Premier Joey Smallwood

First Premier

Although the site of the first Europeans on the continent –

Newfoundland remains a British colony until 1949

.

Developing around

a maritime economy focussed on fishing

the Grand Banks they are able to remain independent.Newfoundland sends troops to defend Britain in both World Wars making huge sacrafices.

With the decline of the maritime economy in sight - Joey Smallwood convinces Newfoundlanders to join Canada.In 2006 they adopt the name Newfoundland and LabradorSlide33

Nunavut 1999

Paul

Okalik

First Premier of Nunavut

In

1999

, the territory of

Nunavut is created.

With it’s capital in Iqaluit – it’s population is primarily Inuit.

The territorial government is designed for “Inuit self government”.The “Inukshuk” has become the

symbol of Nunavut.

Inukshuks are stone markers

in human formIndicating significant and traditional locations in the Arctic such as good fishing or hunting or simply you are on the path and not lost! Slide34

Canada Today

Rick Mercer: Canada Explained

Canada History in 2 Min

Canada Eh!

Rick

Mercer:Talking

to Americans