primary sex organs ie Testes and ovaries sex cells produced by gonads as well as gonads secrete sex hormones remaining reproductive structures ID: 693541
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Slide1
The Reproductive System
Chapter 16Slide2
___________________-
primary sex organs
-
ie. Testes and ovaries_______________________--sex cells produced by gonads as well as gonads secrete sex hormones_______________________________-remaining reproductive structuresJoint purpose of Reproductive system is produce offspring---via sperm in males and ___________ in females
gonads
gametes
Accessory reproductive organs
ovaSlide3
Zygote
becomes embryo and then
fetusSlide4
Anatomy of Male Reproductive System
Testes
have
exocrine-sperm producing- function and endocrine-testosterone producingAccessory structures in delivery of sperm to exterior or to femaleSlide5
TESTES-
Plum
shaped---4 cm –sized surrounded by fibrous connective tissue capsule-
_____________________________-“white coat”Extensions of capsule extend into testes and divide into wedge-shaped ______________________each containing 1-4 _____________________________-
sperm producing portion
Tunica albuginea
lobules
Seminiferous tubulesSlide6
Seminiferous tubules empty into another set of tubules-
--____________________on
each side of testis-sperm travel from
rete to enter 1st part of duct system-____________________-hugging external testis
In soft tissue around seminiferous tubules are -__________________-that produce androgens-esp. testosterone---thus different tissue process sperm and then hormones
Rete testis
epididymis
Interstitial cellsSlide7
DUCT SYSTEM-
inc.
edididymis,ducus deferns, and urethra
A.___________________________-highly coiled tube-~6 m-capping superior testis and extends posterolaterally-temporary storage for immature sperm entering from testis
Takes sperm about _____________days to travel epididymis,maturing along the way...and become motile
During ejaculation,epididymis contracts to expel ___________into--_________________________________
epididymis
20
Sperm….
ductus
deferensSlide8Slide9
.
Ductus
Deferens
(= vas deferens)-extends upward from epididymis through inguinal canal,to pelvic cavity and arches over superior bladder…enclosed w/ blood vessels and nerves and connective tissue sheath-______________________ and it travels up through inguinal canal
Spermatic cordSlide10Slide11
Loops medially over ureter and goes down posterior bladder-expands as ampulla and empties into
_________________--
this passes through prostate gland and merges w/ urethra
Main function of ductus deferens is to _________________________
At ejaculation smooth muscle squeeze sperm forward by ___________________
Ejaculatory duct
Propel live sperm from storage-epididymis and distal vas deferns
peristalsisSlide12
A __________________________________is a contraceptive procedure that ligates-“ties-off”
ducus
deferns in part that lies in scrotum---sperm are still produced-but don’t reach body exterior and are phagocytized-rendering male sterilevasectomySlide13
Urethra
From
base bladder to tip of penis-terminal feature of male system-carries urine and sperm-however both never travel @ same time---bladder sphincter constricts @ ejaculation preventing this3 regions: 1) ______________-surrounded by prostrate2
)_____________-from prostatic urethra to penis and 3)__________-runs length of penis
Prostatic urethra
Membranous urethra
Spongy (penile)urethraSlide14Slide15Slide16
ACCESSORY GLANDS AND SEMEN
-
inc
. paired seminal vesicles,single
prostate,bulbourethral
glands and semenA.____________________@
base of bladder make ~60% of seminal fluid-secretion rich in _________________which
nourish and activate sperm
Each of its duct joins vas deferens on same side to form
__________----
thus sperm and seminal fluid enter urethra during ejaculation
Seminal vesicles
Fructose, vitamin C,
proglastins
…
Ejaculatory ductSlide17
Prostate-single doughnut –shaped gland-encircles prostatic urethra below bladder
Its
glandular
, milky secretion helps activate sperm---during ejaculation-fluid enters urethra through several small ductsSince near rectum,can
be palpitated rectallySlide18
Older men suffer hypertrophy of gland, strangling urethra-making urination difficult and increases risk of bladder infections-
________________
and kidney damage
Treatments include :surgery,drugs or microwaves to shrink prostate,insertion of small balloon to push prostate away from
urethra,incineration w/low energy radiation___________________-inflammation of prostate-common
_______________-most prevalent cancer in men-slow growing,usually
cystitis
prostatitis
Prostatic cancerSlide19Slide20Slide21
C.
_______________________-
tiny pea-sized glands posterior to prostate
, produce thick,c lear mucus draining into penile urethra----is 1
st secretion to pass upon sexual arousal ---functions in cleansing urethra of acidic urine and is a sexual lubricant
Bulbourethral glandsSlide22
D. Semen-milky white, somewhat sticky mixture of sperm and gland secretions ;transport medium for nutrients and chemicals that protect and aid in movement of sperm
Sperm
have little cytoplasm or stored nutrients so __________________ is energy fuel
pH ~ 7.2-7.6 helps neutralize acidic vagina(3.5-4.0)-protecting sperm(sperm are sluggish in acidic environment)________________-antibiotic chemical destroying certain bacteriaHormone_______________-………………………….
fructose
seminalplasmin
relaxinSlide23
Semen cont’d
Enzymes to enhance sperm motility
Substances to inhibit female reproductive immune response
Male infertility---causes include obstruction of duct system, hormone imbalance , environmental estrogens ,pesticides, too much alcohol….often
_________________is checked to analyze sperm count, motility, and morphology,semen volume ,pH, fructose amount…sperm count should not be below 20 million /mL
Semen analysisSlide24
EXTERNAL GENITALIA-
ie
. Scrotum and penis
Scrotum-divided sac of skin outside abdominal cavity, normally hangs loosely, rendering
testes temperature below body temp.( @ ~ 5.4 degrees lower)-necessary for healthy sperm production ,changes in scrotal surface area help maintain temp—example -wrinkles as pulls toward body during external cold temp’sPenis-delivers sperm-consists of
shaft ,glans penis tip and prepuce or foreskin-loose skin covering-often removed at circumcision/Internally-spongy urethra
SURROUNDED by 3 elongated areas of _______________________that fill w/ blood during arousal-causing rigid erection
Erectile tissueSlide25
Male Reproductive Functions
Spermatogenesis
=
sperm production-begins @ puberty and is lifelongMillions/day_________________primitive stem cells @ periphery of each seminiferous tubule/rapid mitotic division to build stem cell line….from birth to puberty
spermatogoniaSlide26
Spermatogeneisis
cont’d
@ puberty
_______________________(FSH) is secreted in increasing amounts by ant. Pituitary gland…from here on out ,each division produces 1 stem cell-type A daughter ---which remains @ tubule periphery to maintain stem population…and 2nd,type B daughter-pushed toward tubule lumen to become primary spermatocyte and will undergo MEIOSIS
Gametes @ this stage are called _______-made by meiosis and have ½ genetic material (2n in humans=23 x 2)
As meiosis occurs ,primar
y,then secondary spermatocytes pushed toward tubule of lumen
Spermatids NOT functional sperm-
nonmotile
and excess cellular baggage
Follicle-stimulating hormone
spermatidsSlide27
Spermatogenesis cont’d
During last stage-
_______________-
excess cytoplasm sloughed off and now have _________________________,equipped w/high metabolism and motilitySperm head has DNA---essentailly
nucleusAnterior to head is ______________made by
golgi and similar to large lysosome---which breaks down @ membrane and releases to help sperm penetrate follicle of egg
Mature sperm compacted into 3 regions-
head,midpiece
and tail
Acrosome-
helmutlikeSlide28
Spermatogenesis cont’d
Filaments make long tail from
centriloes
in midpiece w/mitochondria wrapped around for necessary ATPAll of spermatogenesis-from primary spermatocyte to release of immature sperm takes 64-72 daysSperm in lumen nonmotile and can’t fertilize….moved by peristalsis from tubules into epididymis---there further maturation and increased motility
Things that can alter sperm formation:________________-
Some antibiotics,radiation,lead,some pesticides,marijuana,tobacco
, excessive alcoholSlide29Slide30Slide31
Testosterone production
produced by
intersitial
cells@ puberty FSH prods sperm production and ________________(LH) is also released by anterior pituitary on from here on out testosterone is produced continuosly,rising levels responsible for secondary sexual characteristics
:___________________-testosterone not produced and secondary sex characteristics not produced_____________….
castration will cause this or malfunction of interstitial cells…also cause sterility
Luteinizing hormone
Deeping
voice,increased
hair all over most of body-esp. axillary and
pubic;skeletal
muscle enlargement-more muscle
mass;increased
bone growth and density of bone
Sexual infantilismSlide32Slide33
FeMALE
REPRODUCTIVE ANATOMY
f
unction in producing gametes(ova) and nurture/protect developing fetus_____________________primary reproductive organs-both exocrine and endocrine in nature
ovariesSlide34
OVARIES
Shape
of almonds but about twice as large
Internally __________________-each consisting of an immature egg-oocyte-surrounded by 1 or more layers called __________As developing egg matures follicle enlarges and produces fluid filled antrum-At this point follicle is called
vesicular or _________________follicle,which is mature and ready to released during ____________________.After
ovulation,ruptured follicle is transformed into ___________________--“yellow body”,which degenerates
Ovarian follicles
Follicle cells
Graafian
follicle
ovulation
Corpus
luteumSlide35
Ovarian follicle
Follicle cellsSlide36
Ovaries cont’d
Ovulation
~ every 28 days….in older women ovaries are scarred and pitted from release of many eggs
Ovaries secured to lateral pelvis by _________________and medially by ______________and in between held by fold of peritoneum
-broad ligament
Suspensory ligaments
Ovarian ligamentsSlide37
DUCT SYSTEM-uterine
tube,uterus
and vagina
Fallopian(uterine) tubes—internal duct systemreceive ovulated oocyte and provide fertilization siteeach about 4”
long,extends medially from ovary to empty in superior uterusenclosed and supported by broad ligamentSlide38Slide39
Fallopian tubes cont’d
little or no contact between fallopian tubes and ovaries-instead contact @ distal end is by funnel-shaped
____________________that
has fingerlike projections-fimbriae that surround ovary-- WHICH create fluidlike current that carries oocyte into fallopian tube---to thus journey to uterusAt this point
is where many potential eggs are lost in peritoneal cavityCilia and peristalsis move oocyte along to uterus-taking about 3-4 days,but egg is viable ~24 hrs. after
ovulation,so fertilization is usually in fallopian tubeTo reach oocyte,sperm must swim up through vagina and uterus to fallopian tubes---swimming
against a downward beat of Cilia!
infundibulumSlide40
Fallopian tubes cont’d
Because fallopian tubes and ovaries are not physically
continuous,this
makes this area vulnerable to infection,such as bacteria of Gonorrhea…maybe causing
__________________which can cause scarring and closing of tubes
Pelvic inflammatory diseaseSlide41Slide42
Uterus-located in pelvis between bladder and rectum
Hallow/functions
to
receive,retain,and nourish a fertilized eggAbout the size and shape of a pear in women who haven’t been pregnantSuspended by broad ligament and anchored by round and uterosacral ligaments_________________=main portion_________________-superior,rounded
region above fallopian tube entrance
body
fundusSlide43
Uterus cont’d
______________-narrow outlet into vagina below
Wall is thick w/3 layers:1)inner mucosa-
________________-At implantation-fertilized egg burrows here/This layer sloughs off during ________________-menstruation every 28 days-- if not fertilized2)______________-interlacing bundles of smooth muscle making bulky middle layer-contracts during labor 3) perimetrium-outer serous layer(visceral peritoneum
cervix
endometrium
menses
myometriumSlide44
__________________________________-common in women 30-50-risks factors
inc.
cervical
inflammation,STDs,multiple pregnancies,promiscuity/detected w/Pap smear/slow growing ,usually
Cervical cancerSlide45Slide46
Vagina-thin-walled tube 3-4”long/between bladder and rectum from cervix to body exterior=birth canal./also organ of copulation
Distally partially enclosed by __________mucosa-which is very vascular and bleeds when ruptured
hymenSlide47
External genitalia=vulva
mons
pubis-fatty,rounded area overlying pubic
symphysis-hair after pubertylaterally are 2 skin folds
w/hair-labia majora (encloses vestibule which
houses external urethra opening and vagina)and l.minora
______________
surround vagina and secretes for distal vagina
Clitoris-small protrusion that is corresponding to penis w/erectile tissue but no reproductive duct
___________________-between ant. labial
folds,anus
and
ischial
tuberosities
Greater vestibular glands
perineumSlide48Slide49
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTIONS AND CYCLES
OOGENESIS
AND THE OVARIAN CYCLE
Females’ reproductive ability begins at puberty and ends around 50’s(menopause)In developing female fetus
,_________-female stem cells multiply rapidly to increase their numbers,then daughter cells-primary oocytes-push into ovary connective
tissue and primary follicle forms around themBy
birth,oogonia cease to exist and a lifetime supply of primary oocytes
are in place---
waiting 10-14 years to undergo
MEIOSIS!
@ puberty , ant. Pituitary
produces
_________FSH
-stimulates
a small # of primary follicles to grow and mature each month and then ovulation occurs monthly….constituting the
_________cycle
oogonia
Follicle-stimulating hormone
ovarianSlide50
Oogenesis and ovarian cycle cont’d
@ puberty
~ 250,000 oocytes remain w/ a small # activated each month….
appx 500 of the 250,000 ova are released in the limited # of years of fertilityThe FSH prods the follicle to enlarge ,accumulating fluid in central antrum
/Primary oocyte replicates chromosomes and MEIOSIS occurs-producing 1 ________________and polar body
Follicle development to the point of rupture takes about 14 days with ___ovulation
________________ occurring at just about this timeOvulation occurs at the response to _
luteinizing
hormone
__
LH
Secondary oocyte is still surrounded by follicle cell capsule now
called_
corona
radiata
(“
radiating crown”)…abdominal pain can accompany this-
mittelschmerz
Secondary oocyteSlide51
1 developing follicle dominates each month/mature follicles not ovulated are overripe and deteriorate
Besides triggering ovulation each
month,LH
aso causes ruptured follicle to turn into corpus luteum(Both
c.luteum and maturing follicle produce hormones)If ovulated, secondary oocyte is penetrated by sperm in fallopian tube,THEN
oocyte undergoes_________________________________making another polar body and ovum
2nd
meiotic divisionSlide52
….its 23 chromosomes are combined w/23 of sperm in fertilized egg
If not fertilized, deteriorates
Polar bodies deteriorate
Sperm v. egg:-sperm relies mostly on surrounding for nutrients,while—egg larger and______________________-stocked w/ nutrients
nonmotileSlide53Slide54
Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle
receptive
to implantation only briefly---~ 7 days after ovulation
events of _____________________ are cyclic changes that endometrium goes through monthly in response to ovarian hormone changesAnterior pituitary ____________________ hormones FSH and LH regulate Ovarian estrogen and progesterone
Typically cycle is 28 days w/ovulation occurring midway
Menstrual cycle
gonadotropicSlide55
Menstrual cycle cont’d
3 stages:
1
)______________________--superficial functional layer of thick endometrium is sloughed off-accompanied by 3-5 days bleeding---passing out vagina as menstrual flow/average blood loss 50-150mL(1/4-1/2 cup)….By day 5 ovarian follicles begin to produce estrogen2
)__________________---is stimulated by estrogen levels to cause basal layer of endometrium to regenerate ,glands form w/in and endometrial blood supply increases…endometrium restores to velvety,thick
and well vascularized—ovulation @ end of this phase in response to LH
Days 1-5-Menstrual phase
Days 6-14-Proliferative phaseSlide56
Menstrual cycle cont’d
3
)______________________-
progestrone levels have risen(by corpus luteum) and act on estrogen charged endometrium and increase blood supply more/also increasing size of endometrial glands and begin supplying nutrients into uterine cavity to sustain an embryo until implanted
Days 15-28-Secretory phaseSlide57
If fertilization does
occur,embryo
produces hormone similar to LH-causes
______________________________If fertilization does NOT occur,c. luteum
degenerates and LH levels drop…This causes vessels supplying endometrium to go into spasms and kink—causing endometrial cells-deprived of O2 –to die ….setting stage for next mensesCycle can vary from 21-40 days ,but time of ovulation is usually @ 14-15 days
Corpus luteum
to cont. producing its hormonesSlide58
HORMONE PRODUCTION BY OVARIES
Begin
@ puberty
Follicle cells of growing follicles produce_______________________-causing the appearance of secondary sex characteristics :enlargement of fallopian tubes, vagina and external genitalia ;development of breasts ;axillary and pubic hair ;increased fat in hips and breasts and in general; Widening and lightening of pelvis; Onset of mensesEstrogen also has metabolic effects---ex-maintaing blood cholesterol(high HDL) and help Ca2+ uptake
estrogensSlide59
Other ovarian hormone is ______________________________made by
c.luteum
as long as LH is present in blood…stopping 10-14 days after ovulation/helps establish menses w/
estrogen,but does NOT contribute to secondary sex traits…plays a role in pregnancy by inhibiting contraction of endometrium and prepares_____________________(source of progesterone in pregnancy is placenta)
progesterone
For lactationSlide60Slide61
Mammary glands
In both sexes ,but has normal functions in female---being important only once
reproduction
is accomplished—stimulated to increase size by estrogenAre actually modified sweat glands and part of integument ,in that sense….and anterior to pectoral muscles________________-center pigmented area w/protruding nippleInternally has 15-25 lobes radiating around nipple/lobes are padded and separated by connective tissue and fat
Within each lobe are smaller _________________ w/clusters of alveolar glands that _______________-produce milk into lactiferous ducts opening via the nipple to the outside
areola
lobules
lactateSlide62
______________________-
2
nd
most common cause of death in American women---1 in 8 developing this condition….~10% hereditary and half traced to BRCA 1 and 2 gene/80% of women w/ gene contract cancer---other risk factors inc. early menses,late menopause,estrogen
replacement therapy….Breast cancer is signaled by change in skin texture ,puckering and nipple leakage…can be detected by self examination and by ___________________-X-rays that reveal tumors too small to feel(<1 cm.)
Breast cancer
mammographySlide63Slide64
ACCOMPLISHING FERTILIZATION
Sperm
must reach secondary oocyte-viable 12-24 hours after leaving ovary/
sperm viable ~ 24-48 hrs….Therfore
, intercourse must occur no more than 2 days before ovulation and no later than 24 hrs. after ovulation---when oocyte is appx. 1/3 way down fallopian tubeSperm attracted to oocyte by “homing device” chemicals—locating oocyte
Sperm take __hours to reach fallopian tube,however many leak out or are destroyed by vagina’s acidity---only a few hundred –few thousand make it to area of egg’s location
When sperm reach oocyte,cell surface hyraluronidase
enzymes break down “cement” holding follicle cells of corona radiate around oocyte
1-2Slide65
Once path cleared through corona,1000’s sperm
undergo
_______________________
where acrosome membrane break down-releasing enzymes to lyse through oocyte membrane….then a single sperm can make contact w/oocyte membrane receptors---pulling head(nucleus) of sperm pulled into oocyte cytoplasm….****sperm reaching this point after acrosomal reactions have started are the more likely to fertilize
After a sperm has reached oocyte,2nd meiosis occurs---making ovum and polar bodyChanges in fertilized egg preventing other sperm entry
_________________occurs @ moment genetic material of sperm combines w/ that of ovum to make________________-
fertilized egg
Acrosomal
reaction
zygote
fertilizationSlide66Slide67
EVENTS OF EMBRYONIC AND FETAL DEVELOPMENT
Rapid
MITOTIC division as zygote goes down fallopian tube-
________________,w/daughter cells becoming smaller and smaller—large # of cells will be building block of embryo-until 9th week
By time embryo reaches uterus(3 days after ovulation)=_________________-ball of 16 cells looking like a raspberry…Since uterus not totally prepared for embryo yet, embryo floats in uterine cavity---using uterine secretions for
nutreints @ this time---Unattached,continues
to develop to ~ 100 cells---It then hallows out to form_________or
chorionic vesicle
cleavage
morula
blastocystSlide68
@ this same time ,it is secreting a hormone called
______________________(
hCG
)-this prods c.luteum of ovary continue hormone production(otherwise,endometrium would shed)Pregnancy tests usually
detect______________levelsBlastocyst also has __________________-
forming large fluid-filled sphere and also an inner cell mass-small cell cluster to one sideBy day 7 after ovulation,blastocyst
attahes to endometrium,eroding away some of lining and envelops into thick mucosa
Human chorionic gonadotropin
hcg
trophoblastSlide69
During this time the primary germ layers are forming from inner mass:
______________________gives rise to nervous system and epidermis
______________________forms mucosa and associated glands
__________________________gives rises to basically everything elseectoderm
endoderm
mesodermSlide70
By day 14 after
ovulation,implantation
is complete and mucosa grown over embryo…The ______________of the blastocyst develops projections called chorionic
villi,combining w/uterus to produce __________________________
trohoblast
placentaSlide71
Once placenta has
formed,embryonic
body is surrounded by_____________________________-fluid –filled sac and attaches w/blood vessel stalk-_____________________________________
By 3rd week,placenta delivers nutrients and O2 to and removes wastes from embryonic blood---all through ____________________________
By end of 2nd month,placeta
becomes endocrine organ producing estrogen,progesterone,and other hormones to maintain pregnancy…
c.luteum becomes inactive
amnion
Umbilical cord
Placental barrierSlide72
By week 8--all organ systems laid down in some form and looks human
Week 9—Now called__________-now growth and organ specialization are major activities
As
fetus,grows from ~ 3cm. and 1g to 36 cm(14”),~4kg(6-10 lbs.)…at birth ~ 22”270 days-10th lunar month-full term
fetusSlide73Slide74
7 wks.Slide75Slide76
EFFECTS OF PREGNANCY ON MOTHER
___________________________-
period from conception to birth
Anatomical changes-Uterus goes from fist sized to eventually nearing level of xiphoid process-thorax widens as organs press on diaphragm Center of gravity changes sometimes causing lordosois
---thus backachesPlacental hormone____________________causes pelvic ligaments and pubic
symphsis to relax,widen and become more flexible
Good nutrition necessary—needing only about 300 calories extra/daySubstances that can cross placental barriers are alcohol,nicotine,many
drugs and maternal infections
_________________ termination of pregnancy by loss of fetus---spontaneous abortion is a miscarriage
pregnancy
relaxin
abortionSlide77
Physiological Changes
GI system-morning sickness usually first
trimester,as
mother adjusts to elevated estrogens;heartburn because of displaced esophagus and displaced stomach;constipation –because GI motility decreased
Urinary system-kidneys now need to dispose of fetal metabolic wastes,producing MORE urine;also
uterus compresses bladder---frequent urination-Ie. stress incontinenceRespiratory System-nasal mucosa responds to estrogen by swelling and
congested,maybe nosebleeds ;respiratory rate increases but residual volume declines causing_______________-difficult breathing in later stagesCardiovascular system-Total body water rises and blood volume increases 25-40%---helping in safeguarding from blood loss effects during
labor;BP
and pulse increase and raise cardiac output 20-40%;venous return from lower limbs may be impaired---maybe causing varicose veins
dyspneaSlide78
CHILDBIRTH=________________________
Usually
w/in 15 days of calculated due date (280 days from last menstrual period)
_________________-series of events that expel infant from uterusInitiation of laborEstrogen has reached highest levels causing myometrium to form much
________________receptors-to be receptive to that hormoneAND interfering with progesterone’s quieting influence on
uterine muscle—causing weak uterine contractions---called _________________
contractions—often producing false laborparturition
labor
oxytocin
Braxton-Hicks contractionsSlide79
Then ,cells of fetus produce oxytocin and this stimulates placenta to release
_______________________stimulating
more frequent and powerful contractions
Mom’s hypothalamus activated by emotional and physical stress---signals oxytocin release by posterior pituitary gland ---rhythmic ,expulsive contractions-TRUE LABOR…positive feedback mechanism now w/hypothalamus,strengthening contractionsAnything that interferes w/oxytocin or
proglastins can hinder onset of labor….example--antiproglastin drugs such as aspirin and ibuprofen
proglastinsSlide80
Stages of Labor
1
st
-_____________________________from time of true contractions until full-10 cm-dilation of cervix….contractions move from upper uterus to vagina,becoming more vigorous and softening cervix and thinning….amnion ruptures-“water –breaking”-----usually 6-12 hours
or MORE!!!
Dilation stageSlide81
2
nd
-Expulsion stage-full dilation to delivery…urge increases to push 20 min -50 min.---sometimes 2
hrsInfant should be head first-Vertex position-skull as a wedge to dilate cervix…after head,rest of body comes out more easily…umbilical cord clamped off
_______________-buttocks-first_________________-during a difficult 2nd
stage,O2 delivery inadequate leading to cerebral palsy or epilepsy….often a C-section done to prevent these 3rd
-____________________-w/in 15 min.placenta usually expelled---placenta and other fetal membranes constitute ____________________
breech
dystocia
Placental stage
afterbirthSlide82
DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS
Gonads
from 8
th week and then accessory structures and external genitalia….all depends on presence or absence of testosteroneIf genetic male fails to produce testosterone-female accessory structures form and external genitalia…
--If genetic female exposed to testosterone-male accessory ducts and glands as well as penis and scrotum….both cases are pseudohermaphrodites----a true hermaphrodite
(now referred to as intersexual)possesses ovaries and testes-rare case
XO female appears normal but lacks ovaries/YO males perish__________________narrowing of foreskin of penis and misplaced urethral openings_______________________-failure of full descent of testes
phimosis
cryptorchidismSlide83
_______________=
period ~11-13---taking another 2 years for dependable ovulation
Most common problem in females are infection-sometimes caused by STD’s
Male inflammatory conditions include _______________________,maybe following STD transmission______________-inflammation of testes….maybe following STD or mumps
Neoplasms a danger in both gendersWomen reach peak reproductive abilities @ late 20’s,estrogen declines eventually producing________________-producing a ceasing of menses—irritability and mood changes can accompany
Dangers can accompany HRTIts all downhill…!
Puberty @ 10-15 yrs.
puberty
Urethritis,prostatitis,epididymitis
menopause
orchiditisSlide84