In Pavlovs experiments the dogs salivation triggered by the taste of food was an An event that increases the frequency of the behavior that it follows is an Please turn in FRQ 3 Dont forget to write down the questions amp to leave room for your answers ID: 227471
Download Presentation The PPT/PDF document "AP Psych DMA" is the property of its rightful owner. Permission is granted to download and print the materials on this web site for personal, non-commercial use only, and to display it on your personal computer provided you do not modify the materials and that you retain all copyright notices contained in the materials. By downloading content from our website, you accept the terms of this agreement.
Slide1
AP Psych DMA
In Pavlov’s experiments, the dog’s salivation triggered by the taste of food was an….
An event that increases the frequency of the behavior that it follows is an….
Please turn in FRQ #3
Don’t forget to write down the questions & to leave room for your answers.Slide2
Today’s Agenda
DMA/turn in FRQ
Review session info
FRQ expectationsExample of ConditioningLittle AlbertSchedules of reinforcementHomework:Chap. 8 notes due Thursday, Oct. 27thChap. 8 test – Thursday, Oct. 27thSlide3
Chap. 8 Test Review Session
7:00 AM Wheeler’s room Wednesday, Oct. 26
th
Slide4
FRQ Expectations
Formative
FRQs
– writing 1st drafts, turning in for feedback10 points eachYou will only receive 10 points if you…Submit a full draftALL parts of the question have been addressedALL terms have been defined & appliedTDA has been followed
26
students submitted FRQ drafts on Friday
12 of them failed because they did not submit full drafts
.Slide5
Who was Skinner?
What did he research?
Discuss with a neighborSlide6
Please take out a piece of
paper & grab a textbook…Slide7
I need a volunteer…
You will get
damp
Slide8
Please
write your responses on your paper…
1. Please
identify each of these for the squirt bottle demonstration.NS, UCS, UCR, CS and CRSlide9
More questions to answer on your paper…
2.
What
is reinforcement?3. What is the difference between positive & negative reinforcement? Please give examplesSlide10
What is reinforcement?
Any event that increases the frequency of a preceding action.
What is the difference between positive & negative reinforcement?
Positive – strengthens a response by presenting a (typically) pleasurable stimulus.Food, attention, approval, money…Negative – strengthens a response by reducing or removing an averse stimulus.Taking an Aspirin for a headache, smoking a cigarette to calm down, hitting the snooze button…Slide11
Office Clip
sorry abou
t the poor picture quality…
ClipSlide12
On your paper, please answer
4. Identify
the NS, UCS, UCR, CS and CR from
The Office clip.Slide13
Conditioning & Gaming…
ClipSlide14
I need 3 volunteersSlide15
Boo/Clapping Operant Conditioning
We need an action (different one for each volunteer)
When our 1
st subject comes in…Clap every time he/she gets close to or does something like the actionWe’re trying to shape their behavior.When our 2nd subject comes in…Boo continuously until he/she does what we want.
3
rd
subject – will get boos & clapping
DO NOT prompt them in anyway (except by using the proper
reinforcer
).Slide16
Please answer on your paper…
5. Why
was the clapping a positive
reinforcer?6. Why was the booing a negative reinforcer?7. How did we shape the subject’s behavior?8. Was the booing/clapping a primary or secondary/conditioned reinforcer?9. What type of reinforcement schedule did we use? Page 326-327 if you need to refresh your memory.Slide17
Little Albert
Watson & RaynerSlide18
Historical Importance
Turn of the century
everybody
is into Freud and psychoanalysisPavlov and Watson move us into behaviorism. Radically opposed to the psychoanalytic viewpoint.First to assert that emotional responses exist because we have conditioned to respond to certain stimuli in the environment.Slide19
Jumping the gun a bit
Watson is famous for the following quote:
“Give
me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own special world to bring them up in , and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant, and ,yes, beggarman and thief.” (Watson, 1913)Slide20
Emotional Theory
Watson theorized
that…
If a stimulus that automatically produces a certain emotion in you (such as fear) is repeatedly experienced at the same moment as a neutral stimulus (such as a rat) …the NS will become associated in your brain with fear.Slide21
Bringing up Baby
Albert B. was the subject recruited for this experiment.
Albert was 11 months old. He was obtained from a hospital where he had been raised as an orphan.
There was considerable hesitation on part of the researchers, but they went ahead with the experiment.Slide22
There is NO WAY this experiment would be performed today
Basic ethical standards would prohibit it.Slide23
Watson and Rayner justified the experiment by explaining that such emotional pairings happen naturally, and that they intended to uncondition the baby
.
(This never occurred as Albert was adopted before they had a chance
.)Note: Watson and Rayner were not cruel or sadistic people. This was before ethical standards existed. Slide24
But on to the experiment:
First Albert was exposed to a variety of stimuli:
A white rat
A rabbitA monkeyA dogMasksWhite cotton woolHe was curious, but emotionally unaffected.Slide25
Now for the fear
UCS was a loud noise caused by hitting a four foot steel bar with a hammer.
The NS was a rat.
The process was repeated seven times.Afterward, the rat alone caused Albert to cry.Slide26
Generalization
When presented with a white rabbit, He leaned away, whimpered, and then burst into tears
.
Remember – Albert was NOT conditioned to be afraid of the rabbit.Slide27
He also had bad reactions to a dog, a white fur coat, a package of cotton, a Santa mask, and Watson’s head (he had gray hair
.)
To test whether the location (room) had any bearing the experimenters changed rooms.
Albert still had a negative reaction, although it was lesser.Slide28
Why does this matter?
BIG factor in the explanation and treatment of
phobias
Applicable to studies like Sullivan & Lewis’ work with the facial expressions of infants i.e. how can we understand what baby is feeling in order to help baby out?Slide29
Watson & Baby Albert
Video clip