Chapter 12: Personality: Theory, Research, and Assessment - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Chapter 12: Personality: Theory, Research, and AssessmentSlide2

Read pg. 477-478 (top) featuring a very unique personality, Steve Irwin. Read the selection with this question in mind: Which traits characterized Irwin’s personality?

Why does personality form? In other words, what are the major forces that make people “who they are?”

.

Intro to PersonalitySlide3

Defining Personality:Consistency and Distinctiveness

Personality Traits

Dispositions and dimensionsThe Five-Factor Model ExtraversionNeuroticismOpenness to experienceAgreeablenessConscientiousnessSlide4

[Packet] The Nature of PersonalitySummarize the five-factor model of personality by

Watching a clip from

Inside Out: Personality and Reading about it on pgs. 478-480. How did the “Big 5” model originate? What are the different kinds of personality (focus on key words within each category)? Describe each briefly.What is your personality type and why? You may choose a primary type and a secondary type.

My personality: 1. extraversion-positive emotionally (primary). 3. openness to experience: people’s political attitudes and ideology. 4. promotes altruistic (helping) behavior in social interactions (secondary). (Now add explanation).Slide5

The Nature of Personality: Summary

Where did this model come from?

Raymond Cattell reduced a huge list of personality traits compiled by Gordon Allport to just 16 basic dimensions of personality.What are the different kinds of personality (focus on key words within each category)? Robert

McCreae and Paul Costa developed the five-factor model of personality. “Big Five”: extraversion, neuroticism (negative emotionally), openness to experience, agreeable, and conscientiousness.What is your personality type and why? You may choose a primary

type and a

secondary

type.

My personality: 1. extraversion-positive emotionally (primary). 3. openness to experience: people’s political attitudes and ideology. 4. promotes altruistic (helping) behavior in social interactions (secondary). (Now add explanation).Slide6

Personality Theory #1:You have just finished interviewing Sigmund Freud, the father of the Psychodynamic Theory of Personality. Highlights of your interview will appear on the ten o’clock news. Your producer tells you that you only have enough air time to highlight 10 major points from your interview.Summarize Freud’s Personality Theory in

10 points

Use pgs. 480-484 as a guide.[Packet] An Interview With Sigmund FreudSlide7

Psychodynamic Perspectives

Grew out of Freud’s decades of interactions with his clients.

This theory focuses on the influence of early childhood experiences unconscious motives and conflictsthe methods people use to cope with sexual and aggressive urges

Freud’s psychoanalytic theoryStructure of personalityId

- Pleasure principle

Ego

- Reality principle (delays the id’s urge for gratification until an appropriate outlet can be found)

Superego

– MoralitySlide8

Psychodynamic Perspectives

Freud’s psychoanalytic theory

Internal Conflict Among the Id, Ego, and SuperegoID: Sex and Aggression- two impulses controlled by the idEGO: Anxiety- (1) fear that the id will get out of control (2) fear that superego will get out of control and make you feel guilty about real or imagined transgressions

SUPEREGO: Defense Mechanisms- a technique used to satisfy the superego; unconscious reactions that protect a person from anxiety and guiltEX. Rationalization, repression, projection, displacement Slide9

Defense Mechanism

Description

Example

Denial

Declaring or thinking whatever is true is false. Refusal to accept reality, external facts, events, implications bc nature of the reality threatens individual. Emotional conflicts resolved by refusal to acknowledge unpleasant external realities.

Alcoholic who refuses to believe his drinking makes an impact on his job performance or family life

Displacement

Aggression or even sexual impulses redirected to a more acceptable party. Emotion pointed to safer outlet. Separation of emotion from its real object. Emotion dissuaded to object, party that brings less risk.

Mother may yell at child when she feels angry at husband. In this case she displaces her anger toward child bc child appears to be a more acceptable target; less threatening, less risk in outcome.

Projection

Attributing one’s own unacknowledged unacceptable/unwanted thoughts and emotions to another. Reduces anxiety, allows expression of undesirable impulse or desire without conscious awareness.

Assuming that someone you extremely dislike extremely dislikes you. Severe prejudice, severe jealousy, hyper vigilance to external danger, and “injustice collecting”.

Rationalization

Creating false but credible justifications. Convincing oneself no wrong was done or all is or was all right through faulty/false reasoning. Indicator of this defense mechanism can be seen socially as the formulation of convenient excuses.

You are turned down by someone you are interested in, and rationalize that you were not that attracted to them. Protects self-esteem.

Regression

Reverting to coping at an earlier stage of development.

Adult throwing a temper tantrum

Repression

Pulling thoughts into unconscious, preventing painful or dangerous thoughts from entering consciousness; seemingly unexplainable naivety, memory lapse or lack of awareness of one’s own situation and condition. Emotion is conscious, idea behind it absent. Pushing uncomfortable thoughts into the subconscious.

Individual abused as a child represses feelings and memories, so that feelings and memories no longer remain in the conscious memory. The abuse continues to affect the individual’s behavior in relationships.

Intro to Defense MechanismsSlide10

Levels of Awareness

Levels of awareness- THIS WAS THE BIG DISCOVERY!

Conscious: whatever one is aware ofPreconscious: material just beneath the surface of awareness that can easily be retrieved EX. Your middle name, what you ate for dinner last night, etc.Unconscious: thoughts, memories, and desires well below the surface of the conscious that greatly impact behavior

Group Question Minute: Name one example of knowledge that you have for at least two of the three levels of consciousness named above.EX.

Conscious-

I’m hungry.

Preconscious

- My mother’s maiden name is Sanchez.

Unconscious

- I think that I hate riding in Bob’s car because his rap annoys me.Slide11
Slide12

Figure 12.3 Freud’s model of personality dynamics

Group Question Minute

: Why is Freud’s three-tiered theory of personality so controversial, especially regarding the id?

People squeamish about talking about appetites and impulses

Puts people on same level as animals

Negative stereotypes and expectations, especially regarding menSlide13

Reflection Activity: Freudian Model of Personality

Read the story written in italics on pg. 482. Then write your own story featuring clear conflicts among the id, the ego, and the superego. Your story should be 5-7 sentences long. Please ensure that your story is school-appropriate, i.e. careful with the id!

Illustrate the id, ego, and superego somewhere on your page.

Id

Ego

SuperegoSlide14

The Shadow Exercise- JungThink of someone you know whom you don't like very much. Maybe you even hate this person. On a piece of paper, write down a description of that person. Write down what it is about this individual's personality that you don't like. Be as specific as you can.

Draw a box around what you have written - and at the top of the box write "MY SHADOW.“

Now write down the things about yourself that you don’t like. What are the things about yourself that most annoy and upset you?What you have written down is some hidden part of yourself - some part that you have suppressed or hidden. It is what Jung would call your SHADOW. Maybe it's a part of you that you fear, can't accept, or hate for some reason. Maybe it's a part of you that needs to be expressed or developed in some way. Maybe you even secretly wish you could be something like that person whom you hate.“http://users.rider.edu/~suler/shadow.html Slide15

[Packet] Neo-Freudian Personality TheoristsUse the following slides and/or pgs. 486-489 to answer the following eight questions, depending on how you learn best. Either write down or restate each question.

What key psychodynamic principles does Jung’s theory illustrate?

What’ the difference between the personal and the collective unconscious?Give a definition and an example of “archetype.”According to Alfred Adler, what is the primary force that unconsciously motivates people’s behavior?What is overcompensation? Why do we do it?Adler’s theory says that this force (see #4) can cause an unhealthy personality development when people form an _________ complex.

How does Adler’s theory fit in with the ideas of other psychodynamic theorists (Freud, Jung)?What do you think are the most important pros and the most important cons of psychodynamic personality theories?Slide16

Carl, don’t you realize that my theories are always right?

I am going to un-friend you on

Facebook

, Siggy.

Freud wouldn't accept any variations on his personality theory. So, his disciples left him and came up with their own.

Enter CARL JUNG!Slide17

Carl Jung’s Personality Theory

Carl Jung: Analytical Psychology:

the unconscious mind is composed of two layersPersonal and collective unconscious: personal unconscious

: houses material that is not within one’s conscious awareness because it has been repressed or forgottencollective unconscious: houses latent memory traces inherited from people’s ancestral past.

Archetypes:

emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning. EX: symbols in dreams, culture, and religions like the circle

Other of Jung’s Ideas

Introversion/Extroversion

Jung was the first to describe the introverted (inner-directed) and extraverted (outer-directed) personality types.Slide18

Group Question Minute: Give one example of the collective unconscious. EX. Circle= unity, eternityEX. Fire=comfort and safetySlide19
Slide20

Alfred Adler’s Personality Theory

Some psychologists thought that Freud had gone overboard with his focus on sexual conflict.

Alfred Adler: Individual PsychologyStriving for superiority, not sex, is the foremost source of human motivation in the unconscious part of our minds.Compensation is feeling inferior and striving to overcome this feeling of inadequacy through mental or physical action.

Inferiority complex/overcompensation results when feelings are excessive and people try to cover them up. People seek power, the appearance of wealth, and brag for this reason. These phenomenon begin in early childhood.

Birth order

is also a factor that governs personality.Slide21

Adler ContinuedGroup Question Minute: What is your birth order? How has it impacted your personality?Adler and Birth Order

First-borns: rebellious

Only children: spoiledFrank Sulloway and Birth OrderFirst-borns: more conscientious but less agreeable and open to experience; conscientious and achievement-oriented.Later-borns: liberal and rebelliousSlide22

Evaluating Psychodynamic PerspectivesPros- Groundbreaking insights onThe unconscious

The role of internal conflict

The importance of early childhood experiencesConsPoor testabilityInadequate empirical baseSexist views (male-centered)Slide23

[Packet] Featured StudyRead the “Featured Study” on pgs. 492-493.

Study Figure 12.8 on pg. 493.

Write a paragraph describing a space which you have personalized. How does it reflect your personality? Be specific.Example: Piles are everywhere! They’re on my desks, in my room, and all over my kitchen. They’re not “messy,” per se. On the contrary, their purpose is to avoid messiness. When I receive new materials to accomplish a specific task (mail to answer, papers to grade, books to read), I deal with the most necessary items first and pile the rest. This action upon my space represents my personality in that I am a very conscientious. I am keenly aware of responsibilities and expectations. You may even say that my superego is a bit out of control. Therefore, I prioritize. I deal with the most necessary tasks first, and the rest of the zillions of less-important obligations I have go “in the pile” until I have time to get to them.Slide24
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vsSlide26

vsSlide27

Key PointsSkinner and personalityPersonality Structure and determinismPersonality and ConditioningBandura’s Social Cognitive Theory

Cognitive Processes

Reciprocal DeterminismObservational LearningSelf-EfficacyMischel’s Person-Situation ControversyEvaluation of Behavioral Perspectives on Personality

NotesEvaluation: Do you buy these theories? Why or why not?

[Packet] Behaviorists

and Personality

Pgs. 490-495

1

2

3

Step 1:

Each person in each group will research the parts

within your assigned

area and write

major ideas

. See the slip of paper you receive.

Step 2:

Intragroup:

Now get together! Teach

one member

of your group about the topic you researched.

He/she

will add

everything possible

to his/her notes.Step 3: Intergroup: Go GLOBAL! Teach members of other groups about your section of notes. They will add it to their notes. You will add their information to yours as well.Slide28

If personality is based on environment, is it stable?Slide29

Behavioral PerspectivesSkinner’s views

Conditioning and response tendencies

Personality is learned through conditioning. Little interest in unobservable cognitive processes Environmental determinismDeterminism: behavior is fully determined by environmental stimuli, and free will is an illusion.Personality is based in

response tendencies; acquired through learning over the course of the lifespan. In other words, we tend to respond to situations in patterns, which provide consistency from situation to situation. This

produces

personality!

So, ho do we acquire our

response tendencies

? We are either reinforced or punished (

operant conditioning

) for reacting to our environment in certain situations. We therefore learn to react in certain patterns.

Group Question Minute

: Name one aspect of your personality that can be explained by conditioning.Slide30

Behavioral Perspectives Ctd.Bandura’s views

Social leaning theory

Cognitive processes and reciprocal determinismcognitive factors such as expectancies regulate learning. His concept of reciprocal determinism is the idea that internal mental events, external environmental events, and overt behavior all influence one another. People around us influence our personality, but we also influence theirs!Observational learning

behavior is shaped by exposure to models, or a person whose behavior they observe.ModelsPeople we imitate. We imitate personalities of people we admire, like, or are simply around a lot.Slide31

Bandura’s Views Ctd.

Self-efficacy

self-efficacy: one’s belief about one’s ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes.Self-efficacy (or lack thereof) influences which challenges people tackle and how well they perform, which influences personality. Are they gutsy extroverts, confident conscientious people, or anxious about not being able to succeed? Are they calmly confident and willing to try new things, or are then no-so-task-oriented and care more about relationships than getting things done? Researchers believe that self-efficacy is fostered by parents who are stimulating and responsive to their children.

Group Question Minute: Name one aspect of your personality that can be explained by self-efficacy.Slide32

Behavioral Perspectives Ctd.

Mischel’s

viewsThe person-situation controversyAn advocate of social learning theoryFocus on the extent to which situational factors govern behavior, instead of person variables.Slide33

Figure 12.5 A behavioral view of personalitySlide34

Figure 12.6 Personality development and operant conditioningSlide35

Figure 12.7 Bandura’s reciprocal conditioningSlide36

Evaluating Behavioral PerspectivesProsBased on rigorous research

Insights into effects of learning and environmental factors

ConsOver-dependence on animal researchFragmented view of personalitycarving up personality into stimulus-response relations with no unifying structural concepts tying these pieces togetherDehumanizing viewsNo free willSlide37

Introduction to Biological Personality Theoryhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/mind/articles/personalityandindividuality/lemons.shtmlSlide38

Jacobo feels like the black sheep of the family. He is the half-brother of three other siblings, all of whom live with his mother and step-father. He spends half of his week with them and the other half at his biological dad’s house, where he is an only child. He notices major similarities among the extroverted personalities of his siblings, but he is more like his father, who has a conscientious, introverted personality. You are a therapist.

Jacobo

comes to you inquiring about personality theories, and he asks you how these different theories of personality could relate to him. Instructions: You will be divided into 3 groups. You and members of your group must include the specified words in your explanation to Jacobo. You must underline them. You must use them in a context that

speaks to Jacobo’s situation and makes it obvious that you know what each word means.

1. Humanistic Group: Rogers: Use pgs.495-497 as a resource.

Humanism, phenomenological approach, Carl Rogers, self-concept, incongruence, congruence, conditional affection, unconditional affection, threats, behaving defensively

R= You are a therapist A=

Jacobo

F= Verbal explanation that you’re going to write down T= Carl Roger’s view of

Jacobo’s

personality issues

2. Humanistic Group: Maslow: Use pgs.497-499 as a resource.

Humanism, hierarchy of needs, physiological needs, safety, belongingness, esteem needs, cognitive needs, aesthetic needs, self-actualization

R= You are a therapist A=

Jacobo

F= Verbal explanation that you’re going to write down T= Abraham Maslow’s view of

Jacobo’s

personality issues

3. Biological Group: Use pgs. 500-503 as a resource.

Eysenck’s

theory, extraversion, neuroticism, psychoticism,

conditionablity

, extroversion-introversion, findings on identical twins, findings on fraternal twins, heritability, shared family environment

R= You are a therapist A=

Jacobo F= Verbal explanation that you’re going to write down T= Biological psychobiologists’ views of Jacobo’s personality issues[Packet] Humanistic and Biological Perspectives RAFT Slide39

[Packet] Humanistic and Biological PersonalityWrite 5 facts for each of the two perspectives from the RAFT activity

which were not your own

. Slide40

HumanismPgs. 495-499 will be of great use to you during this activity.Study the perspectives of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow on personality by

examining graphics

captionsSlide41

Humanistic Perspectives on PersonalityHumanism emerged in the 1950’s as a backlash

against the dehumanizing views of psychoanalysts and behaviorists.

Humanism emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth.Slide42

Humanistic Perspectives on PersonalityCarl RogersPerson Centered Theory

Self-concept

(or “Self”)= a person’s overall view of him/herself pg. 496Self-concept is subjective, so it doesn’t necessarily represent realityConditional/unconditional positive regard from parentsConditional regard causes incongruence

(disparity between self-concept and reality)Unconditional regard causes congruence (person’s self-concept representative of reality)

Incongruence produces anxiety

, so people often lie, willfully misunderstand, or reinterpret reality to conform to their self-concept.

pg. 497Slide43

Figure 12.9 Rogers’s view of personality structureSlide44

Figure 12.10 Rogers’s view of personality development and dynamicsSlide45

Humanistic Perspectives on PersonalityAbraham MaslowSelf-actualization theory:

people have an innate drive toward personal growth, and

self-actualization is the highest level Hierarchy of needs: human needs are prioritized into a hierarchy; most basic needs at the bottom, more abstract needs near the top. pg. 497“The healthy personality” exists in self-actualizing people who are continually growing personally Slide46

Figure 12.11 Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

“What a man can be, he must be.”

-MaslowCharacteristics of self-actualizing people:

tuned in to reality and at peace with themselves open and spontaneous sensitive to others’ needs

rewarding interpersonal relationsSlide47

Figure 12.12 Maslow’s view of the healthy personalitySlide48

Evaluating Humanistic PerspectivesProshighlight the importance of a person’s subjective view of reality

focus attention on the issue of what constitutes a healthy personality

Conslacking a strong research base and have poor testabilityan overly optimistic view of human nature (Maslow had a hard time finding live people who had self-actualized).Slide49

Biological PerspectivesEysenk’s theory

Traits

Role of Genespersonality can be characterized along three genetically-determined dimensions 3 higher order traits from which all other traits spring

Extraversion (sociable, assertive, active, lively), neuroticism (anxious, tense, moody, low self-esteem), and psychoticism (egocentric, impulsive, cold, antisocial).Believes that genes influence physiological functioning, thereby influencing ease of acquiring conditioned responses.

Ex. Introverts “condition” more easily than extroverts, because they are more easily psychologically-aroused. They are therefore more “inhibited.”Slide50

Biological Perspectives Ctd.Twin studies

Novelty Seeking

Identical twins raised apart were more similar than fraternal twins raised together, with heritability estimates in the vicinity of 40%.S

hared family environment does not lead to similar personality characteristics among siblings, leading some theorists to assert that parents matter very little in how their children develop.Some studies have suggested that there is a specific gene for novelty seeking, which involves being impulsive, exploratory, excitable, and extravagant. Evidence is, at this point, inconclusive.Slide51

Figure 12.14 Twin studies of personalitySlide52

Biological Perspectives Ctd.The evolutionary approach

Evolutionary analyses of personality suggest that certain traits and the ability to recognize them may contribute to reproductive fitness…a reproductive advantage.

i.e. certain personality traits lead to survivalSlide53

Evaluating Biological PerspectivesPros

Cons

Convincing evidence for genetic influenceHeritability estimates vary depending on sampling procedures and other considerations, and should only be used as ballpark figures.The results of efforts to carve behavior into genetic and environmental components are artificial, as they interact in complicated ways. No comprehensive biological theorySlide54

[Packet] Personality Family TreeMake a family tree wherein you list yourself, one of your biological parents (if possible), and one of your biological grandparents (if possible). Write a mini-paragraph for each describing his/her personality using the Big 5 (pg. 479). Then write a reflection paragraph in which you hypothesize whether or not each person’s personality is a result of heredity or of his/her environment

. You should include principles you’ve learned about the psychodynamic,

behavioristic, humanistic, and/or biological views.Grandma Jan: I remember that grandma was pretty neurotic. She was nice, but she was always on-edge. She would become very upset when we messed up the house, but she’d always feel guilty afterward and buy us cotton candy.Mom: Mom is mostly conscientious, I think. I’ve never seen her doing nothing. She’s always happily busy. She’s a bit neurotic, like Grandma, but mess doesn’t bother her as much.

Me: I’m also conscientious. I can’t stand not doing my best. I like to keep my space organized. I’m more extraverted than Mom or Grandma, but maybe that’ because I’m a teenager.

Reflection

: Our personalities are all very similar to each other, so I think that heredity accounts for part of personality. Both neurotic and conscientious people work hard, and we all do. However, friends have been a more key part of my generation, and since most of my friends are extroverted, I’ve learned to value fun more than the previous generations. Grandma grew up in a time when girls associated mostly with their families, and peers weren’t as important. It’s easier to be neurotic when you don’t have to worry about having a social life in the modern world. Therefore, I also see environment impacting my family’s personality.Slide55

[Packet] Personality and CultureRead the right-hand column of pg. 508 through the end of the section. Make a t-chart comparing and contrasting American views of self with Asian views of self. List five characteristics on each side.American AsianSlide56

ResultsAmerican

Self-reliant

Special individualsStand out from the crowdProud of accomplishmentsStand up for yourselfCompetitionIndependentSelf-enhancement

ExtraversionConscientiousnessNeuroticismOpenness to experience?

Asian

Rely on family

Modest (self-criticism)

Value system (communal)

Encouraged to fit in

Interdependent

Work together

Conscientiousness

Agreeableness

NeuroticismSlide57

Culture and PersonalityDoes the five-factor model have any relevance in non-Western cultures?Yes, for the most parts there in continuity in the five-factor model across cultures.

How do conceptions of self vary across cultures?

China vs. United StatesHow does an interdependent view of self relate to self-enhancement?An interdependent view of self suppresses self-enhancement and fosters self-criticism. This phenomenon does not lead to low self-esteem.Slide58

Cornell Notes: What are some contemporary studies and issues on personality?Key Points

Notes

Summary:Slide59

Contemporary Empirical Approaches:Sensation SeekingWhat is sensation seeking?Sensation seeking is a generalized preference for high or low levels of sensory stimulation.

Thrill and adventure seeking, experience seeking, disinhibition, susceptibility to boredom

How does it influence adjustment and mental health?+tolerant of stress and anxiety-impulsive, last-minute decision making-poor health habits and addictions-reckless driving-High-risk sexual behaviorSlide60

Contemporary Empirical Approaches:Sensation SeekingWhat is self-monitoring?

Self-monitoring is the degree to which people attend to and control the impression they make on others in social interactions.

What effects does it have on interpersonal behavior?Sensitive to how their self-presentation isSeek information on how they]re expected to behave in a situationAdjust behavior to create the right impressionGood at “reading” othersGood at detecting whether or not people are “faking it”Slide61

Measuring Sensation SeekingPg. 507Number and complete the survey.

Rate yourself according to the fine print.

Categorize yourself on the board.Slide62

Read pgs. 511-514 on Personality Assessment in order to understand what we’re doing today. Write a 5-sentence summary at the end.Slide63

Personality Test

(1) DO NOT WRITE ON THE PACKET! Read the instructions at the top.

(2) Organize the front of a spiral page into four columns, like you see the division on the first page of the packet. Please include the column titles.(3) Repeat Step #2 on t he back of a spiral page.(4) Take the test yourself. Don’t worry about scoring yet.(5) On the back of your spiral page, have an elbow buddy take the test about you. YOU DO NOT HAVE TO KNOW THE PERSON WELL.(6) Score both tests according to the instructions on the back of the first page of the packet.(7) Write the temperament type indicated by each of the two tests at the bottom of each test. EX. Choleric Sanguine, Phlegmatic Melancholy, etc.

(8) View the implications of your results and your personality description on the last page of the packet. THESE ARE BY NO MEANS COMPREHENSIVE. You will be able to see more on the meaning of your type later.(9) Reflection Paragraph: Does this test accurately pinpoint your personality? Why or why not? Also, is your friend’s assessment of you different than your own? Why or why not?Slide64

Positives:

Thoughtful

, rational, insightful, deepNegatives:Easily-controlled, indecisive, prone to group-think

Positives:Leader material, driven, reactive

Negatives:

Impulsive

, risk-prone, unreliableSlide65
Slide66

Sanguine

-Joyful/Cheerful

-Optimistic -Passionate-Outgoing/Attention-seeking

-Responsive to emotions-Charismatic-Compassionate -Impractical/Dreamer-Storyteller -Childlike-Memory for smells & colors-Makes friends easily-Doesn’t hold grudges

-Loves people

-Inattention

-Lack of concentration

-Disorganization

-Easily distracted

-Forgetful

-Impulsive

-Restless

-Very talkative

-Interrupts (Egotistical)

-Weak-willed

-Emotionally unstable

-Unpredictable

-Circumstantial

Motivator: FunSlide67

Sanguine- Overview

Easily excited by external influences, reacting quickly, although the impression is often short-lived. There is somewhat of a superficiality, or better said, lack of depth (part v. whole relationship), in the sanguine personality. The sanguine commonly follows others and has little stability as a result. Fickle in ideas, opinions, and resolutions. Changes

moods often (from laughter to tears in a matter of seconds). The sanguine rarely internalizes his/her focus and instead devotes attention to the external (his/her appearance, and of others, to beautiful faces, fashions and manners). The sanguine is full of optimism.Sanguine- The not so great CharacteristicsVanity and self-complacency, loving the appearance of his/herself and the praise of others. The sanguine is very inclined to flirt, and has a great degree of jealous tendencies. The sanguine cannot be left alone. There is a cheerfulness and love of pleasure that accompany the desire to always have someone around to enjoy life with. The sanguine decision are likely to be the wrong decisions, their undertaking fail easily since they believe success is inevitable and will therefore take it for granted, they are unstable, and they have little understanding of themselves since they rarely internalize conflict.

Sanguine- The wonderful Characteristics

Everyone loves and knows the sanguine. He/she has the most friends and easily makes new friends. This is the extrovert of the four temperaments. The sanguine is extremely friendly, pleasant, and willing to accommodate. Is often found entertaining others, is compassionate towards others, and is graced with the gift of calling others out on their faults without bringing humiliation or displeasure. Very virtuous. Rarely shows resentment or defiance. Wishes the best for everyone.Slide68

Choleric

-Self-sufficient

-Born leader-Dynamic-Practical-Compulsive need for change-Must correct wrongs-Unemotional-Strong-willed-Independent-Optimistic

-Not discouraged easily-Confident-Goal-oriented-Knows the right answers-Can see the whole picture

-Quickly moves to action

-Thrives on opposition

-Little need for friends

-Leads and organizes

-Excels in emergencies

-Delegates work

-Motivator

-Long-term thinker

-Hot-tempered

-Cruel

-Impetuous

-Impatient

Motivator: PowerSlide69

Choleric- An Overview

Enthusiastic, having very high aspirations and cravings for success. The choleric must be the best in everything and have the best of everything. Extremely ambitious, having a keen intellect, a strong will, strong passions, an impulse to dominate others becoming their superior and making them subservient.

Choleric- The not so great CharacteristicsThe choleric is commonly prideful, full of him/her, thinking highly of his/her great qualities and even considers his/her faults worthy of praise. Also, is stubborn and has an opinion on everything. The choleric believes he/she is always right. The choleric is confident, believes others are weak, ignorant, incompetent and slow. Upon humiliation the choleric feels hurt resulting in anger, deceit, and judgments towards others.Choleric-

The wonderful CharacteristicsThe choleric possesses a sharp, keen intellect and will combine with great enthusiasm. Very successful in his/her profession, working diligently in spite of obstacles. Cholerics are brief, precise, and sure in their speech.Slide70

Melancholy

-Sensitive to anguish of others

-Analytical-Deep thinker-Self-introspective-Artistic or musical-Self-sacrificing-Poetic and philosophical

-Appreciates beauty-Perfectionist with high standards-Detail conscious-Neat and organized

-Sees the problem

-Seeks creative solutions

-Must finish what is started

-

B

ehind

the scenes

-Likes charts, numbers, and lists

-Cautious to make friends

Will listen to complaints

-Problem solver for

others

-Tries not to raise attention

-Serious

-Conscientious

-Studious

-Reflective

-Not practical--Dreamer

-Self-centered

-Pessimistic

-Moody

-Revengeful

-SkepticalMotivator: Knowledge and understandingSlide71

Melancholic- Overview

Like the Sanguine, the Melancholic is also easily excited by things. However, unlike the Sanguine, the initial reaction of excitement is weak, but the impression remains long and grows stronger by subsequent impressions of a similar nature. A person of this temperament is inclined to deep, thoughts and reflection, dwelling the past, looking ahead to the future, is very profound, finds meaning in just about everything, and is not satisfied with the superficial. The melancholic is driven

by laws and principles. The melancholic is most comfortable alone, and in silence. He/she is very introspective and always sees life from a serious perspective, often feeling burdened and brought down by temporal affairs. Melancholies are commonly passive, reserved, irresolute, despondent, lacking courage, slow in thought and speech. Melancholies despise the lime-light, and would rather withdraw and let others receive recognition, even when they are praise worthy. Melancholic- The not so great Characteristics

Easily falls into mental distress and this can be extremely intense. The melancholic, more than any other temperament, has keen awareness of moral right and wrong, and has a deep longing for morality. They are inclined to despair, intense expressions of grief, and occurrences of depression. This can result in self-pity, and he/she may become a burden to friends and family. He/she can also lose confidence in others, specifically superiors; there is a loss of trust and respect when the melancholy becomes aware of a fellow man's weaknesses and faults. The melancholy vehemently desires justice, and forgiveness of offences is hardly an option. He/she is suspicious, lacks trust in people and fears that everyone is out to get him/her. He/she is pessimistic about everything.

Melancholic-

The wonderful Characteristics

Loves solitude and is often productive in solitary hobbies encompassing the fine arts, liberal arts, crafts, writing, analytics, drama, contributing deep and profound thoughts and ideas to poetics, philosophy, science, and legislation, etc. There is a joy and a relaxation that results in the melancholic devoting time to these activities. Melancholies are excellent counselors to friends, encouragers, give great affirmation when necessary, they are trustworthy and genuine. They are willing to make extreme sacrifices for the sake of others. Slide72

Phlegmatic

-Calm and collected

-Quiet-Witty-Sympathetic-Kind-Inoffensive-Hides emotions-Reconciled to life-Not in a hurry-Takes the good with the bad-Practical-Dry sense of humor-Mediator when necessary

-Avoids conflict-Cool under pressure-Takes the easiest way-Good listener

-Likes to watch people

-Compassionate and concerned

-Pleasant

-Good administrative ability

-Intuitive

-Dependable

-Efficient

-Slow and Lazy

-Teaser/Sarcastic

-

Sometimes selfish

-Stubborn

-Indecisive

-Detached observer

Motivator:

PeaceSlide73

Phlegmatic- Overview

Not moved by impressions at all; the reaction is missing, or empty, and they fade quickly. There is little interest in what is going on around him/her. Loves leisure, and is often unmotivated to work. Everything proceeds at a slow pace.

Phlegmatic- The not so great CharacteristicsInclined to things that require little to no effort, EATING, drinking, is lazy, and neglects duties. Often misses opportunities, has no ambition and no aspirations in life. Phlegmatic-

The wonderful CharacteristicsPerseverant. Not easily offended, and not moved by failures or sufferings. Always maintains composure, is thoughtful and deliberate. He/she has a sober, objective, rational, and practical judgment. Demands little in life, and has not intense passions. Compassionate and empathetic. Helps people get along.Slide74

HindsightRead in pairs “Hindsight in Everyday Analyses of Personality” (pg. 516)(Spiral) Hindsight Synthesis: Give an example from your life or from the life of someone you know of hindsight bias.