Scientists look at the evolutionary history of organisms to divide them into six kingdoms CriteriaQuestions What type of cell Prokaryote or Eukaryote Unicellular or Multicellular ID: 774874
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Slide1
The Six
Kingdom
s
of Life
Slide2Scientists look at the evolutionary history of organisms to divide them
into six kingdoms.
Criteria/Questions:What type of cell?Prokaryote or EukaryoteUnicellular or MulticellularHow does the organism get energy? (Producer, Consumer, or Decomposer)What form of reproduction? (Asexual or Sexual)What is its genetic structure and function most like?
Slide3Let’s
Examine
the
6
Kingdoms
Slide4Bacterial Kingdoms
Bacteria used to be in ONE kingdom!As scientists learned more about the differences between the types of bacteria, it became clear that there should be TWO distinct kingdoms.
KingdomArchaebacteria
Kingdom
Eubacteria
Slide5Type of CellProkaryoticUnicellularSome have a cell wallThey are not seen because they are very small, and they can be identified only with the help of a microscope. Bacteria are so tiny that 300 could fit end-to-end across the period at the end of a sentence.
What all bacteria have in common…
How big is a bacterium?
What is the structure of a bacterial cell?
Slide6How they get energyDecomposers ORProducers
What all bacteria have in common…
Slide7Some bacteria are helpful and some are harmful.live in your gut and help digest foodmake vitamins, yogurt, cheese, sauerkraut, and other productslive in the soil and break down dead plants, animals, and wastes into simple substances that plants usedecompose oil and are used to help clean up oil spillscause infections
What all bacteria have in common…
Slide8Type of reproduction:Asexual by binary fissionOver time, these dividing bacterial cells often group together in colonies.Bacteria multiply quicklyOne cell can replicate into over a million cells in just 12 hours. In contrast, a human cell takes 24 hours to divide.
What all bacteria have in common…
Slide9Kingdom ARCHAEBACTERIA
Slide10Kingdom Archaebacteria
Archaebacteria
(often just referred to as Archaea) are as different from “regular” bacteria as you are!
Fossil traces have been found in rocks as old as
3.
8
billion
years
They are typically associated with extremely inhospitable environments, but various species have been found in open ocean plankton
Slide11Kingdom Archaebacteria
Methanogens –Live in anaerobic environmentsMake methane instead of CO2Found in sewage treatment plants, digestive tract of ruminants, bogs
Slide12Kingdom Archaebacteria
Halophiles –Live in high salt concentrationThermo(acido)philes –Tolerate extremely high temperaturesChemosyntheticFound in hot springs, hydrothermal vents
Slide13What
type
of
cell?
Prokaryot
ic
Unicellula
r
How they get energy
?
Producer
&
Decomposer
Type
of
r
eproduction
?
Asexual
–
Binary
Fission
Slide14Kingdom EUBACTERIA
Slide15Kingdom Eubacteria
Eubacteria live everywhereThey live in air, water, and soilEach square centimeter of your skin averages about 100,000 bacteriaOne teaspoon of topsoil contains more than a billion bacteriaOne person adds 37 billion bacteria to the air each hour
Slide16Kingdom Eubacteria
ShapeCharacteristicsExamplesSphere- shapedbacteriaSphere-shaped bacteria (cocci) sometimes grow in chains or in clumps like a bunch of grapes.Streptococcus(strep throat) Staphylococci (responsible for "staph" infections and gangrene)Rod-shaped bacteriaRod-shaped bacteria (bacilli) can also form in chains. Some types of these bacteria also have whip like structures called flagella to help them move around.Escherichia coli or E.coli (found in the intestines of mammals) Salmonella (causes typhoid fever and food poisoning)Spiral- shaped bacteriaSpiral-shaped bacteria (spirilla) can use their shape to propel themselves by twisting like a corkscrew.Borrelia (Lyme disease)Treponema (syphilis)
Three major
phyl
a based on shape:
Slide17What
type
of
cell?
Prokaryot
ic
Unicellula
r
How they get energy
?
Producer
&
Decomposer
Type
of
re
production
?
Asexual
–
Binary
Fission
Slide18Kingdom PROTISTA
Slide19Type of Cells:EukaryoticUnicellular (most), multicellular (some), colonial (individuals that work as a group)Some are microscopic and others can be 100m in length.All live in watery/moist environments.
Kingdom Protista
Slide20How they get their energy:Decomposers (fungus-like)Producers (plant-like)Consumers (animal-like)Some are parasitic and cause disease.
Kingdom
Protista
Slide21Kingdom Protista
Three major phyla (groups):
TypeCell TypeOrganism TypeGroups & ExamplesFungus- likeUnicellularDecomposers. Fungus-like protists have cell walls and reproduce asexually by spores. All are able to move at some point in their lives.3 Basic Groups: Water Molds, Downy Mildews, Slime MoldsPlant-likeUnicellular, multicellular, and live in coloniesProducers. Live in soil, bark of trees, and fresh & salt water. Very important to the Earth because they produce a lot of oxygen and form the base of aquatic food chains.4 Basic Groups: Euglenoids, Dinoflagellates, Diatoms, andAlgae (Green, Red, and Brown)Animal-likeknown as: ProtozoaUnicellularConsumers. All animal-like protists are able to move in their environment in order to find their food.4 Basic Groups: Pseudopods - ex: Amoebas, Cilia - ex: Paramecium, Flagella - ex: Giardia, Others - ex: Plasmodium (Disease Causing)
Slide22Protists
Examples
Fungus-like
Water
Molds
Downy
Mildews
Slime
Molds
Slide23Protists
Examples
Plant-like
Euglenoids Dinoflagellates DiatomsAlgae(Green, Red, & Brown)
Slide24Protists
Examples
Animal-like
Pseudopods – ex: AmoebasCilia - ex: Paramecium Flagella - ex: Giardia
Slide25What
type
of
cell?
Eukaryote
-
complex
Unicellular,
Multicellular,
&
Live
in
Colonies
What
type
of
orga
nism?
Producer,
Consumer,
Decomposer
Type
of
Reproduction?
Asexual
or
Sexual
Slide26Kingdom
FUNGI
Slide27Kingdom Fungi
Type
of
Cell
:
Eukaryotic
Cell
wall of chitin
Unicellular
and
m
ulticellular
Slide28Kingdom Fungi
How they get their energy
:
ALL are heterotrophic (d
ecomposer
s)
Fungi
release
enzymes into
the
surrounding environment, breaking down organic matter
into a
form
the
fungus
can
absorb.
Mushrooms
and other fungi grow
almost everywhere,
on
every
natural
material imaginable.
Where
you look
depends
on
the mushroom
you are trying to find
.
Slide29Kingdom Fungi
Type
of
Reproduction:
Asexually
by haploid
SPORES
Sexually by the fusion of HYPHAE
Special Interactions:
Symbiotic relationships where both organisms benefit
Lichens (algae + fungus)
Mycorrhizae
(plant root + fungus)
Slide30Kingdom Fungi
Five major phyla (groups):
Club FungiYeasts and Sac FungiLichensBread MoldImperfect FungiBasidiomycotaAscomycotaZygomycotaDeuteromycota
Slide31Fungi
Examples
Club Fungi
(Basidiomycota)
Many mushrooms in this phylum look like umbrellas (basidia) growing from the ground or like shelves growing on wood, but some release a cloud of spores.
Slide32)
Fungi Examples
Sac Fungi (Ascomycota)
Ascomycota produce their spores in special pods or sac-like structures called asci.:This group includes the prized morel and truffle mushrooms and yeast
Slide33Fungi
Examples
LichensThe algae provide nutrients & the fungus protects them from the elements. The result is a new organism different from both original species.
Slide34Fungi
Examples
Bread Mold (Zygomycota)The best known example is black bread mold with its recognizable dark zygosporangia.
Slide35Fungi
Examples
Imperfect Fungi(Deuteromycota)
Around 25,000 additional fungus species are grouped in this phylum -- these species are the "left-overs" that don't fit well into any of the other groups.Members include athlete's foot, penicillin, and "yeast" infections)
Slide36Fungi Kingdom
Use:
People eat mushrooms of all shapes, sizes and colors.Yeasts are used in making bread, wine, beer and solvents.Drugs made from fungi cure diseases and stop the rejection of transplanted hearts and other organs.Fungi are also grown in large vats to produce flavorings for cooking, vitamins and enzymes for removing stains.Some fungi grows on food such as bread mold.Penicillin is a type of fungus.Fungus can cause athlete’s feet & ringworm.
Slide37What
type
of
cell?
Eukaryote
-
complex
Unicellular
&
Multicellular
What
type
of
orga
nism?
Decomposer
Type
of
Reproduction?
Asexual
(spores)
Slide38PLANT
KINGDOM
Slide39Plant Kingdom
Type of Cells:Multicellular: made of many cells that all have different functions and work together.Eukaryotes: very complex cells that have a nucleus and many other organelles.All plant cells have a cell wall and many have chloroplasts.All plants are adapted for living on land.
Slide40Plant Kingdom
Type of Organism:All plants are producers and make their own food. They do this through a process called photosynthesis.In photosynthesis, plants use the energy in sunlight to change water and carbon dioxide into a sugar called glucose and oxygen.Glucose is food for the plant and is also the base of most land food chains.Plants take in carbon dioxide from the air and release oxygen into the air.
Slide41Plant Kingdom
Type of Reproduction:Most kinds of plants reproduce with seeds. The seeds develop in flowers or cones. Seeds are sexual reproduction.Ferns and mosses reproduce asexually with spores.
Slide42Plant Kingdom
12 Major Groups of Plants
(Divisions):
At
least
four
classification
systems
are in common use for
plants.
Plants are classified into 12 phyla or
divisions
based
largely on reproductive
characteristics.
Plants are classified by
tissue structure
into
non-
vascular (mosses) and vascular plants (all
others)
Plants are classified by
"seed" structure
into those
that reproduce through naked seeds, covered seeds, or spores;
Plants are classified by
stature
divided into mosses, ferns,
shrubs
and
vines,
trees, and
herbs.
Slide43PhylumTissue Structure"Seed" StructureStatureBryophyta - mossesNon-vascular (Bryophytes)Spore ProducersMoss-likePsilophyta - whisk fernsVascular Plants (Tracheophytes)Fern- and Tree-likeLycopodophyta - club fernsSphenophyta – horsetailsFilicinophyta - fernsCycadophyta – cycadsNaked seeds (Gymnosperms)Ginkophyta – GinkoesTree-likeConiferophyta – conifersTree- and shrub-likeGnetophytaAngiospermophyta - flowering plantsCovered seeds (Angiosperms)Tree-, shrub-, vine-, and herb-likeDicotyledons - two seed-leavesMonocotyledons - single seed-leaf
Plant
Kingdom
Slide44Plant
Examples
Mosses:
Mosses are the only non-vascular plants -- they cannot move fluids through their bodies. Instead, they rely on moisture in their surroundings.Though small in stature (size), mosses are very important members of our ecosystem. They are the foundations for other plant growth, prevent erosion, and contribute to the green appearance of many forested areas.The 24,000 bryophyte species are grouped in three phyla:Mosses (Bryophyta),Liverworts (Hepatophyta)Hornworts (Anthoceraphyta).They reproduce by spores, never have flowers, and can be found growing on the ground, on rocks, and on other plants.
Slide45Plant
Examples
Ferns:
Ferns have a vascular system to move fluids through their
bodies.
Like the mosses, they reproduce from spores rather than seeds.The main phylum, the Ferns (Filicinophyta =Pteridophyta) includes around 12,000 speciesThree other phyla are included as fern allies:Horsetails (Sphenophyta = Equisetophyta, 40 species)Club mosses (Lycopodophyta, 1,000 species)Whisk ferns (Psilophyta, 3 species)
Slide46Plant
Examples
Conifers:Conifers (gymnosperms) reproduce from seeds instead of spores. The seeds, however, are "naked" (Greek: gummnos) which means they are not covered by an ovary.Usually, the seed is produced inside a cone-like structure like a pine cone.Therefore, they are named "conifers." But, some conifers, such as the Yew and Ginko, produce their seeds inside a berry-like structure.Conifers are easy to identify due to their cones and needle-like, scale-like, or awl-like leaves. And they never have flowers.There are approximately 600 species of conifers: pines, firs, spruces, cedars, junipers, and yew.Conifer allies include three small phyla containing fewer than 200 species all together:Ginko (Ginkophyta) with a single species: the Maidenhair Tree (Ginko biloba);palm-like Cycads (Cycadophyta)herb-like cone-bearing plants (Gnetophyta) such as Ephedra.
Slide47Plant
Examples
Angiosperms:
Angiosperms which means
they
have
the
final improvement in plant
reproduction:
they grow their
seeds inside
an
ovary (Greek:
angeion
= vessel) which is inside a flower.
After it is
fertilized,
the
flower
falls away and the ovary swells to
become
a
fruit.
Angiosperms have a vascular
system to
move fluids through their bodies.
Angiosperms are grouped into
two
categories based upon how many seed leaves
they
have:
Dicot - 2 seed
leaves
Monocot - 1 seed
leaf
Slide48Plant
Examples
Dicots:
Angiosperms in
the class Dicots, Dicotyledoneae, grow two seed-leaves (cotyledons). In addition, foliage leaves typically have a single, branching, main vein originating at the base of the leaf blade, or three or more main veins that diverge from the base.The vast majority of plants are Dicots. Most trees, shrubs, vines, and flowers belong to this group of around 200,000 species. Most fruits, vegetables and legumes come from this class.
Slide49Plant
Examples
Monocots:
Angiosperms in the class
Monocots,
Monocotyledoneae,
start with one seed-leaf.The main veins of their foliage leaves are usually unbranched and nearly parallel to each other.Around 30,000 plants are classified as monocots including many of the prettiest members of kingdom Plantae: orchids, lilies, irises, palms and even the Bird-of-Paradise plant.The grasses which carpet our lawns and meadows are also monocots.Monocots provide us with our primary sources of nutrition, supplying us and the animals we eat with grains such as wheat, oats, and corn, as well as fruits such as dates and bananas.
Slide50What
type
of
cell?
Eukaryote
–
complex
Multicellular
–
many
specialized
cells
What
type
of
orga
nism?
Producer
Type
of
Reproduction?
Asexual
spores
or
Sexual
seeds
Slide51ANIMAL
KINGDOM
Slide52Animal Kingdom
Type of
Cells:
Multicellular
: made
of
many cells
that
all have
different functions
and work
together.
Eukaryotes
:
very
complex cells
that
have a nucleus and many other
organelles.
Animal cells do
not
have a cell wall,
but they
do have a cell membrane.
Some animals are adapted
for
living on land, in water, or a combination of
both.
Slide53Animal Kingdom
Type of
Organism:
All animals are
consumers
and feed on other organisms. Some are
carnivores,
herbivores, omnivores, or
scavengers.
Type of
Reproduction:
Many invertebrate animals are capable
of
reproducing asexually
and
sexually. All
vertebrate
animals
reproduce
sexually. Some
animals reproduce by
laying
eggs.
Other
animals reproduce by giving birth
to
live
young.
Slide54Animal Kingdom
Invertebrates- Animals without a backbone
32 phylum – 735,000 species
Vertebrates- Animals with a
backbone
1 phylum – 45,000 species
Types of
Animals:
There are
two
major divisions in
the
animal kingdom:
Slide55Animal
Examples
Invertebrates:
Sponges (soft body)Cnidarians (soft body)Examples: Jellyfish, Sea Anemones, and CoralsWorms (soft body)Flatworms: Planarians and TapewormsRoundwormsSegmented Worms: Earthworms and LeechesMollusks (shelled)Gastropods: Snails and SlugsBivalves: Clams, Oysters, Scallops, MusselsCephalopods: Octopi, Cuttlefish, Nautiluses, SquidsArthropods (exoskeleton)Crustaceans: Crabs, Crayfish, Shrimp, LobsterArachnids: Spiders, Mites, Ticks, ScorpionsCentipedesMillipedesInsectsEchinoderms (endoskeleton)Examples: Sea Urchins, Sand Dollars, Sea Stars, and Brittle Fish
Slide56Vertebrates
Cold Blooded
(Ectothermic)
FishOsteichthyes – bony fish: Trout, Cod, & PerchChondrichthyes – cartilage fish with jaws: Sharks & RaysAgnatha – cartilage fish without jaws: LampreyAmphibians AmphibiaAmphibians with tails: Toads and FrogsAmphibians without tails: Salamanders and NewtsReptiles ReptilaSnakes and LizardsCrocodiles and AlligatorsTurtles and TortoisesWarm Blooded (Endothermic)Birds AvesMammals MammaliaPlacenta Mammals: Bats, Whales, Dolphins, Dogs, HumansMarsupials: Opossum, Kangaroos, and KoalasEgg Laying: Duck-billed Platypus & Spiny Anteater
Animal
Examples
Slide57What
type
of
cell?
Eukaryote
–
complex
Multicellular
–
many
specialized
cells
What
type
of
orga
nism?
Consumer
Type
of
Reproduction?
Asexual
and
Sexual
Slide58Do Classifications
Systems Really Exist?
Not in nature, but in the minds of scientist…that is why it changes and there are more than one idea on classification!
But this demonstrates how science is always working and
adjusting!