Plant Herbivorous Sheep Goat Buffalo Cow Large and complex GIT Microbial Animal Carnivorous Dog Cat Relatively simple and small GIT Enzymatic Both Omnivorous Pig Relatively simple and small GIT ID: 1042178
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1. DIGESTION
2. TYPES OF FOOD MATERIALPlant Herbivorous Sheep, Goat, Buffalo, CowLarge and complex GITMicrobialAnimal Carnivorous Dog, CatRelatively simple and small GITEnzymaticBoth Omnivorous PigRelatively simple and small GITEnzymatic
3. Animals consume food as it occurs in natureOnly Humans consume cooked foodAll nutrients need be convertedFrom non-absorbable to absorbable formThis transformation is called DIGESTIONIs there any nutrient that need not be digested?WATER does not require to be digested
4. PROCESSES OF DIGESTIONMovement of food through alimentary tractSecretion of digestive juicesEnzymatic and/or microbial degradationAbsorption of the digested nutrientsExcretion of undigested/indigestible materialsRegulation of all the above process
5. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF THE DOGRelatively shortSimpleSmall caecumIlleo-caecal valve
6. SimpleLength of SI & LI moreSacculations in caecum & Colon –HaustraeProlonged retention of ingestaHAUSTRAEDigestive System of Pig
7. Longest small intestineCaecum & colon – not sacculated – not voluminous
8. (Extremely Large)
9. Muscle Layers of GITMade up of smooth musclesExcept oral and anal endsEsophagus exhibits striated musclesDifferent extent in different species
10. Smooth muscles in GIT areArranged in longitudinal & circular bundlesAnd also across bundlesFunctional syncitiumConnect via gap junctions within bundles
11. BLOOD FLOW TO GITIncludesFlow through different parts of GITSpleen, Liver and PancreasAll the blood that passes through the GIT, spleen and PancreasFlows into liver via the portal veinsAnd passes through millions of minute sinusoidsFinally leaves by way of hepatic vein
12.
13. Reticuloendothelial cells in liver sinusoids remove bacteria & partculate material prevent access of harmful agents
14. Blood flow in each area and layer of GIT Increases and decreases with activity brought about by gastro intestinal hormones decrease in oxygen concentration release of adenosine
15. NEURAL CONTROL OF GITHas its own nervous systemEnteric nervous system (ENS)Also regulated by ANS
16. ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEMComposed of two plexusOuter plexus – Myentric / Auerbach’s plexus between longitudinal and circular muscle layersControls GIT movementInner plexus – Submucosal / Meissner’s plexusIn the submucosa beneath circular muscle layer Controls secretory activity
17. Submucosal plexus /Meissner’s Plexussecretory activity & local blood flowMyentric plexus /Auerbach’s PlexusGIT motility
18. Parasympathetic innervation Vagus & pelvic nerves Stimulates motility & secretionsSympathetic innervation post ganglionic abd.plexus inhibit motility & secretionAUTONOMIC CONTROL OF GIT
19. ENDOCRINE CONTROL OF THE GITGIT is the largest endocrine organEndocrine cells diffusely distributedThrough out GIT and PancreasEntero-endocrine cellsrespond to different foods & digestion productsSynthesize & release peptides and aminesAct through endocrine /paracrine routes
20. Entero Endocrine SubstancesGastrinCholecystokinin (CCK)SecretinGastric Inhibitory peptide (GIP)EnteroglucagonMotilinNeurotensinPancreatic PolypeptideVasoactive intestinal poly peptide (VIP)
21. G-cells in pyloric glandsPeptides & amino acids in stomachGastrinStimulation of gastric secretion & mucosal growthGASTRIN
22. CHOLECYSTOKININ (CCK)Fat, fatty acids & amino acids in duodenum & jejunumI-cells in the mucosa ofduodenum & jejunum CholecystokininStimulation of Pancreatic enzyme secretion Gall Bladder contractions secretions of small intestinesModerate inhibition of gastric motility
23. SECRETINAcid ChymeS-cells in DuodenumSecretinStimulation of Pancreatic Electrolyte secretion Small intestinal secretionsMild inhibition of Gastric motility and secretion
24. GASTRIC INHIBITORY PEPTIDE (GIP)Glucose, AAs & FAs in GIT upper & lower intestineGIPStimulation of intestinal secretions Insulin secretionInhibition of Gastric motility & secretion
25. ENTERO GLUCAGONGlucose & FAs GIT upper & lower intestineEntero glucagonStimulation of Blood flow & Mitosis in the intestine
26. VariableMOTILIN upper & lower intestineMotilinStimulation of MMC in the anterior duodenumMigrating Myoelectric complex
27. NEUROTENSIN upper & lower intestineNeurotensinStimulation of vasodilatation Inhibition of smooth musclesFat in GIT
28. PANCREATIC POLY PEPTIDEPancreasPancreatic polypeptideStimulation of Pancreatic secretionsProtein in GIT
29. VASO ACTIVE INTESTINAL POLY PEPTIDEModerate inhibition of gastric secretion