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4 th EditionLeisure, Sport andTourism, Politics,Policy and Planning A. J. Veal COMPLEMENTARY TEACHING MATERIALS CABI TOURISM TEXTS

CHAPTER 2 Political Ideologies Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4 th Edition The nature of ideology Feminism Social democracy, 3rd W ay , communitarian Introduction Liberalism/neo-liberalism, libertarianism Marxism Parties Leisure, sport and tourism Democratic socialism Principles Environmentalism Theocracy Conservatism Anti-globalism Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4 th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

The nature of ideology Ideology: ‘A system of ideas concerning phenomena, especially those of social life; the manner of thinking of a class or an individual’ (Shorter OED)Internally consistent sets of ideas about how society should be runN.B. Sometimes negative connotationsLeisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

Relevance? Understanding our place in history Pre-modern societies: spiritual values, goals and regulationhereditary class and status systemsaristocracy and monarchy + theocracyModern societies:18th century onwards humanitarian values and ideals human progress towards a better society political ideologies (socialism, liberalism etc.) =‘grand narratives’ Po stmodern societies:demise of ‘grand narratives’ N.B. collapse of communism in the former Soviet Union etc. loss of confidence in ideology by ‘the left’ in the West Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

Relevance 2: current politics Current western politics:parties need to capture the ‘floating voter’movement to the ‘centre’policies guided by opinion polls rather than ideology Current political discourse still uses ideological terms:references to ‘left’, ‘right’, ‘socialism’, ‘neo-liberalism’ etc. Anti-globalization, rise of populismLeisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

Political spectrum (Fig. 2.1) Marxism Democratic socialism Social democracy/ Third Way Conservatism Anarchism Neo-liberalism Fascism LEFT RIGHT Feminism Radical Reformist Environmentalism Radical Reformist Anti-globalism Populism  Theocracy Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4 th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

UK: parties, governments, ideologies (Table 2.1) IdeologyParty Gov’t/PMDatesConservatism Conservative PartyChurchill/Eden/Macmillan/Douglas-Home/Heath1951-64,1970-74Liberalism/ neo-liberalismConservative Party Thatcher/Major Cameron/May 1979-97 2010- Marxism/ communism Communist Party Not in government - Democratic socialismLabour Party Attlee1945-51Social democracy Labour PartyLiberal DemocratsWilson/Callaghan Clegg (in coalition)1964-70, 74-79 2010-Third Way Labour Party Blair/Brown 1997-2010 Environmentalism Anti-globalism/ populism UKIP Not in government - Theocracy - - - Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4 th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

Australia: parties, governments, ideologies (Table 2.1 cont’d)IdeologyParty Gov’t/PMDatesConservatismLiberal PartyNational PartyMenzies/Holt/McEwen/ Gorton/McMahonIn coalition1949-721975-83 Liberalism/neo-liberalismLiberal Party Howard 1996-2007 Marxism/ communism Communist Party Not in government Democratic socialism Australian Labor Party Whitlam1972-75Social democracy Aust. Labor Party Aust. DemocratsHawke/Keating 1983-96Third Way Aust. Labor PartyRudd/Gillard 1997-2010EnvironmentalismGreens Aust. DemocratsNot in government- Anti-globalism/populism Theocracy- - - Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4 th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

Conserva tismOrigins: – 19th century landed/upper classPrinciples: – stability and tradition rather than change – acceptance of inequality as natural – respect for ‘traditional’ institutions/values (e.g. monarchy, family) – pragmatic re. role of government – support for voluntarism Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

Conservative parties UK: Conservative PartyAustralia: National Party + Liberal Party (pre-1996)USA: Republican Party (but also encompasses neo-liberalism)Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

Conservative principles and Leisure, Sport and TourismGovernment support for elite activity and ‘excellence’Support for voluntarismGovernment aid to traditional and rural industries (e.g. agriculture, regional tourism) Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

(Neo-)Liberalism Origins:Liberalism arose in the 19th centurydesire for freedom – of individual, trade – as reaction against privilege later: free-market principles – hence use of neo-liberalism to indicate right-wing orientation Principles:freedom of the individualbelief in the efficacy of competitionminimization of government interference in marketssmall governmentreduced taxesprivatization of state assets Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

Liberal/neo-liberal partiesUK: Conservatives under Margaret Thatcher, CameronAustralia: Liberals under John Howard, Tony Abbott, Turnbull USA: Republicans under Ronald Reagan, George Bush and George W. Bush Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

Liberalism/neo-liberalism and Leisure, Sport and TourismLeisure, sport and tourism viewed as business sectorsUser-pays principlePrivatization of operation of leisure/sport/ tourism facilitiesSupport for voluntarismFreedom of individual choice (e.g. some have advocated de-criminalization of drug use) Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

Marxism/neo-Marxism Origins: Marxism: the 19th century writings of Karl Marx and Friedrich EngelsNeo-Marxism: 20th century writings adapting Marxism to later developments in MarxismPrinciples:fundamental feature of society is economic relationshipscapitalist society characterized by clash of interests betweenbourgeoisie (capitalists) who own the means of production (capital)proletariat (workers) who own only their labour power capitalists seek to maximize profits by exploiting workerspredicted that eventually capitalism will collapse – this should be hastened by workers’ revolutionary action to overthrow capitalist system and take control of the means of production Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

Marxism/Neo-Marxism: parties Communist parties in power:1917–89: Russia/Soviet Union1945–89: Eastern EuropeNow: China (highly modified), Vietnam, Cuba, North Korea, some Indian statesDecline of communism in Russia and Eastern Europe shook faith of Marxist/Neo-Marxist western social scientists Rejection of all ‘grand narratives’Marxist/Neo-Marxist theory remains a strong analysis/critique of capitalism Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

Marxist/Neo-Marxist principles and Leisure, Sport and TourismGeneration of ‘false needs’, by advertising, to create profitsLeisure as ‘resistance’ to capitalism (e.g. youth sub-cultures, subversive art)Divisiveness, elitism and competitiveness of leisure institutions Public provision provides a ‘human face’ for an oppressive systemLeisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4 th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

Democratic Socialism Origins:Marxism and 19th century unions but also many earlier workers’ movements Principles: equality and fraternity defence of working class interests vs middle/ruling classess tate control of capitalism through ownership/control of key industriesstate creation of more equality and ‘welfare state’ through progressive taxationchange through democratic methods, not by violencec apitalism can be ‘tamed’ – gradually replaced by socialismLeisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

Democratic Socialism: parties Labour parties in UK, Australia, Europe up to about the 1960sNow mostly developed into social democratic partiesLeisure, Sport & Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, E4, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

Democratic Socialism and Leisure, Sport and TourismSupport for state provision of leisure, sport and tourism facilities/servicesFree/highly subsidized provision, especially for disadvantaged groupsLeisure, Sport & Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, E4, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

Social democracy and the Third Way Origins:compromise between socialism and conservatismThird Way developed in the 1990s to reshape social democracyPrinciples:seeks more equality, supports state role/welfare state, but,accepts capitalism will survivedoes not envisage a socialist systemThird Way: adds ‘obligations’ to welfare ‘rights’ Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

Social democracy/Third Way: parties UK: debates in the 1960s/70s moved Labour Party from socialism to social democracyThird Way: associated with Tony Blair, Labour Party leader, Prime Minister (1997–2007)Australia: Australian Labor Party followed the pattern of Labour in UKUSA:left wing of Democratic Party often seen as Social DemocraticThird Way associated with President Bill Clinton Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

Social democracy/Third Way and Leisure, Sport and TourismBelief in state provisionRecreational sport as a social service: Sport for All Access for all at minimum cost, preferably free, to the user Community arts alternative to professional, elite arts, democratization of the arts + cultural democracy Support for tourism industry but also social tourism – subsidized holidays for deprived groups Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

Feminism Origins:19th/20th century campaigns for political rights: votes for womenPrinciples:ideology or ‘movement’?concept of patriarchy: men organize/control society in their own interests – excludes and disadvantages womenreformist: reform the system (equal pay, equal opportunity, childcare services, etc.)radical/Marxist: change the capitalist system fundamentally Parties: generally no specific political parties for feminismLeisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4 th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

Feminism and Leisure, Sport and TourismWomen generally have less leisure time than menTradition/culture/media limit ‘acceptable’ leisure activities for womenInstitutions/infrastructure of leisure traditionally dominated by menLeisure can be a means of resistance against patriarchyReformist programmes: transport access, safety, childcare facilities at leisure sites Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

Environmentalism Origins:1960s/70s: concerns about human impacts on flora, fauna and ecosystemsPrinciples:ideology or ‘movement’?questioning of pursuit of economic growth at the expense of the environmentemphasis on sustainability reformist: legislate to prevent negative impactsradical: destructive capitalist system must be changed fundamentallyParties:‘green ’ parties exist in many countrieshave held/shared power in some European countriesLeisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4 th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

Environmentalism and Leisure, Sport and TourismLeisure, sport and tourism as offenders in the consumerist/materialist society?Leisure, sport and tourism are major users of natural environments:requiring the concept of sustainable development/ use Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

Anti-globalism/Populism Anti-globalism origins:1990s concern with:western capitalism generallyactivities of multi-national enterprises (MNEs) in particularGlobalization: antecedents in empires and 19th century tradePrinciples: ideology or ‘movement’?opposed to MNE impacts on:developing countriesthe environment Parties:no specific parties, but some green parties alignedLeisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

Anti-globalism and Leisure, Sport and TourismMany MNEs involved in leisure Major impact on sport, media and tourismHomogenization/Americanization of culture?Leisure, Sport & Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, E4, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

Populism Origins:nationalist/right-wing parties in Europe/Australia, UKIP in UKrecent examples:exit from EU (‘Brexit’) vote in UKelection of Donald Trump in USAPrinciples:o pposition to immigrationconcern with loss of traditional industriesdesire to disrupt ‘elites’ controlling traditional partiesImplications for Leisure, Sport and Tourism: few: LST does not feature in programmesLeisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4 th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

Summary See Table 2.2Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts