Improving Womens Economic Position and Local Economic Problems at a time of Recession ANGELA OHAGAN The differential impact on women versus men will vary across countries The effects depend on ID: 513016
Download Presentation The PPT/PDF document "Promoting better work and social enterpr..." is the property of its rightful owner. Permission is granted to download and print the materials on this web site for personal, non-commercial use only, and to display it on your personal computer provided you do not modify the materials and that you retain all copyright notices contained in the materials. By downloading content from our website, you accept the terms of this agreement.
Slide1
Promoting better work and social enterprise for women
Improving Women’s Economic Position and Local Economic Problems at a time of Recession
ANGELA O’HAGANSlide2
“The differential impact on women versus men
willvary across countries. The effects depend on the
gender job segregation in a country. In developed
economies, in which men have dominated in construction and durable goods
manufacturing
industries that have been hardest hit by sharp drop in demand, mounting job losses have affected men more than women. But women, too, will beaffected in coming months. Female joblessnesscan be expected to rise disproportionately aspublic sector budget cuts are made, since women are disproportionately employed in education, health, and social services,”(Seguino, 2009).
Global Perspective on the Gender Impact of the Financial CrisisSlide3
“with
the recession there is some indication that existing gains, including those in legislation, may be lost,”
(Prof. Diane Perrons, LSE)
“Gender equality is at risk if the downturn is used as a reason to slowdown progress on equality policies or even to rethink policies
that help women on the labour market,”
(Smith, 2009). “Productivity and fairness are not alternates, but both are necessary for the realisation of the other,” (Sylvia Walby, UNESCO Chair in Gender Research)Why gender matters in local economic developmentSlide4
Tackling occupational segregation and gender pay gap are questions of policy for gender justice and productivity and economic growth (Walby, 2007).The links between women’s low pay and poverty, and the economic inefficiency of under-valuing women’s work (TUC,2008).
Productivity and fairnessSlide5
Horizontal – workforce is made up of mostly one genderVertical – opportunities for advancement by a particular gender are limited (similar to ‘glass ceiling’)
Restricts freedom of choiceMaintains sex stereotypingRestricts choice for businessIncreases skills deficiencies
Maintains undervaluationContributes to the pay gapInflexible working (lack of options)Undervaluing of roles and occupations (‘women's work’ of low/no value)
Occupational SegregationSlide6
Occupational segregationDiscriminationEffect
of caring on earningsMarket failureStandard productivity measuresLegislative
frameworkGender Pay GapSlide7
Elements of the Pay Gap
Olsen and Walby (2003)Olsen and Walby (2004)
Education (6%)Segregation (13%)
Discrimination and being female (29%)Full time employment experience (26%)Interruptions due to caring (15%)Part time employment experience (12%)Slide8
A tale of two policies
Modern Apprenticeships
Close the Gap
27,520 MAs, 2008
22% women
Vocational and skills areas: construction, engineering, childcare, health and social care, managementEngineering: £20.4m – men; £297k - womenChildcare: £5.47m – women; £54.5k - menMen, £69:Women,£1Initially funded under EQUAL, 2002Scottish Government funded to promote equal pay, tackle pay gap and occupational segregationMinisterial priority under Gender Equality DutyCross-Directorate Working Group on occupational segregationGender Equality Scheme, Annual Report 2010Slide9
Assume gender neutralityResult in gender-blind policies and differential outcomesRequire gender-aware analysis
Trans-national (G20, UN), European Union, National and regional/local levelRole of civil society
Policy ResponsesSlide10
Governance and Decision-MakingSupport for Industrial Sectors and Companies
Supporting Labour MarketsSupporting InvestmentSupporting Household Purchasing PowerCredit
(Source: Walby, (2009): Auditing the gender implications of recovery policies for the financial and economic crisis)
Mainstreaming Gender in Local Economic Development PlansSlide11
Gender MainstreamingInvolvement of all actors in policy process
Disaggregated dataPolicy appraisalEquality impact assessmentsGender Budget Analysis
Time Use AnalysisGender AuditsGender Pay Audits
Tools of AnalysisSlide12
“What is the gender composition of employment in the industrial sectors and companies that are given financial support?“Is training supportive of women’s access to non-standard occupations, or does it reinforce existing patterns of occupational segregation?
“Do considerations of infrastructure investment include human capital as well as fixed?” Is education included as well as transport? Is attention on ICT development extended to a more inclusive concept of knowledge economy?
What are the gendered effects of variances in taxes and have the gendered consequences been identified and mitigated?What are the gendered implications of variances in access to credit arrangements?
Gender Audit Questions Slide13
CapabilitiesLocal authority responsibilities and functionsModena
, 2003; Emiglia-Romagna, 2004; Bologna, 2007; Piedmont, 2007; Lazio, 2008;Rome Drawn from work by
Tindarra Addabbo, Antonella Picchio
et al, and Annalisa Rosselli on SienaGender and Wellbeing BudgetsSlide14
Access to knowledgeCapability to live a health lifeCapability to work and carry on business
Access to public resources (services/transfers)To live and work in adequate and secure places and in an eco-compatible environmentTo travel
Caring for othersCaring for oneselfParticipating in public life and living in an equitable society
Capabilities in functions of Province of RomeSlide15
Gender equality is a policy goalGender equality is a legal requirementReducing labour market rigidities like occupational segregation and discrimination leads to improved economic growth and productivity
Gender equality analysis means more effectively targeted policy interventions and outcomes.
Why gender matters in local economic developmentSlide16
Thank you
Angela O’HaganGlasgow Caledonian University