India Early 20 th century 19001941 Indias population increased dramatically Environmental pressure deforestationdeclining farm land Society divided into classes peasants wealthy property owners ID: 698362
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Chapter 30: Striving for IndependenceSlide2Slide3
India: Early 20th century
1900-1941, India’s population increased dramatically Environmental pressure,
deforestation-declining farm landSociety divided into classes
: peasants, wealthy property owners
,
urban craftspeople, traders
, workersMany languages; English common medium of communication of Western-educated middle classMajority practiced HinduismMuslims about one-quarter of population-majority in northwest & in eastern BengalSlide4
British Rule & Indian Nationalism
Colonial India ruled by
viceroy & administered by Indian Civil ServiceTechnology mitigated dangers of
industrialization
suppressed development of
radical
politicsmaximized benefit to Britain & Civil ServiceAt turn of century, most Indians accepted British rule, but racism & discrimination inspired Hindus to establish Indian National Congress -1885Muslims, fearful of Hindu
dominance & encouraged by Britain founded All-India
Muslim League in
1906Two independence movementsSlide5
British Rule & Indian Nationalism
British resisted India’s efforts to industrializeIndia’s
first steel mill established in 1911symbol of national pride1918-1919, tensions increased between Brits & Indians
Vague promises
of
self-government
Turning Point-Amritsar MassacreBritish general ordered troops to fire into a crowd of 10,000 demonstratorsSlide6
Mahatma Gandhi & Militant Nonviolence
English educated lawyer-practiced in South Africa
Returned to India & joined Indian National Congress Political ideas included
ahimsa
(nonviolence)
&
satyagraha (search for truth)Moved political efforts from elite to massesSlide7
India Moves Toward Independence
In 1920s
, Indians controlled education, economy, & public works
Business people
looked to
Gandhi’s
successor Jawaharlal Nehru (1889–1964)—for leadershipWorld War II divided the Indian peopleIndians contributed heavily to war effort, Indian National Congress opposed warMinority joined Japanese sideSlide8
Partition & Independence
In 1940, Muslim League’s leader
Muhammad Ali Jinnah, demanded country for Muslims After World War II, Britain’s new Labour
Party government prepared for
independence
Plan was rushed through before full compromise reached
Mutual animosity between Indian National Congress & Muslim League led to partition of India into two states: India & PakistanViolence & massive disruption followed as Hindus left predominantly Muslim areas & Muslims left predominantly Hindu areasHundreds of thousands diedSlide9
Colonial Africa: Economic
& Social Changes, 1900-1945
Outside Algeria, Kenya, S. Africa, few Europeans lived in
Africa
exported
raw materials-few Africans benefitted
Africans forced to work in European-owned mines & plantations under harsh conditions for little or no payColonialism provided little modern health careColonial policies worsened public health, undermined African family, gave rise to large cities & racial discriminationSlide10
Religious & Political Changes
During colonial era, many Africans turned
to Christianity or IslamContrast between Western liberal
ideas
&
realities
of racial discrimination contributed to rise of nationalismSlide11
Background to Revolution: Mexico in 1910
Independence-1821-
society deeply divided-few wealthy-most poor peasants
Most good land owned by
wealthy & US companies
Corruption, bribery rampant
In 1910, General Porfirio Diaz ruled for 34 years Mexico City modernized showplace brought wealth to few businessmen discrimination against nonwhite majorityaverage
Mexican’s standard of
living declinedSlide12
Revolution/Civil War in Mexico, 1911–1920
Mexican Revolution haphazard social
revolution Leaders represented different segments of societyMadero overthrew
Diaz in 1911
, then he was overthrown
by
Huerta in 1913Constitutionalists Carranza & Obregon led disaffected middle class & industrial workersOrganized armies that overthrew Huerta in 1914Slide13
Mexican Revolution: Civil War
Emiliano Zapata led peasant revoltPancho
Villa organized army in N. Mexico Neither able to lead national revolution
Zapata defeated & killed by
Constitutionalists-1919
Villa
assassinated- 1923Slide14
Revolution/Civil War in Mexico, 1911–1920
Constitutionalists
took over after years of fighting, 2 million
casualties;
tremendous
damage
Passed agrarian reforms-proposed social programs-appealed to workers & middle classRevolution lost momentum in 1920s1928, National Revolutionary Party foundedCardenas, removed generals from government, redistributed land, replaced church-run schools
w/
government schools
, expropriated foreign-owned oil companies When Cardenas’s term ended in 1940,
Mexico still land of poor farmers-small industrial
base
Revolution
established
stable political system, tamed
military & Catholic
Church; laid foundation
for later
industrialization
sparked
new creativity in
artsSlide15
Transformation of Argentina
At end of 19th c., railroads & refrigerators allowed Argentina to become major exporter of meat
Pampas-great producer of meat/wheatGovernment represented
interests of
oligarquia
,
small group of wealthy landowners Only cared about farmingForeign companies built railroads, processing plants & public utilitiesExported agricultural goodsImported manufactured goodsSlide16
Brazil & Argentina, to 1929
Brazil’s elite coffee &
cacao planters & rubber exporters resembled Argentine elitelavish lifestyles
allowed British to build railroads, harbors
imported all manufactured goods
Both
had small but outspoken middle classes-demanded share in government-looked to Europe as modelDisruption of European industry & world trade in World War I weakened land-owning classes in Argentina & Brazil Urban
middle class
&
wealthy landowners shared power at expense of landless peasants
& urban workersDuring 1920s, peace &
high prices for agricultural exports allowed both Argentina
&
Brazil to
industrialize
intro
of new technologies left them
dependent on
advanced industrial
countries
Aviation &
radio introduced
during
1920s
;
European
&
U.S. companies dominated both
sectorsSlide17
The Depression & Vargas Regime in Brazil
Depression significant turning point
exports plummeted & economies collapsed, Argentina & Brazil,
turned to authoritarian
regimes
Vargas
staged a coup & followed a policy that increased import duties & promoted national firms & state-owned enterprisesIndustrialization brought usual environmental consequences: mines, urbanization, slums, deforestationreforms benefited urban workers-did nothing to
help
landless
peasantsEconomic recovery unequally distributed1938
, Vargas staged second coup, abolished constitution, made Brazil fascist
state & created precedence of
political
violence
Overthrown in
military coup in
1954Slide18
Argentina After 1930
Depression hurt Argentina-political consequences delayed
for years1930, General Jose Uriburu
overthrew
popularly elected president
&
initiated thirteen years of rule by generals & oligarquia1943, Colonel Juan Peron led another coup-modeled government on Germany’s Nazi regimeAs World War II turned against Nazis, Peron & wife Eva Peron appealed to urban workers
Created new
base of
support-allowed Peron to win presidency & established populist dictatorship
Sponsored rapid industrialization-spent lavishly on social welfare projectsPeron unable
to create
stable government-after
his wife died in
1952-overthrown in
military
coupSlide19
Conclusion:Politics &
Economics under Imperialism
Peoples of sub-Saharan Africa & India remained under colonial rule after war
Elites
worked toward
independence-ordinary
people wanted social justiceThough politically independent, Mexico, Argentina, & Brazil economically tied to industrializing nationsArgentina & Brazil moved toward economic independence but fell victim to social unrest, militarism & dictatorshipSlide20
Conclusion:
Problems of IndependenceIndia
gained independence, but torn apart by ethnic conflictDesire for independence did not always unite people against colonial rulers because
of
social, ethnic,
&
religious divisions within their populations