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\r \f \r\n\t \b\b \t \r\b \r \b\r\r \r\f\t \r \t\f\r \r\f\t \r \r\b\r \r \t\r \f \f € ‚ ƒ \b\t\f „ \b\r\b\r \f\f \t „ … \b \r \r\f \r † \r\r‚ \r\r \r\f\t \r † \r\r \r\f \r\r \r \r\b \r\r …\r „ \r‡\b\r \b\r \t\r \r \r \b \r \f\f\t\f \f \b\r\r\r \t \r\t\r \b\b\t \b \t\f \b \f\r \f \r \r\b\r \r \t \r „ \t \r \b\r „\r ‚ ˆ\r\r\r\f\r \r\r \b\r\f‰\f \f \r\f \b \t\f \b \f\r \r\f\r \r \r \r… \t\f\t\r \r„ \r Nuclear Weapons JournalPO Box 1663Mail Stop A142Los Alamos, NM 87545 Presorted StandardU.S. Postage PaidAlbuquerque, NMPermit No. 532 „ … \r \t\f\r „\r\b \b ‚ ON qc qnja Table of ContentsWeapons Programs Performance SnapshotPoint of View—Strategic Weapons in the 21st Century: Hedging Against UncertaintyEnergy Balance in Fusion HohlraumsUpgrades Made to the Trident Laser Facility12Fogbank: Lost Knowledge Regained20The Los Alamos Branch of the Glenn T. Seaborg Institutefor Transactinium Science22About the coverClockwise from left, Ray Gonzales replaces a �ash lamp in the laser ampli�er at the Trident Laser Facility. Gonzales adjusts a mirror on the front end of the Trident laser. A 5-ft-diameter vacuum vessel in the north target chamber is used for laser-matter interaction experiments. A graduate student, Sandrine Gaillard, checks laser and diagnostic alignment in the north target chamber before a 0.2-PW experiment. Photos Robb Kramer, ADEPSThe Origin of the Z Number Backward Glance \f \r \r \r € ‚ ƒ „ \f \t\t \t \f \t ƒ \r \t \r \b … †‡ ˆ \f \r „ \f \r\r \t\r \r „ \f ‚ Š„‚‹ \t \f \b € \r ƒ \r Œ†‡ \r „‚ \r Ž ‘\t ’ ƒ ƒ\t \t \t \r ƒ\t \b \f\r Œ“ †‡ \r ƒ \r „‚\bŒ… † \r „‚ \f \f\r ƒ \r \t ” \r \t ƒ Œ\t\b•\r \r – ‚ \f — \t †‡ ƒ \t \t\t \f\r\b \t \f ƒ \t\t ˜ \t ™ \t \f \r\t \f \r\f\r \r \f Šƒ \t \r\t š ‚\t › œ‹\b „‚ ˜\t \r \t ƒ \r – ‚ \t \f \f \r \r ”‘ Ž–\b’ € \t \r \r € \t\b ž ƒ \f ˜ \t \r \t – \r œœœœ \r \r – ˜ ƒ \t \r \f ˜ \f \b •\r € \r \t \f Ž–’ \b \r \f \f ƒ \r „‚ \r – ‚ ƒ \r \t \r Ÿ \r \t™ ƒ ƒ \t ™ \r \t \f\r \f \f\b \f \r – ™ \t\t \t\r \t \t \r \f \t\f\r \t\b … †‡‡ \t\t \t \r \t \r \r \t\t \t Ÿ \b \t \t \t\t \f – \t \b Ž–’ \t \f \t \b ž ” \r \t \r\f\r \r \r \r \r ƒ \r \t \r\t \t \b The main gate as it appeared during the Manhattan Project. Inset, the location of the former main gate as it appears today. Los Alamos National Laboratory This cigar box held a one-half-microgram sample of plutonium that Seaborg produced at Berkeley in 1941. Seaborg and Segre presented the sample and its carrier to the Smithsonian Institution.\n\f—´\n £—…¤ \nŒŸ\n\n\t\r \n \r\f \t\r\r\r\bƒ \b \b\r\t \f\r \f\r\f\t \n…¤ \n Ÿ\n\r ƒ \r \n\f—´ \n\n \n\f\n \f \r\f \n\b \r¦˜ƒ \n\r\t \n \n \b\n\f \n…Ž‡ \n\f\r \r\n\r \r\r\fˆ\n \f \b \r\n \t \n …‚ \n \n\f \nŒ‡ \n \n \r\r\f…”\r \n \b‚ Œ \f\f\n\n– \r”…œ\n\n\t\b ›\t \n\f … \r \n\n \t \n \b \n \r \n\f—´ £µ\n\r\bƒ \b \b ‡ \t¡˜\t µ«…«´²\t\f\b\r\t \nŒ\r\n \f\r \b \n\n \f\n\r \t \b\n \r\n\n…¤ \n\n‡ \n\r\n\r\n \r \b¥\f\t £—´\n\n \n \r\n‡ \n \n”\r \n\b \r\r Œ \n\f \n\b—´… \n\n\f\n \f\n\r\n\b \f\n…Ž \n \n\r\tŒ\r\r\n \b\r \r \r\f\n \f\b‚ Œ \n \n \n\r\n\n©‡ \fª ©\f \fª\f\r\n \b \nŒ\n \f \n \f\b †\f \r \r\r \r \f\r\r\n‡\n±€\f\n…Ž\t\r ©†\fª\b \r\n\nŒ\t \b \f \b \t\f \n\r \f\r\r \n \f\r \b \b \r \b \n \r\n\r\t\r\r …†\f \n \fƒ £µ\t\t \n\r \r \r\bƒ \t\r\f \n \fƒ £µ\n\r \n \n‡\n\r \f…†\f \n \fƒ £µ \n\t\f \r\r \n\r \r \n\r \t\f „\f \n \n ±…¥ ‡\r „\f \n \n\r \t\r \n \r\t\f \n \fƒ £µ \f …¤ \f \n \fƒ £µ\n\n \t Ÿ \n\n\r\b \n\n \f\r\n\f\r \n \n„\f \b …›\f‚ \n\r \n \r\f \n \f …€\f\n \fƒ £—\t\t \n\n \n \f \n \fƒ £—\r \r\bƒ \b \b ´˜˜\t‡ \n \nŒ\b \f …‹\t \n—´œ\n\n\t‚ ‚\n”\r\b \f\n\r\f \n \fƒ £—Ÿ \n\r\n \t\n\f \n \f\n \fƒ £¡ …Ž\f\f \n \fƒ £—\n\f\n \fƒ £¡ \f \n \t\f …‚ Œ\f \r \f „ … \r\n \b\t—´…›\f \b\r“ \r \r\n \f \r\f\n —´¦…\f \n” ”ˆˆ›\t‚ \b\n\b \r \r \t \b \r™\n \t \b\r \f \t…‚ \r \f \b \n \r \r\r ‡ \n \f\f \n \f\b \r\n\r\n† …Ž\n\r\n† \t \f\n \f\r\f\n \fƒ £¡\n\f \n \fƒ £— \r ŒŸ …±” ”ˆˆ‚ \f\f \f \f \b \n \f \n \n \f\b \f\n \f\n \f\n \f…¤ \r \n\t \n\b \r \r \n\n\f \n\r \b … \n\n‚ \r\r—¡€ † Š \n\r \t\b \n\rŸ \n\f\n \f\n… Nuclear Weapons Journal, Issue 2 • 2009 Glenn T. SeaborgŽ—£˜\n\t—´˜‡ \n \n\r™\n \t \b \b \n Œ›\t\f…‹\n‰…\n\n…‚\n\t \n \n \n\n\r\t \n\r \n—£ \n\r \r\r \r \f\n \r \n\n\r \rƒ\n\t \b\n\f \n \f \n \n \f\n\f \n…›\b \r\t \n \n\n \n\t\t \b\f \f\t\n\f \f…… \f \b \f\r\r…Ž\n\f \n \f\t\r\t \nŒ \n\n \f\n\t\n\n\n …€\t …•\n\n …‚ \n \n\r\nŸ \b\n\f\n \f\n\r \f \n\r \r\n\r\r \n \n\n\f\n\f\n \f \n\f— \n±\r ›\t\b \f\f \n\r \b‹\n ¥ Œ—£´‡ \n \n \n\r \r\f\n \f \r \b\r \rƒ\n\t\n\f \n…¥ Œ \f\r \f\r\r \f \b\r‡ \n \b\n\f\n \f\n\r \r\r\n\n\n\b …ˆ\n—£—‰ ¤\r\n\n¥ Š‚\n\r \r\r \f \n\b ‡ \t„\fƒ Š\n\f\b\n \n\t\n \n\f\n \f\n…Ž•\n \n \rŸ‡ \n \n\r\r\n\f\b\n \n\r\f \b\n\fŸ \n\n \n \r \n\n \f\f …‚ \r \n\r \t\b ›\t \n—£« ¡…¤ \r ‡ \n \r \t\r\b \f\n„\f \n\r\n\f \n \f \n\t\r\n\r\t\b \n\f … \n \n›\t• Œ \t \n‚ \r\r\t – \n \n‹ ‚ \f\t \r\r \b \f\n \n \n \f \r \t\b\r\n … \n\r \n\r\n \t \n \n \t \n \n\r \n\t…ŽŸ \n\t \n\r \r \fµ˜ƒ¯ \n \n\r \n …Ž¦˜ƒ \n\rƒ \t \n\r \r\n \f \n \n \n¥\f\t—£— \f¦ƒ¯\f \n…\f \n \n \b \n \f\n \r\n\f \n…Ž¦˜ƒ \n\r\t \n\f \rŸ \n\f\n \f\n\n\f\n \f\n\f \n \f…ˆ\n—´˜‹ \n \n\n†\r \n \n\f\f\n \f\r \r \t\f\n \fƒ £µ \r\n\f \n\b \r¦˜ƒ \n\r›\t\t \n…‰\n \f \b\r‡ \n\n \r \n\f—£ £—\n\r\bƒ \b \b …¡\t …£¡¦\t…”\r\n\n \b\f\n \fƒ £µ \r\r\t \nŒ\n\f \n \n \b\r \f\n \fƒ £—\r \r\r\n\t \r\r\bƒ \b \b £…´¡ \n\f\t \n\n \n \rŸ\n \n\n\f\n \f\n… \n\n \n\f\n \f\f€\f\n \r\n‡\n±™\n\f±\r \r\f\n \f\r\n\n¡˜\t … \n\r\n\n \n\b \r\t \f \b\n\f\n \fƒ £—… \n \f \n \f\n \r Seaborg and Segre present the one-half-microgram sample of plutonium to the Smithsonian Institution in 1966.A portrait of Seaborg in his laboratory at Berkeley. Los Alamos National LaboratoryŽ \r \f\n\n \n \n\t\n \n \n \n \n \f\n \n\t\n\r \r \t \r \r Š \n\n\n\r \t\n \n \f\n\n\n \r\r \n\r\t \b \n …Ž \f \n\t \r \n \r\n\r \n \r \n Ÿ\n \b \f \n \r ‡ \n \n \t \b\n \n\n…†\f \n \f \r \n\r \n \b\n\t\b\f\f\n\fƒ\n\t\t…ˆ \t \f\b ©\f\n \nª\f\n \f \n\n\f …€‡ƒ\n \n\n\f\b\f\t \n \b\t\f\n\t\n\f\b\f \n\r\n\n\t \t\n \b ¢ \n\t…‚\b\t\n\n\n \f\b\f \b \n \f\r \n\n \n\t \n \nƒ\f \n \t \b\n\f … \n \n Seaborg points to the element 106, seaborgium, on the periodic table of the elements. He is the only person to have a chemical element named for him during his lifetime. \b\r\n \f\n\t \n \r \r \nƒ \n\b\f\r“ „\f \n\b\f\n\n\r \f\t \n\r \n ŸŸ \r \rƒ \n \n\r \r\f\rŸ\r\b \b\r \n …Ž‚ ˆ\n \f\r\b \t \n \f \r \n \b\n\fƒ\n\t \n\n \n\t \n ˜˜…The Future of Los Alamos as a Center of \n\r\n \b‡\n\b \n\fƒ \n \n\n\n \n \n\f \n \f\r \n\n\n\f\b\f \n\f\n€€‚Œ ‡\n\b \n…€€‚Œ \nƒ ‡\n\b \n\f\r Š \b\r\n\fƒ \n \r \t\f \n \n\r\r \b \r\f \r \n\n\f\n…\r \f \f \n\n \r \n \n \n\f \n \f \n\n\n \n \n\n \r \b\f\f\r\n \r\n… ‡ €› \r\f \f\n\t\t\f\n\t\t– \r€ €‡Œ \r\f \f\n\t\t\f\n •\b\b\r — ‰ Š \r\f \f\n\t\t˜\n\b\f\f\rƒ Nuclear Weapons Journal, Issue 2 • 2009‚ \b \n\r \r\t \n\f \r\b \t\rˆ\n \f\n\r\b \t \f \t\r \n …\n‚ \b \r \n\f\r \n€ \n \n\f \n ‚ \n\n \r\n \t‹\r\n‹\n \n\n‚ \nŽ \r \t€\f \r\n \t\n †\r\t \n \n…Ž \r\r \n\f\f \b \n \n \n\n\f\n \f\r\t\n\r \b \n \n \f\n \f\n \rƒ \n \n\r\n\b \n\n\n \n\f \n \f \n\t \r \nƒ\n ‡ \nƒ“ \n\f\n \fƒ \nƒ\r ‡ \r \t\n \f\n \b \n \n\f\f\n \t \n\r \n \n \n \t \t \r\fƒ \t\f\f\f\n \n\n \n \t…Heavy Element Chemistry Žˆ\n \f\r‰‹‰¢ \b› ‹\n\t‚ \n¤\t‹\n\r \t† …Ž\n \b\r \n\r\f\n\n \n \b\b\f\n\n\f\f\n \n \n \n \n … Ž \n \r\n \b \n \n\r\n\r…”\r\r\r \n \n \n \f \f\n\n \t \n \n \n \n\r\n\r\n\n \n \n\b \f\b \rŸ \b \n \r \t\n\r\t …ˆ\n\r\f\n\r \r± \b\f \n \f \n\r \r Š \n \n \n\n\n \r \r \b\f \n \f Š\n \nƒ \n \n…†\f \n \f \n\r \n\b \rƒ\r\r \n \n\n‡ \b \n\n \r\b\f\t \n \n\n Š\r \r \n \n \n \n\n\f\n\f\f\r\t \n\r \r …Ž \f\f \f\n \n Š Š \n\r \n \n \n \b\n\t \n \f\n \f\n\n\r \r \r \n \n\r \n \n \n \f \f\n \f\n…ˆ\n\r\n \n \n\f \b\r \t\r Š \n\r \n \n \n \n \n\r \r Š \n \n \r … The purpose of the Institute is to provide a focus for transactinium science, to develop and maintain US preeminence in transactinium science and technology, and to help provide an adequate pool of scientists and engineers with expertise in transactinium science.These photos show a wide variability in color and general appearance for samples of plutonium dioxide. This variability in the appearance of plutonium dioxide samples is well known, and while the material is normally olive green, samples of yellow, buff, khaki, tan, slate, and black are also common. It is generally believed that the color is a function of chemical purity, stoichiometry, particle size, and method of puri�cation. Los Alamos National Laboratory \n\f \f\n \t \n\r \f \n\n \r \r\n ¢ € \n \n\r \n \f \b \n \f\n \n Ÿ\f\n\n \n…Ž \r \r \f\n \b \r \n ˜˜¦ \b \n\f \t\r …Ž ƒ \b \n\r\n\f \n \n \t \n \n \f ƒ\b \n\b \n\r \n”\r…Ž\n \n \f €€‚Œ \n \b \n\f \n \b \n \b \t\n \n \r©\b\n ª\b \n \n \nƒ \t ƒ\n\f\b\f \n \t…Weapons-Usable Plutonium› \n\t \n ‡ \f\r†\f‰ \b\n \f\r\n \n \r \n\n\f\b\f \nƒ \b \b\f\f \n \n \n \f \n \fƒ £µ\b \n\n\t‡ \n…Ž\t \b \n \n \n \n\f\n \f\n\f \n \f \n\n\f \n\n \n\r \n\r \b\f \n \f \n\r\n \n\n…‚ \n \t\r\r ‡ \n \b\f \n \f \n \r\n ‡\t\n \f \n \f \r \r\r\n …˜\n …Ž\b †\f‰\r\n\t\r \b \b \nƒ \b‡ \n\f \n \f\n\r \r\b \b\f \n \f \n\r\n \n\n…Ž \b\r\n\r\n \n \r\b \n \b†\f‰ \r \f\r\r \n \b†\f‰ \r \n ˜˜˜…Ž \n \n \t \f \n \b\r \r \n \n\n \n\f \f\n \n\n \n\f \n \n\n \b‡ \n\f \n \f…Ž ‚ ˆ\n \f \n Š \b \r \f\r\f \b\r\f\f \n \t \b†\f‰\n \r ‡ …‚\f„\f\n \r \f\r \r\n\n \n\r\n \f\n\n \n\n\f\r\b\n \r \b \n ‡ …\r \f\r \n\t \n \r\b \n \b†\f‰ \n \t\t\r \n\n \n \n ƒ \n \f\n \t\n \b \n \n\f \n \n\r \t\n …Ž\f\f\n\n \b \r \b \f \n\n \n\n\r \b \t \n \f\n\f\t \t…\f\t \b \nŸ\n \n \n\r‰ €… š „ \n\n£„\f ˜˜´…Postdoctoral Fellows ProgramŽˆ\n \fŒ† ¥ † \n\f \f\n \t\b \n \n \n\f \b \t \n\n\r\n \n \n\b\f\f\n \n \b \n \n \n\n \n…Ž \b \f \n‡\n\n\n\r\n‡\n \t \n \n \n…‚ \b \b \r\r\f \n \n \n\r \nƒ \n ƒ \n\r \b \n \r\t \r \t\f\t \f \n‡ \nƒ\r\n „\f \n\r \t\n \n…¥\f\n\t\r \t \r\n \n† An induction furnace that might be used to heat a plutonium alloy. Nuclear Weapons Journal, Issue 2 • 2009Ž‹\n\r\n‚\f \n \n‹‚ \r \n \n \b \t \n \b \n ƒ \n\f\b \n\n\f \nŒ \n\n…Ž \n\f \n\t \b\r \n\f\r \b\r‡ \n \n\b \r \n ‡…\r\n \n \n\b \n\r\f\b \n\n\r\n \b \b\n\r\n\t …\r\n \fŸ \n\r ƒ \b\r \r \n\r \n \f\r \n\t\f\f\n\r \n …\r\n \n\r Œƒ \r \n \n \f\r\n \t \t\n\r\n\r \n…Ž‹‚ \n \f \r \n Ÿ\n\r\n \b \r\n\n\f\n \b \n\n\n\b \b\f \r\n \n\n\r\f…™\n\r\f \b\rˆ\n \f\r \f\b\f\t \r \t¥ \f\r \b \f \n \f \n \bƒ\f \n \f \t\r\r ¦˜ƒ\t„\f \n \n\r\n\t\r‰ €… š „ \n„\f ˜˜ …Žˆ\n \f \n Š \b ƒ \b \r \n \n€\n€…Ž ƒ \b \r \n\n¡ƒ\t \n \b \f \n\r \r \f\n€\n€ \n ˆ\n \f\b \n \n \f‚ \n€ \n——\r‰ €… š „ \n„\f ˜˜— \n \n\r’’„…\n… …Ž \n\r \b\r‚ ˆ\n \f\r \n——«\n\r \n\r \r\n›\t€ \n \t \n———…Ž\f \b\rˆ\n \f \b \f\b \n \n \f \n \n \n \n™‚ \n\n \n\n \n \f \n\n\r\n \t\n \r \n„\f \b \n \n\n \n \r‡ \n\n \n \f \n…” \r€€‚Œ\n \n \n \b€©\f \n \f\n \b‡\nª‡\n \n \n\n\r \n\n \n \f \n\n \n \n\n\n\f\b\f \n\f\n\t\n…Ž \n\r \b\r‚ ˆ\n \f\r\n \r \n\f\r \b\r \n \n\n\r …Ž ‚ ˆ\n \f \n\r \n\r\r \r\t \n\f\n\f \b\r \rƒ \n \n ……\r \f\r \f\r\f \f \r \r \n\f \n \f\r \n \n\n\f \n\n\f\n\t\n\f\b \n \n\f\b\f\n\fƒ\n\n\n\n \n\n\r …Žˆ\n \f \f\n „\f\b \f\n\r\n \b \n\n \n \n\r\n \n \f\n \n\r\n \n\n \n\n \n \n ƒ \n \f\n \t…Žˆ\n \f\b \r\r \f \f\n \t\n\r \r \f\r\n‡\n \r \n \n\b\n… \n\t\rˆ\n \f\n \f\f\f\n \n \f\n \t\b\f\t\n \r \b \r\r \t…Ž ‚ ˆ\n \f\r\n\n \t \b \t \n\r “ \n Ÿ\r \n \n\n\n \n\b \n\t …\b\n ‡ \f \n\r …Plutonium Aging and the Enhanced Surveillance Campaign‚ \n\r \t± \r\n \r‚ ˆ\n \f\t\n \n\f \n \fƒ \n\n ƒ \b \n\r‰ €… š „„\f ˜˜… 201510Average age of warhead (years)Total warheads in stockpileAverage age of warhead195019601970198019902000YearThe number of weapons in the stockpile is decreasing, and in another decade, the ages of most weapons will be well beyond their original design lifetimes. Los Alamos National LaboratoryThe Los Alamos Branch of the Glenn T. Seaborg Institute for Transactinium ScienceThe modern periodic table of the elements. Actinium (element 89) through lawrencium (element 103) are the actinide elements.Rutherfordium (element 104) through the most recently discovered element (element 118) are the transactinide elements. Transactinium elements include the actinide and transactinide elements.\r\n \n \f\n\r \r \n\f \n \f\r \f\r\n \f\r \n \n\f\r\b \f\r \f\r\r \n\t \n \r \n\fµ\r\n \n ‡ \t ´³ \b\n \n\r … \b\r\n \n \f\n\n\n \n\r \f\t\r\n \n\n\r \r\t ŠŸ \b \n…Ž\n \n \f\n\f\n \f\n\f\n \f\n\f \n \f\r\t\n \f\t \n \n\n \n \r\r\n\r\n† \n \n \n\f \n \r\n\t…‰\r\t\b\f\n\n\n \n \f \n\r\n\f \r \t \n\r \n \f\r \r\t \r Š\r\n\r \n\f \b\n\t \n \n\t \n\f \n \r \n \n\n\r \r \n\f \t\n\n\t\f \t… Š \n\r \n \b\r\n \n \f\n \t \b\n \n\f \t \n \f \b™‚ \n \r\r•\n\n …‚ \r \f \n \t\b \b \t \r\f \r \f \t \r ‚ƒ\t\nƒ„\r … \f\f ‡\f „‰\t\r \n \b \t‰ \f\t†† \r ‡ \rŠ \r\n \r‚ \r \r ‰ \r \r †\f‰‚\fƒ \rƒ ‹ ŒƒŠŽ Œ‹\r€ ††\t‰ƒ \r “\t‹‹‡Œ \r\r‹ \r ƒ \r \r Nuclear Weapons Journal, Issue 2 • 2009To fabricate new Fogbank, modern scientists reconstructed the historical manufacturing process (top). However, when the resultant Fogbank assembly did not meet quality requirements, scientists analyzed the historical manufacturing process and discovered one minor difference that, when adjusted properly (bottom), yielded quality Fogbank.”\r\n \n \n\r \r \f \t\f \n\r¥ \n\f Ÿ \n \n\n \r \n \r\f\n \f \t\f\r \r\n\r \f… \t \t \f \t \f„\f \t…¥ ¥ \n\r \r\n \b Ÿ \f \t \n … \t\r \r\r\n \b \n \f \f \t \n\r¥ \n\f Ÿ \n \t\n \n \n\r„\f \t \b\rŸ\n …Ž \f \tŒ\n \n\f¢ \n„\f\n \t\f \n “\n \r \t\b \n\f\f \b\r …\r \f\r\r\r\n \n \r \t \t \t\n \n \n\r \n … \b\r \n \b \r \n \f \n \r \n \r\n \t \n\r \r \t…¤ \r \n\t \n \n \n\f\r\r\f \b \n \f\r \f \t \r \t \f\r\f \b \b\r \n …\f\n\t \n\n \n \n \n \n \r \r \r \t \b\r \n\r“ \n \b\r \n …¥\f\r\n\t \b\r \r\r \n \n\r\b \f \n\r\f Ÿ \n …Ž \n \r\r\n \n \f \t \n\n\n\r\f\r\f\n\r\n \n \r \t…‚ \n \b \f\n\r \n\n \n \f \n\r\n\f\b\f \b\r\b \n \r\n\r\r š\r \n \n \n\n \r …¤ \t \r \r \r\f \n\f Ÿ \n \b\r\b \f\r \f \t\n\t\b \r \t…Ž\r ¥ \n \f \n \f\n\n \n\t \n\r \n \r \n\n \n\r\b …\f \n\t‡ \f \n\n \n \r\b \r\r \n\r\f \n \f \t…€ \r\r \t\n\r \f \t \n\n \n\n¥ \n \r \t\n…–\f \n \n \f\n\r\r \n\r \f \n \b\r–\n\n \n \n \n\f\b\f¥ \n \r \n\r \n\f \n „\f \r …\f¥ \n \n \n\f \t \n\r\b\f \r”«¦\r… Œ €\r\f \f\n\t\t\f\n•˜\r— € Physical effectiveness check Physical chemical Los Alamos National Laboratory Fogbank: Lost Knowledge Regained \f \n–\nŒ\f \r £— °¡«£ \r \r\n ±\n\r\f \r \r\b \b …‚\r\n „\f \n„\f\n\r \n \n\n \r \n\r \n \b\r \n\n\tŸ…ˆ\n\r¦\r\n\f\tŸ \n \f –\n…‹‡ \r\r \r\n„\f \b \f\n \n\n \n\n…Ž\f\r \r \n\f\r\t … \t\r \n \b\f\t \n\n \f\r \r\r\f\n\n\r \n \r\r\n \n … \n \n \r ‡\n\t\f \n \n\r … \r\n \n \n¥ \n\r\f\n \n „\f\n…† \f\t \r\n\f \n\r—µ˜¥ \n \n\n ƒ \n\r”«¦\r…\f \n\r ƒ——˜¥ \n \f \n\n\r\n\f\b\f \n\b \t \n… \r \r\n „\f\f \n\f\b\f¥ \n\b \n…”\r\n \b\f \r\r”«¦¥ \n\r \n\f\b\f …ˆ\n ˜˜˜€€‚ \r\r\n\f\b\f \b¥ \n…‰¢ \r \n\f\b\f¥ \n \n \b \n \r\n\n \f¥ \n\r\n\f\b\f\t\n\f\b\f\n\r \b\r \f \n … \f \f \n\r \n \r \n \f\r \n \n\f \t\r\n\n \f\b\f\n \n“ \t¥ \n…\r \f\r¥ \n ¢\f \n\f\b\f \n \n \r \n\r\n\f\b\f \n \t \f \n\n\r\n…‚ \n \b \r\n \n\n \n \r\r \n \f \n \n \n \n\n\b \t\r \n\f \n\r \n\r\r\n\b\t„\f \n… “ \n\f\r\n\b \t„\f \n \r \n \n\r\f\n„\f \n\n \n\r \b \f„\f \n¥ \n…ŽŸ\n \f \t „\f \t„\f \n…† \n\n \b\f \r \n \b\r\n\b \t \n \t \r\r \n…Ž\t \r \b\r\r \n \f\n\r \b\r\n„\f \n„\f \n\f\n \n \r „\f \n… “\n\r\f \n\r \n\r \n Ÿ\n \n\r\n\b \t\n \f …Ž \f \n‡\t \n\f \n\t\r \r\f\r \t\r \n\r\f…\r \n \n„\f \t \r \n\r ˜˜«\n\t \n \f\n\r\n\n\n\t \n \n \r\b ¥ \n \f \n…† \n\n\f \r\n \f \f\n \f\t…Ž\f \f \n \b„\f \n¥ \n\n Ÿ \n \b\r \f \n \n ˜˜µ… \r \f \n\n \n \n \r \f \b\r\n\f\b\f \n …ˆ\n\b\r\t \n \n \r \r \r\n \n \b Ÿ‡ \n\r …± \f \n \r \n\n \n \f \n\n \n\r \f…Ž\f \f\n \n\f\r ‡\n\n \n\r \r\n\r \r \r \n „\f \t \b\r\b \n \f\n \f\n …† \n\n\b \r\t \r \b \r \f \b\r\n\f\b\f \n \t \n \n\f\b \n\f \r \n\b \n\r\b \r …¤ \n\b \n \n \r \n\t\r \f \n \r¥ \n\b \r \r\r \f \f \b \t …Ž\r \f \n \r \r\n \r \n \f \n… Nuclear Weapons Journal, Issue 2 • 2009 \n ‘‡ ‡ \n\b \t\b \r\f\t \b\n\t \n ¤‹\r\t \f\r‡ƒ\tŽ \n \n \n\r\r \b\n…Ž\f \b \n \b\r \n\t\n \f \f\r\r\f\b \b\r\b \r \n\f\r …›\t\f \n\r\f\b Ÿ \n\r \n\n\r \n\f\n\n\t\f \f \n\b \r\n˜Ž \nŒ\f\f \n\f\nƒŸ\n\n\bƒŸ\n\f\n \b \r\r … \f\n\t \b\r\t\b \n\r \n¥ \t \n \b\r \n \r \rƒ\n\t\r ƒ\f\t \n\r \n \b \t“ ‡ Š\b \n\t \n \r \n \r \b \t\r … …€„Œ\r\f \f\n\t\t\f\n\f •–\r ‹— ‡ €Š ƒ „\r\f \f\n\t\t\f\n˜––™\rƒ ƒ „ ˆ \n \f\r \b\r \n Š \f \n \b\r\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \b\r \r … \b \r Ÿ \r \t \n\f\n\f \f\rŒ …ˆ\n\r ‡¦ \bŸ\r \n\b \r \n \n \b\r\r ƒ\f \r \t\n\f\b …¥ \r\r \n\r‡ \f\n\t \b\r\n\r\n\f \b \n…Ž\n\t\f \b\r \n \f \n \n\b \rŸ …Ž \n \n ‡ \t£…¡ \b\n\t \n \n ¯ …… ‡ \t´³ \b\r \n\t\r \r \t\r \r¢ \n\t…ˆ\n \n\r¢ \n\t \b\n \n‡ƒ\t\b \f\r\b \f \n\r \f \n \b\r \b³ …Ž\r \r \n\n\t \n \n¡˜…£¯ \r\r \r \f\t \n\t \n€Œ€ †¥ \t\n \n\r \r ¡µ¯\f„\f \r\n\t\n \n\n \t \n… \nŒ \n \n¢ \n\t ² \r \r\r\n \t\r \n\n \t \r \nƒ\n\t… Los Alamos National Laboratory 10121011101010101010101520253035404550E (MeV)dN/dE (1 MeV–1The angle- and time-integrated energy spectrum of the beam can also be determined from radiochromic �lm stack data. The darkness of each piece of �lm indicates the total number of protons at each energy. (Horizontal red lines are error bars. Data are binned into 3-MeV intervals.) A material will stop and absorb a proton at a certain distance that is a function of both the material’s properties and the energy of the proton. A broad spectrum of protons means that the energy in the beam will be absorbed over a large depth in the material. If the beam was monoenergetic, i.e., having essentially a single energy, the beam would be absorbed in a very small volume of the target material. Tailoring where the energy is deposited by choosing the proton energy and the spectrum of the beam is essential for medical applications such as tumor treatment. 1.6 MeV3.5 MeV13.1 MeV18.9 MeV23.5 MeV27.4 MeV31.1 MeV34.3 MeV 37.4 MeV40.2 MeV42.9 MeV45.5 MeV 47.9 MeV50.3 MeV52.6 MeV Proton energies achieved at Trident (the data points) exceed the recently proposed scaling law (solid line) at lower laser intensities. Improvements in the facility, including lower prepulse levels, enable higher-energy protons to be produced at lower laser intensities. This increased ef�ciency opens new opportunities for physics research in biomedical applications, weapons physics, and fast ignition.A 50.3-MeV proton beam imaged on a radiochromic �lm stack produced from a 10-m-thick molybdenum foil target irradiated at 4.6 × 1019 W/cm. Each layer of �lm stops protons of lower energy. For example, any protons reaching the 14th piece of �lm must have an energy of at least 50.3 MeV. The next �lm is at beam energy of 52.6 MeV; thus the �nal energy is known only to the certainty of 2.3 MeV (i.e., the beam energy was less than 52.6 MeV and greater than 50.3 MeV). The size of the spot (well-de�ned dark area) shows the divergence of the proton beam. (The more diffuse background shaded area is the contribution from hot electrons [1–10MeVa.) At very high energies, the spot is small—showing that the higher-energy protons are well collimated. Nuclear Weapons Journal, Issue 2 • 2009 30↓-ray energy (keV)Pixel count (arbitrary units) Ž \n \n \b\r\b \n\r \rƒ„\f \t\b \f \n \f \n\r\r ¶£¹ \n \r \r ˜ \r\n\r \f\t\r‰ €ˆ¥…\f \n \n \n \n \f\f\r ¡¡˜\b\r Ÿ ˜˜–…‚ \n \n \b\r\f \n \f \n\t \f\f\r\n˜… †” \n\n\r \f…Experiments Prove Enhancements’ Value±\n\r\n\n \r \n¥ \t\r‡ \n \b ‡ƒ\t \r \n …… \r \n\n \n\r \n \b\r \n \f \n \n\n\r \rƒ\n\t \n \n\rŸ \n\r \b \n…Ž \f \n\r\n‡ \f \n…Energetic ↓-rays Probe HED Phenomena”\r\n\r ‘ \f\r \n\b \n\r\b \n \b\r˜… ƒ†”‡ £˜˜˜ƒ¯ƒƒ ƒ Ÿ…‚\f\r\n‡\n \n\n \r \n\b \r \n\r \r \b \r \n\r \n \n…”\r\n\r \n \n\t \r\t \f‡ƒ\t\r \r\r\r \n\f \b\r\n …Ž‡ƒ\t\f\b\f\r‡ \n\r\t \t\n “\r\t \t\n \f\r ‘ ‘\f \n‡ \n \n \nSignature spectra of zirconium, silver, and tin excited by laser-driven electrons that approach the speed of light. A monochromatic (consisting of electromagnetic radiation that has an extremely small range of wavelengths) x-ray source (e.g., the signature spectra of tin, 26 keV) simpli�es measuring the density of materials in physics experiments.High-energy photon (22 keV) radiography using Trident’s third laser beam in short-pulse mode. High-energy photons are needed to penetrate very dense objects. This radiograph of a gold grid shows excellent spatial resolution (~10 m). The ability to make small features within the plasma visible and distinct is critical to validate physical models.\n …‚\f\r‡ \n\n \f \n ƒ \b \n\f¢ \n‘\f‡ \b\n ‡ƒ\t…Ž‡ \n„\f \r ‡ƒ\t‡ \f\f\rƒ\n\r\t \t\n \r\n \n \f \n\n\n \n …›\f\r‡ƒ\t\f \r ‡ \t\rƒ\n‡ƒ\t‘\f‡ \b \n \n‡\t\n \n \n \n \n\f\b \r …\r \n \bƒ \bƒ \n ‡ƒ\t \n\r \r \b \r ƒ¯‡ƒ\t \f\b …Ž‡\n \f \n¶˜¹ \f \r Š¶£ƒ¹ \b\r \n\b …Ž ‡ƒ\t \r \n \t \n \b\r\t\n\r \b\r \n¥ \t…Energetic Proton Beams ProducedŽ \n\r ƒ\f\n\r\n\n \n \b \r\f ˜ ˜”’ \b \r\f \b\rŒ\r \r\n\t˜˜–\r \f \r¡¡˜\b\n\b ¶£ƒ¹ …Ž \t\n \t\n \n…ˆ\n\rŸ‡ \n \n \f \n \n\r\n\r\n \n\n\t \n \r\r \r\n \f\r\n‡…¤ \r\n \n\r\t ‡ ……\b \n \n\f \n\r\r \r š\r\t ‡ \n\b ¤‹ \n \f\t\r \f\r …Ž \n\n \f‡\n\t \n\t\b \b˜ ˜—”’\n‡\r \b \t ˜—”’ZirconiumSilverTin (5 Los Alamos National Laboratory \nŒ\r \n\n \f\f \r \b\f ˜… †”…\r \n\r „\f \n\t \n\n\f…› \n\n \n\r\b \n\n \b\r\r\n\r\n\n\r \r \f\r©\r \rª\f› Ÿ \n\n \n…² \b \n \n\r\f \n \b\rŒ\f\t \n \n \n\n\n\r\r \r\r \f\r\f \n \n\r\n \n \n \r Ÿ\r \n\r\n‡\n \b\r\r\r\n\t \b\r\f \n… \n \b \f\r\f \n \n\r\n\r\f \n\r \f \n \b \r\r\b \t\n\r\n\n\b \n\r Ÿ\r \n \n \n\r\f\t\r\r \n \b\r Ÿ…Ž\b \f \n \n \r \r\n\r\r \b\r \r\t \n\r „\f \t \b\r\f…Ž \n \n Ÿ \n\r\n\t \b\r\r Laser Beam Ampli�cation and Compression ‹\t \r ƒ \f \n \b \n …Ž \f‡\r \r\n\r \b\rŸ\n\f……\n\r\n\f\r\f\f\r \n\t…Œ\f \n\r\b\r \f \r\n\r \r\r \n \n\n \r \n \n\r \n\n \n “\f \t…Ž\f \b\r \n\n\r\n \n\r \n \n\r \n\r Ÿ…Ž\n\r\b \t Ÿ\r\f \r„\f … \n\r\n\t \n\r\f \r \f\r \b Ÿ \n…‹\r \n \b …ˆ\n\n Ÿ \n\t \n\b \r Ÿ \r‘\r \r \n \r \n…Ž \r\b \r \t \n\r\n\n\b \r\f \r \f\r\r Ÿ … Ÿ \n \n\r\n\t \n \n \n\r\r \r… \n \n \n\n \t\t \n \b\r\n\t \n\f\r\r … \r\n˜˜\b \f \b£˜–…¥ \n\t \n \t \n\n \n\r\n\t\r\r\n \t \r \n\n \r\n \r‘ …Ž\n\n \r \r \r \r‘ \n\r\n\n˜\f\f\r…” \r \n\r \r \b\t \n \b\r\r \r\n¦˜˜ \n’\r \n \r \r\f \n \b\r\f \r\n¦˜˜\b…›\t \n\r\r \n ‡\t\r \f \b\r \n \n \r \n\r \f…›\f\r \n\n \t \b\r\f \f \n \f \b \n Š\n\r \r\n\n\r \b\r\f\r\f \n \n\f\f± \n…Ž \f \r\n\n \r\n\b \f \n \r\t\n “ƒ‡ … \r\f \n\n\t \b \n \n\n\f\f\n ¸ Nuclear Weapons Journal, Issue 2 • 2009 The Trident Facility provides three target chambers for experiments. The west target chamber (top) will be used extensively for short-pulse experiments. The north target chamber (top right) is used for diagnostic development and short-pulse experiments. The large rectangular vacuum chamber contains the dielectric compression gratings that compress a laser pulse to less than 1 ps in duration. The south target chamber (bottom) is used extensively for materials science and laser-matter interaction experiments.Flexible User Facility† \n‘‡ \t\t \n\r\f \n\b „\f ‡ \n \b \nŒ\n\r‡ \n…‹\r \b\r\r \n\n \n \n\t \n \b \f\f\r\r\r\r \b \f\r\n \b \r‡ \n…‹\r\r \nŸ\f \n \f \n \n \n \n \r\n\f Š\b \f‡ \n…Ž \f\r\r \r Š \n\t \n \r \n \n \r\r… \n \r \n „\f \n\n \n\t\r \n\r …Ž\n\n\r\r\r \f\r\n\t …\r \t\f\r \r\b \t\n ‡ \n\f\rƒ\f\n\r‘\t\nƒ \n\r \n‡ \n…‚ \n \b ƒ \n \n‡ \n\f\r\r \n \n \b\r \f¡² \r\b \n \t \nƒ\f\n…Ž\r \n \n \n ˜˜…Ž \r \n Ÿ\t\b \r ƒ\f‡ ƒ\n…ˆ ˜ƒ \r \r \n \b ‡\t‘‡ ‡ \n …Ž\n \r\r \r \n \f\b \n \n\n\f\n\r ƒ\f‡ \n…\r \r \r \nƒ \n\r \n\f\n\n \f ˆ\r\n \n \n \n \f \b\r\f\f\r…Ž ˆ \n \r \n\r‰¥ \t\n \r\r\n \f €ˆ¥…Ž\f \n \n\f \b ‰ €ˆ¥\n\n„\f Ÿ \n \n \r \f\f \n\f \r \b …” \r\r\r \r \b \r\n \n\r‡ \n ‡ Š\f\n\n \r \t \n…ˆ\n \n\f \r \n¢ \n\t\f\n‡ \n\n\f \n \n\r\r \n \r‡ \n \n\b \n “\n\r…¥ \n\t‡ \n\n \n \r \f\n \f\t… Los Alamos National Laboratory ˆ\n\t \n‡ \n \n \f\f\r \n…Ž\r \r \n\r \f\r\r…\r\r \r \f\r\r\r \n \n \b\r \r\r \n\n‡ƒ\t\r \r \r\n‡ƒ\t …\f\n \r\n \t\f‡ƒ\t\b \n\r \n\t \n \b \n \r\r\n‡ƒ\t\n\r\n \b\t\n \n\r \n \r…Ž‡ƒ\t\b \n\fŸ‡\n\f \b‡\t\r ‡ \f \n …‰ \n \n\b \r \f \n \f\r \rƒ¦² \n\b’…Intermediate-Scale Laser Facilities¤‹ \n\r\n \f\r \r\b \b \n \b \n Ÿ\r \r\r \n \b\r€ \nˆ\n \n¥ \t€ˆ¥\n\r \n\n \n \b \n ƒ \nŸ\n\n\b\f \nˆ¥‡ \n…ƒ¤‹\r\b \f\r€ˆ¥\r \r\r— \n \n\n\r™\n \t \b \rŒ‰¥ \t\r \r\r¦˜ \n \n \r \r\r\r \r\n\tƒ\n \t \n \n\f\n\t \n\r \t…\r\n \n ƒ\b \t \r \n¥ \t \n Ÿ\b \f\n \n\b \n \n\n\r\n\r……\b \n \n\nƒ ƒ\b …ˆ\n ƒ\b ¢ \n\f \bƒ\b \t \n\b \b ‡ \n\n \n \n\f \n\n \n \n…›\f \n ƒ\b \r \t\n‘‡ \t\n ƒ\b \r\t\n \r\b\f\f \b¤‹\r\t …ˆ\n ƒ\b \r‘‡ \n\n \n \nŸ\f \n\r\n\r \n \n \b\r \rƒ ’\r \rƒ\t “ \f\t \n\r\r \n Ÿ \n \r \bƒ\b \tŒ \n…¤ \rƒ ‡ \n \t\r\r \r\r \n¤‹ \n \n\n \r \nƒ\b …¥‡ \t\n\r \r\r \n ƒ\b \b \n \n „\f \n\n\r\n „\f\n\t\b “ ‡ \n\r ‡\n ƒ\b …Trident HED FacilityŽ \n¥ \t ¤‹\r\t ‡ \n\n\r\n \t\r…Ž \b \t \n \b\rƒ\r \rƒ\n\t\t\n‡ \n\r…Ž\r \b\r \n¥ \t ‘‡ \f \n \n \t\f\n\r\n \n \nŸ\f \n… \nŒ\r \n\b\n \n \f\t\b \f \n \n¤‹… \n \nƒ\f \r \r\t\n \r\f\r\n\n\n˜˜˜˜\n…Ž\r \n \n \r \nƒ\f°˜˜˜˜\n \r ƒ\f¶˜…˜˜˜¡\n …¥‡ \f\n\r\n \n \b‡ \n \n\f \n\f \b \n\r\t \t\n ƒ \n \n\nƒ\f\n\r‘\t\b \n\t\r \r\f\n\t\r \r \n \n …‹\r\n \n \r \b \r\r \r \n \n¥‡ ™¥ \t…‹‡ \n\n \f \n \r\r \f\n \f\t\n\t \r\n \n\r…‹\r\n \n \r\n \n \n \n \f\n \r…Ž\r \n \n \f \r…Ž\t \n\n\r \b \n\b\n\n\f \r\n\n \n \r\n „\f\r \r \f\n …¥\f\n\n \nŸ \n\b \n‡ \n \n\f \n \n \bƒ \n \n‘\f ’ \n \n \n \n\r \b \nƒ \f \n\n \n \n\t \n\r \n\b \f\n \n\r \f\rŸ \n \b\r \nƒ \f \t \n \t\n\rŸ \n \b \n… Nuclear Weapons Journal, Issue 2 • 2009 Los Alamos National Laboratory Upgrades Made to theTrident Laser Facility €Œ \n¥ \t \n \b\r \b\f\r \rƒ\n\t \n\r™‚…Ž \n\n\r\n\nŒŸ \n‡ \n\r \n¥ \t\r \f\n€Œ\r \rƒ\n\tƒ\n \t¤‹\r\t … \r\r\r\b \n \t\b \n \nµ°£¡¯‡ƒ\t \b\f\b\b \n \f \n\n‡ƒ\t †‹‡ \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \r\n \r\n¯’\f…ŽŒŸ\n \n \n\f \r\b \t¢ \n\t\n \n\r\n\f \b \n\n \n Ÿ‡ \n \n\f\t€\n‡\n‡ \n… Nuclear Weapons Journal, Issue 2 • 2009Ž\r \n˜\r \r\r \f\t‚€‹¬ \t \r\r \f\b \r \r \r\r ƒ\n\n \n\f \t¦…¦³\b \r \f\b\n \n´…£¦³\b \r \r …Ž\t \f\t\r \r \r\t\n\t \t \r \n \nƒ\n\n\n\n…ˆ\b\r \n \n\r‡ƒ\t \f\t‚€‹¬ \f\n \t \n \n \r\r¤‡ƒ\t \r \t…˜…¡\n±\r¤‡ƒ\t\n\r\r \r\f—… ´– \b‡ƒ\t\n\t\r\n \r\r \r\f…‚€‹¬\f\r£…´ – \b‡ƒ\t\n\t\r\n \r \f\r\r \f\b\n \n˜…¦¡–\r \f\r\r \r \r \b£… –\b \r\n˜…µ´–\b \r\r …‚ \r \f\t‚€‹¬\n \r\n\r \n \n \n\r\r …Ž €ˆ¥Ÿ\n\f\r\n\t\n \r\r \r\f\b \r\b\f\f \n \b\r \f\f\r \n \f \n\r\n\t \f \n \n\r\r \r\f \n \n\r \n…Ž “ \f \n \t\r\n\r \r \t \b\r‡ƒ\t \f \n \n\r\f\r \r \f\t\r \n \f\n\t \n…‹ \r“ \f\f\r \nŒ¢ \n\t…\r \f\r\r“ \b\r \n\r \f\n \r \t \b\r \r \f\r\r\r \t\r\t \f“\r \r \b\r \n\n\r \n \f…”\r\b \f\r \b\r‡ƒ\t \r \f\r\r \n\r\r \r\fŒ\n\f\t \n\r \n \b\n‡ \n…›\b \n\f\r \r \r \b\f\n \n \b \r \f\f \b\f\t \r \n \n\f\n\n \t\f\n \n \n\f\t …Toward Viable Fusion Reactors \n \n\f\b\f \n\r \n \n \n \n \n \f \n \b \nƒ \b\n\n\t \n‡\r\f \f \b\n\t…¥\f \n \f\f\t \n \n Ÿ\n \f\n \b \f\n\t\n\t\r \b\r \n\f\t \f \n\t \b \f\r\r“ \b‡ƒ\t\b \b\f \n\r \r\f\b\f\t\f \n …Ž‚€‹¬ ƒ \n\f \r\r\f\n\n\t \b\f\t Š \n\r \n \b \n ƒ \nŸ\n\n \n \n\f\b\f \n… \r\f \f\n\t\t\f\n\b \r €‚ \r ƒ „\r…€„†‚ \r… \r‡ \r‡„\r† ƒ „‡ˆ €\r‰ƒ ˆ €‰ƒ„ ƒ\rŠ ‹‚\rŠ …Œ\r€ Ž\n ‹ ‘€ ’ ‰“ “\r’Š” Los Alamos National Laboratory Relative density Time (ns)Power (TW)Polar hole (LASNE↓)Polar hole (areal estimate) Six snapshots in time sequence from a LASNE↓ simulation of the evolution of the blast waves originating at the polar hole and the circumferential gap. In each snapshot, the local density is normalized to the initial density at that location to show how the material becomes more or less dense as the experiment evolves. In an experimental shadowgraph, densi�cation produces a local increase in backlit-x-ray absorption. The same effect allows us to use the results of a LASNE↓ simulation to generate a synthetic shadowgraph.Truth and Consequences\n \n\f \b\r \f\t \r‚€‹¬Œ \n \b\rŒ\b\f\n \n \b \f\n „\f\t \r\r\f\f \n\t\r\n\r¤‡ƒ\tŒ \f \n\n \n\f\r \t\r \r \r \n\f ‚€‹¬ \t \r\r\f Ÿ\b \r \r \f\r \r\f \n \b\r¤ \f\n\r\f\f\f\r \t \n\r\r \n \f… \r\r \r \n\r \r\r ƒ\b\f \n\r‡ \n\r \r \n \n\r\t\n\r \r \r\n\b \r‚€‹¬\f \n…Ž \f “\n\n\r\t\n\r \n‡ \n\r \r\f\r\r © \nª \n \r \n\r \n \n\r\t\n\r \r \r…Ž \n \t ƒ\n \t \n “\r \b\r\t‡ƒ\t\f \n “\r \f\f\b \b\r\f \n€ˆ¥‡ \n…” \f\t \n\r “\n\n\r‡ \n\f\n\r \b\r \f \n…¤ \n\r\n\t \r \n \b \r‚€‹¬ \t \r\n\t \r \f\r\r \r \n\r \f\b\n \r\r \b\r\f \n\b \r\n\t \n\r\f \r\t \t\n \n \b\r…¤ \f\t\r‡ \n \b\r© \nª \r \n \f \n\r \n “\r \t \n…† \t\r\t‚€‹¬\r\n ƒ\r\t \f …Ž\f \n\r\r \n \r \n\f \b\r\f\t… \t \t\r \n \b\b\f \nƒ\r \r\f‡ \n \r ƒ\n\n‡ƒ\t \r \f\r\r \n\r\r \r\fŒ\t\f \t \n\r ƒ\n\n \r\r \r\f\t\r \b\r\r Œ \r …Comparison of simple areal estimates and LASNE↓’s calculations for the x-ray power lost through the polar hole and the circumferential gap. These results are for the shot that produced the shadowgraph onpage 9. Nuclear Weapons Journal, Issue 2 • 2009 An x-ray shadowgraph taken 14.5 ns after the DH x-rays entered the bottom of the hohlraum. Clearly visible are the blast waves (“bubbles”) produced by x-rays escaping through the polar hole and the circumferential gap in the special hohlraum. Note the asymmetry of the blast wave on the left caused by the removal of a section of aerogel to give an array of x-ray diodes a clear view of the DH source. The two vertical bars visible in the gap are two of the three support struts. The slanted lines are x-ray shadows of the undisturbed part of the wires used to create the imploding wire array in the DH x-ray source, which is located below the hohlraum.A side-by-side comparison between the synthetic shadowgraph produced from LASNE↓ calculations (left) and the experimental shadowgraph (right) 14.5 ns after the DH x-rays entered the hohlraum.\b \r\n\f\b\n\r‘\r \r\n \n \b\r\r \r\f \f\r\t\t\n \n\r± \b\r‡ \n\r \r …¥ \r \n \f \n\t \r \r\r\b \b\r \r\r\r\f\t\n\r\t\t \f\n \n…‚€‹¬Œ\f \n \n\f\r\r \r\f\r \n \n\r \n \n\r \b …\r ˜˜ƒ¯‡ƒ\t \r \b\r\r \r\f\r \f\r\r \n\n \r\t\r\r \n\r \r \r\r\n ‡ƒ\t…Žƒ ‡ƒ\t \n \r\r¤‡ƒ\t\b \r\f \n \b\r¤‡ƒ\t\f \n\r \r\n\r‡ƒ\t\r \f\r\r \f\b\n Ÿ\b \n\rŸ\f \n²˜\n \t\r\n\r\t\r \f\r\r \r \n\b \n²˜…› \r\r\n \b\f\r\n \n\r\b…Ž\n \t \b\r \r\n \r \b \n \f\f\r‡\b \n\n \f‡\n \n \n \n\t \n \n…Ž \n \r\r \r\f\r \t \n \n \b\r …ˆ\b\r \n\n \n \r\r \f \t “\r \n \b\r\r \r\f \r \n\b\n\n \n\r \r \n‡ƒ\t\b \r¤ \f \f\n \n\n\r\r \r\f…Ž \nƒŸ€ˆ¥\r \r\f \f \r \n\r\r \r\f \n\b \n\t \t\r \f\r \f\r\f \n \b€ˆ¥Œ ¦ƒ\nƒ\f \n … Polar holeblast waveGapblast waveGap blast wavedistorted by aerogel“Smoke rings”Strut Los Alamos National Laboratory Computer renderings of the 25-μm-thick copper hohlraum and the laser-driven x-ray-backlighter system used to image the hohlraum and its vicinity in these code-validation experiments. The 1-mm-diameter hole at the top of the hohlraum corresponds to the polar holes in the hohlraums illustrated on page 7. The 0.4-mm-wide circumferential gap in the hohlraum is the equivalent (for a 2-D simulation) of a midplane hole (see page 7). The part of the hohlraum above the gap is supported by three thin struts spaced equally azimuthally.A pulse of 200-eV x-rays (solid red cone) from the DH radiation source enters the open bottom of the hohlraum. The pink hole in the lower tapered part of the hohlraum (the transport taper) gives an array of x-ray diodes a clear view of the x-rays entering the hohlraum. The inside of the hohlraum—from the bottom of the transport taper to the top of the hohlraum—is �lled with 20-mg/cm silica aerogel to tamp inward motion of the copper walls, which are heated by the DH x-rays and ultimately become a hot radiating plasma. The semitransparent structure on top of the hohlraum is a 60-mg/cm silica-aerogel foam used as a diagnostic to follow the progress of blast waves produced by x-rays leaking from the hohlraum through the polar hole and the circumferential gap.During an experiment, an intense laser pulse (red elipse in diagram at left) strikes a metal foil (gray rectangle in diagram at left), which then emits x-rays used to produce shadowgraphs of the blast waves. The backlighter x-rays are produced by shining the Z-beamlet laser at the Z-accelerator Facility onto a manganese foil. The backlighter x-rays have a very narrow energy spread centered at 6.15 keV due to the discrete radiative transition of the x-ray emission source and the use of a re�ective Bragg crystal in the detection path. It is easier to uniquely determine a material’s density from x-ray attenuation if the x-ray energy spread is narrow rather than broad. Using x-rays with a narrow energy spread means the synthetic shadowgraphs we compare with experimental shadowgraphs can be more accurately generated from LASNE↓’s calculations. The orange ellipse in the diagram at right suggests the areal extent of the source of backlighter x-rays generated by a laser source shown on the left. In real experiments, the red ellipse extends over a much larger section of the foil so the entire foam cap is backlit. A curved crystal that re�ects and focuses the x-ray image of the backlit hohlraum onto a sheet of �lm is not shown. This setup produced the shadowgraph on page 9.Follow the Blast Waves”\r ‚€‹¬ \n \n \r‡ \n\f\n‡ƒ\t \n\r \f\r \r \n \f\b\n \r ƒ„\f \n \n\r „\f \b ƒ \f \n \n\r \r \r\f\r \n …¬ƒ\t \n \f\r \f\r\r \r \n\r \f\b\n \n\r \n \n\r \b\r\r \r\f…‚ \b \f\r\n\r\n\n \n\r \n\t˜° ˜ \r\n \t \b ƒ\f …\r‡ƒ\t\n\r \r\t \f\f \n \n\r„\f \t \r \r\n\n \t \n \n‡ƒ\t\r \r\f\r\r \r \n \n—…”\r ‚€‹¬\t \n‡ \n\f\n \r \n \b\r \f \n \b\r\n \t \n…Getting a Clear Shot of the Source \n\fŸ \t \b\r‚€‹¬ \f \n\r‡ƒ\t \t\r¤ \f\fƒ\r Š…› \r\r \n Ÿ \b\r‡ƒ\t \r\r \r\f„\f \r\n\f\n „\f\t \f \n \r‡ \n… \n\f\r\n\r \n\f\f\r‡ƒ\t \r\n\t \b‡ƒ\t \n\b \r\r \r\f…Ž \n\r \f\r\r \n\r‡ƒ\t\n \r \n …Ž\n\f \f \n \b \r \n\f\n \f \b\r‡ƒ\t \f…¤ \r‘ Laser spotMetal foilPolar holePolar holeBacklit areaHohlraumTransport taperTransport taperDH x-rays↓-ray-diode portCircumferential gapCircumferential gapAerogelAerogelStrut Nuclear Weapons Journal, Issue 2 • 2009 In the NIF experiments, the walls of a hohlraum will be heated by laser beams (left, blue beams). The inner surfaces of the hot walls will then emit x-rays that impinge on the spherical target capsule at the center of the hohlraum. The capsule’s outer surface will absorb the x-rays and explode, producing a reaction force that implodes the capsule and compresses and heats the fuel inside to densities and temperatures high enough for a fusion burn to occur. The hohlraum’s walls could be heated instead by an external source of x-rays (right, solid red cones). Either way, the energy heating the walls’ inner surfaces will pass through an entrance hole at each end of the hohlraum. However, the x-rays emitted by the heated walls can also escape through these holes and other holes present to let diagnostic instruments view the implosion. ↓-rays that are lost through the holes or that are not emitted from the missing wall material where a hole is located can reduce the energy available to drive the implosion or cause nonuniform illumination of the capsule. Either effect can reduce the implosion’s ef�ciency and thereby reduce its fusion yield. Hohlraum↓-ray beam↓-ray beam Target capsule entrance hole ˆ\n€Œ‡ \n\r \n\n\f\b \b\r\r \r\fŒ\r\t‡ƒ\t\r\r\n…Ž \f \b\r ‡ƒ\t\r\t\n ¤ \r\f¤ \n\t\r®ƒ ‚\n € \n \n\f„\f„\f€‡ …Ž¤ \f ‡ \t˜˜– \b ˜˜ƒ¯‡ƒ\t \n \r \r\f \r \f…Two-Way Holes”\r\n\r‡ƒ\t \t\r\r \r\fŒ\r \n\n \r\f\r\fŒ \f\f\b \r‡ƒ\t\n„\f \t\r…Ž \f\f\b \r\n Š\n \n Š…‚ \b\r \fƒ\f\b \t \f\r \r\n \t‡ \n\n \f \n \n\b \r \r\f…ˆ\b \f\r‡ƒ\t\n\t \r \f\r\r\r \r \n \n\r\f \b\r \n \n\r \f \b \b\f \n\f\n…Ž\n \b\r\r \n \f\n \n\f\n \b \f \n \n \b\r\f\t\rƒ ‡ƒ\t…Ž“ \b\n \n\f\n \b \f \n \n\n \n\r\r\n \r\f\f \n\r \n…\r \f \b\r\r\n \n\f\n \b \f \n \n\n‡ \r\t \t\n \n \n\r\r …Ž \n \n \f\r\r \b \f…ˆ\b\n \n \t\f\r\r\n\f\r \b \r\t\r \f\r \b\f\n\r \f\r\r…Ž \b\b\f\n\f\r\b\f \n\t … \n\t \b \r \n\r\n \n \f \n \r\b\f\r \n \n\f\r \n\f\r \r \f\r \n\n\r\t\f\r„\f \t \b\r\b\f \n\f\n…‚\f \b‡ƒ\t \r \f\r\r \n\r\r \r\f\n\r \n‡\t\r \r\t“\r \nŒ¢ \n\t\n\t\t…ˆ \r\b \f \fƒ \n \b‡ƒ\t\n\t \r \f\r\r\r … Los Alamos National LaboratoryEnergy Balance in Fusion Hohlraums\f\b\f \n \f\f\t\nŒ\n\t\n\b \n \b\t…¥\f \n\b\f\n\r\n \n \f \n \b \f\n \f\t\f \f\n\f\n \t \n‘ …‰\n\f\r\b\f \n\b\f \f \f\n \b\r\t \n\b \f\n \n…Ž\f \f \n \n \b \f \f\f\r\n\t£˜˜ \n \b \n…\n\n \n \n\r\b\f\t\r \f\t\n\fƒ\b\f \n \f\n \r\r \f\t\n\fƒŸ \n …†\n\t \n\t\r \b\f\t \f\b\f \n\n\t \n…¤\t \n \f\b\f \n\n\t \n\f \n\t ‘\t\n\r \n\t\n\n \t\b \n \r …›\f\r\f\n\n \b\n\fƒ\b\f \n \n \n \b \n Œ \b“ …¥ \r\n¡˜\t \n \r \f\b\f \n\n\t \n‹\r \n \n \t…ˆ\n \n \r\r\b\f \n\r\b \b\r \n \n Š \nŸ\n\t\n Ÿ \n\n \f\r\b \n Ÿ\n\b\f \n \n \f… \n \r\f \n\n \b\r \n \n \n \r\n \r\b\f\t \tš\r\b\fŒ \n \nŸ\n \n\n \f\r\b \n Ÿ\n\b\f \n \n \f…Ž \n \r \n ƒ \nŸ\n\n\b\f \nˆ¥…\n\n \n \r \r \n\t\f\r\n\f\b\f \n \f \n \t \n Ÿ\n \n \f\n\t\b\f\f \r \n\b\f ¢\f\r\n \n …Ž \n \b\r \f\n \n \b \n\tˆ¥‡ \n \n\f \n\r \f \n\f\n € \n \tŒ€ \nˆ\n \n¥ \t€ˆ¥…ˆ\n‡ \n‡ \f \n\r\n‡\t €ˆ¥Œ— \f \r \f\r\r \r\n \b\r \r\f•\n\b © \tª \n\r \r \t \n \f\r Š \b\n Ÿ\f \n«…Ž \r \n\n\f\b \b\r\r \r\fŒ\n\r\r \t\r \r\f…ˆ\n\r \n \t \nˆ¥\r\n „\f\r\r \n\n\f\b \b\r\r \r\f \r\n ‡ƒ\t\r \f\r ››ƒ Š\r \b\t \f \f\n\r\r \r\fŒ\n…Ž\f \n \n\b\f \n\b\f \n\r ¡˜’¡˜ ‡\f \b\f \f\n \f\n \r\r\t \n …ˆ\b \r\b\f \f¢ \n\t \n\r\f \n\r \n\b \n Ÿ\n\n\f \b\b\f \n \n \f…Ž¢ \n\t \b\r \n\n\f\n \n \n\r \n \n \n \r\r \r\f…Ž \n \n \n\f\n\n \n\r \f\r \b\r\n\t \r\r \r\f \n \n \n\r \f\rƒ ‡ƒ\t\r \f\r\r \n\r\r \r\fŒ\r \n \t \n\t \n \n\f\n \r \n…Ž \b‡ƒ\t\r \f\r\r\r “\r\n\t\n \b\r \n\n \f \f\t“\r \nŒ„\f \t\n \b\f \n\t … \b \n‚\n \r\f \r ‡ƒ\t\f \n \r \r\f \n\b \t \n \b‡ \n\f\n \b\r‡ƒ\t \r \f \n \b \b \t‚€‹¬ ƒ\r\t \t\n \f \t\f\t€ˆ¥\n \r\b\f \n\r…Ž\f \b\r\f \f \t ˆ¥‡ \n€ˆ¥\n\r… Code-validation studies represent a necessary step to fully realizing the potential of inertial-confinement fusion. Nuclear Weapons Journal, Issue 2 • 2009 Arizona Senator Jon Kyl Vice Admiral Carl V. Mauney NNSA Admin. Thomas D‘Agostino \n \r \n\n\b \f \n\r \b \n \n\r™‚ \f \n …‚\f\r\n \n\f\r \n Š \n\n\r \r \r \f\r \b \n \n\n\r\r \n \r \n…ˆ \n \n \r\r \r \f\n \t \n \t \r \n …ˆ \n\t \r\f\r\f\n\n \n\b \n\t \n \n\n \n\f \b \n \r \t \t\r\f\r\f \n\r\n \b\f\r\n … \n \b \f\n \n\n \r\r\n\n\b \n‘\f\n \n\r \n \n\n \n …‚\r \f\n\f\t\b \r™‚\n \n \n \b\n \b\n\r \t \f\n\f \n\t…™ \r \n\n \n\f \t\t\f\r \n \n\b \f\r\f \r\r \n Š \n \n„\f\n \r™‚\n \f …‚\f\r\f \n„\f\n\b \n\n \n\f \t\b ‡\f\n \n‚ \n \n \b\r\n\r\n† \n\r \b \b \n \n\r—¦˜\f\n \nˆ„Œ\n\f“ \n——\n \nˆ„Œ \n \b\f \n \n ˜˜…Ž™‚\r \n \n \b \f \b\t™‚\r\n \n\r\n \f \b \n\t\r\f\t\f\n \n \f\n\t…¤ \n \n\r\f\n \n \n \n\t\r \n \n\f \n \n \n \n\n“ \n Ÿ\n \n\f \n\b\f\f\n\t\r\n \n \n…What Is the Path ForwardCŽŸ \f \n\r\r\b \r\f\n\b\f\f \b\n\f \n \b\r™‚\n\n\r \f\r\r\r \n\f \n \n\n \t \n…ˆ\n\r \n \r™‚\n\f\n \b\f\n\n \r\f \t \b\n\t \f\n …Ž \n \n\f \f\r\n\b \n\n \n \n \n\r\r\n\n\n\f \t … \n\n \n \n\r\f \n “\n \b \n\r\n \n\f \n\f\r \t \b \n\n „\f \n… \n\n \n \n\n Š \n \n \b\r\t “\n\n\n \n \f \n„\f \t…Ž \n \f \f\n “\n\n \b\r\f \n\n\f \f…¥ ‡\r\f\r ƒ \n \n \r\n \n\f \n \r\r\t\n\n \t \t \n\t \n\n \f \n \n\n \n \n\n \b \r \r \f\r™‚ \r\r \n§‚ \n\n\r\n‡\r\f \n \n \t \f \n \r \n \r \n \f\n Š \n \n \n\t\r‹\f \n \r\n\f \n \n\f\n \f…Ž™‚\f\n \n \f \f \n \r \f\r…” \r \n \r \t\t \n \n \f \n \r…¤ \r \f\n \r\f \n \f \n \n\f \n\r\n\r™‚…¥ \r \n \n\f\n \n\t\n \f\n\r \n \r \b\r \r\r\n\n\t\nŸ…¨\r \f\n \n\t \n\r\f \b \t\n \r \n \r \n\r \n…”\r\n \n\n \f\n\n \n\f \r … Los Alamos National Laboratory For hedging against uncertainty, deterrence provides assurance that rational adversaries will see the cost of attack as higher than any benefits. New Mexico Senator Jeff Bingaman LANL Director Michael Anastasio LLNL Director George Miller \n\t \f\b\n\f\r\b\n \b \f …ˆ\n\n\b\f\n“ ™‚\n\f \b \n…”\r \r \f \t\n \n\n \n\r\n \f\n \f ™‚\n \n\f \t … \n ‡\n\f \n \n\n \n\b \t…Ž™‚\r \n\f \n \b\n\f\r \f \r \n \n \n\b\f\f\n\r\f\n \f… \r \b\n\n\r\nŸ \n \n‘\f\n\r\r \n \n \b \f …¤ \n \n \n‘\f\n \f Œ \n \n \b\r\n„\f \n…‰\n\f\r\n\f\n \n \b\r \n\n\r \n \b \n \f\n \n\f \n \n \n\f \r \n \r \nŒ \n\b …Ž \b \f\t\n \b \n…\n \b\n\b \r\n\r \n\f\f¢ \n \r \nŒ …‹\n\f \n\r\b \f¢ \n„\f \t \n\n\f‡ \r\f \t\n \nŸ\n\n \n\r \t \n …‰\f\n\f \n\f\r \n\n \n \n \b\n\f \n \n…¥\f\r \n\n\r \n \f \t \f\r \n \b\n\t \f \n\n\f…What Are Our Hedging OptionsC‰ \n\b \r \n \n\n\f\n \n\b\f\f \n\f\r\n \t…Ž\r\n\n \n\n \n \n\n\f\b \n\b\n\f\r \r\r \n \t \b\n\f\r\n \t… \t \n \n\t \t\n \r\t\r\f \n “\n\n\b\n \t…\f\n\f \b\r\n\n \n\n \n\n\f\r…¥ ‡ \n \f\f \n\t \n\f\n \n\n’ \n\n \n \r \r \t…Ž\t\f \n \r\n\f \t\n \n\n —’ \n\b \n \n\r™‚…ˆ\n \n\n \n \n \n\t \f \n\n \n \n \n\n \n\n\n \n \n \n\n \n‡\r\n\n…€ \n\t\f\t \n \f \n\t \t\r\n \f\f \t \n \t \r \n \n\n \b\r \n \n\f \n\n \b\n\f\n \n\r\n \b \t \n\f \r \n\f\f \t\n \f\n \b \n…How Do We Counter Risk and Develop Effective HedgesCŽ \n \n \tŒ \r\n \f\b \n\r\r™‚ \r\b „\f\f \t\f\n … Nuclear Weapons Journal, Issue 2 • 2009Strategic Weapons in the 21st Century:Hedging Against UncertaintyPatrice Stevens, Staff Member Los Alamos National Laboratory Point of View \n\n \n \n \n \r\r \n\n\f \n\b\n \n‚ ” \n \n\r \n\f\t… \t … \r\n \n…• \r \r \n\b\n\r \r –\n\f\t — ˜˜— \n”\r \n \n…Ž \n\b\n\r\r \n \n\f\n \n\t…Ž \tŒ \n \n\t \n\n\r\n \t \n\f\r\b\t\f \t\n \t \b\r™‚\n\f\nš\f \rš\n \r \n\n \n\f \t\r\n…Ž \n\b\n\f \r€ \n\t \n \n \t\n\t \n\n \n\b \n \f\r \n \b \f\n \n\f \t …™‚ \t\n\b\n‡\n\r \n\b\n \n\f \n\b ‚ \b\b\n” –…†\t\n–…‚\r \n…‚\n –“› \n\n \b€‡ \n‚\n – \nœ\t \b Š \n\t\n …Why Hedge Against UncertaintyCŽ ƒ —’ \n\n \n\f \t\n \n\n \n \n\f \r \r \b \r \n \b \n \b \n \b\f \n\n \n\n \n …ˆ\n\r \n \n\n\r™‚\b\n \r\n \f\n\t\n\b \n \t……\rž\f\n\n \b\n \r€\f† \f \n\r \r\n ›\n \t\b \n\n \n\b\f\f\n \f\n\b\n \n \f \f\n\r‰ \n \n…Ž\f \r\r\n \n \b \n \n \n\n\n\n\r \n \n\f\n \n\t \b\r \tŒ \n\b\n \f \n…Ž \f \n \n\f \f \n \n \n \n\f \t\f\r\f \n\f \n ‡ \nŸ\f\b \n \n \n\n\f \n \n\n“ …† \r \n\r™‚ \b \r \f\n\f \n\n \n\t\t Ÿ \n\n\n \f \n\f\r\r‚ \f \n \t…Ž€\f† \f \f \n\t ˜˜ \r™‚\n\f\n \t\t\n\b \f\b \r\n‡ ˜\t…Ž‰ \n \n\b \n \n\n \n\f \t\r\n…Ž \n Ÿ\n\n \n \n\r\n \b \n \n \n \n\r\n\n…Ž \f \n \f\t\r\b\r\r\n\f \n ‡ \n\n \n‡ \n\n\f \n\n\n\f\b\f \n…Ž\b \b \n \n\f\n \n\t \f\n\r \n\f¢ \n \t \n \n \n\f \t\r\f\r\r\r \n \r \r \t \t\n“ \t \f \f\b \n \n \r\n \n \f Œ \n\n… \n Š\r \n\f \r\t\t \r\r™‚ \n\r \b\n\f \n…Ž \n \b\r€\f€ \n \b \n \t \t \n \n\r \n\n€ \rœ Œ\n\f \n \t\t\f\r–\n\n‚ \f\rœ \n \n\n\f \n \r\n‡ \t\r\t \n \n\r \r \b \b \n…‚\f\r \n \n \f\r \t\r \n\n\r \f\t™‚ \t…ˆ\nŒ \n \r\n \n \n \b \n“ …Ž\f\r™‚\f \n \n\f \f\n\r\t \n \n \n\b\f \n“ \n\f\n\n Los Alamos National LaboratorySecurity Trends April 2009 through September 2009ˆ\n \n \b\f \t \n\nˆ‰‚ Š \n‰‹Œˆˆ …Žˆˆ \f\r\t‘\n\n \b\n \n \nŒ \n \f \f \n \n‰‹ €\f \t \n \f \b\f\n\f \t \n \n… Categories of IOSCs (DOE M 470.4-1, Section N)IMI-1 \n \n \n \n\r \r \f\r \n \n\f \t \n\n’ ‰‹ \f\f \t \f \n \f\f \n\r \n\r \b \n\f …IMI-2 \n \n \n \n\r \r \n \n\f \t \n\n’ ‰‹ \r \n \t\n \f \f \n…IMI-3 \n \n \n \n\r \r ‰‹\f \t \n \r \n \t\r “ \n \b‰‹Œ\b\f\n\f \t \n …IMI-4 \n \n \n \n\r \f \r ‰‹\t\t \n\r \t \b \n Š \n ‰‹\b\f\n\f \t \n… IMI-1 & IMI-2 normalized 12-month cumulative*IMI-3 & IMI-4 normalized 12-month cumulative*per 200,000 productive hours Apr-09May-09Jun-09Jul-09Aug-09MonthNumber of security incidents Nuclear Weapons Journal, Issue 2 • 2009 Weapons ProgramsPerformance SnapshotWeapons Programs Level 1 and Level 2 Milestones (139)FY09 LANL year-end status Apr-09May-09Jun-09Jul-09Aug-09MonthNumber of safety incidents Table of ContentsWeapons Programs Performance SnapshotPoint of View—Strategic Weapons in the 21st Century: Hedging Against UncertaintyEnergy Balance in Fusion HohlraumsUpgrades Made to the Trident Laser Facility12Fogbank: Lost Knowledge Regained20The Los Alamos Branch of the Glenn T. Seaborg Institutefor Transactinium Science22About the coverClockwise from left, Ray Gonzales replaces a �ash lamp in the laser ampli�er at the Trident Laser Facility. Gonzales adjusts a mirror on the front end of the Trident laser. A 5-ft-diameter vacuum vessel in the north target chamber is used for laser-matter interaction experiments. A graduate student, Sandrine Gaillard, checks laser and diagnostic alignment in the north target chamber before a 0.2-PW experiment. Photos Robb Kramer, ADEPSThe Origin of the Z Number Backward Glance \f \r \r \r € ‚ ƒ „ \f \t\t \t \f \t ƒ \r \t \r \b … †‡ ˆ \f \r „ \f \r\r \t\r \r „ \f ‚ Š„‚‹ \t \f \b € \r ƒ \r Œ†‡ \r „‚ \r Ž ‘\t ’ ƒ ƒ\t \t \t \r ƒ\t \b \f\r Œ“ †‡ \r ƒ \r „‚\bŒ… † \r „‚ \f \f\r ƒ \r \t ” \r \t ƒ Œ\t\b•\r \r – ‚ \f — \t †‡ ƒ \t \t\t \f\r\b \t \f ƒ \t\t ˜ \t ™ \t \f \r\t \f \r\f\r \r \f Šƒ \t \r\t š ‚\t › œ‹\b „‚ ˜\t \r \t ƒ \r – ‚ \t \f \f \r \r ”‘ Ž–\b’ € \t \r \r € \t\b ž ƒ \f ˜ \t \r \t – \r œœœœ \r \r – ˜ ƒ \t \r \f ˜ \f \b •\r € \r \t \f Ž–’ \b \r \f \f ƒ \r „‚ \r – ‚ ƒ \r \t \r Ÿ \r \t™ ƒ ƒ \t ™ \r \t \f\r \f \f\b \f \r – ™ \t\t \t\r \t \t \r \f \t\f\r \t\b … †‡‡ \t\t \t \r \t \r \r \t\t \t Ÿ \b \t \t \t\t \f – \t \b Ž–’ \t \f \t \b ž ” \r \t \r\f\r \r \r \r \r ƒ \r \t \r\t \t \b The main gate as it appeared during the Manhattan Project. Inset, the location of the former main gate as it appears today. \r \f \r\n\t \b\b \t \r\b \r \b\r\r \r\f\t \r \t\f\r \r\f\t \r \r\b\r \r \t\r \f \f € ‚ ƒ \b\t\f „ \b\r\b\r \f\f \t „ … \b \r \r\f \r † \r\r‚ \r\r \r\f\t \r † \r\r \r\f \r\r \r \r\b \r\r …\r „ \r‡\b\r \b\r \t\r \r \r \b \r \f\f\t\f \f \b\r\r\r \t \r\t\r \b\b\t \b \t\f \b \f\r \f \r \r\b\r \r \t \r „ \t \r \b\r „\r ‚ ˆ\r\r\r\f\r \r\r \b\r\f‰\f \f \r\f \b \t\f \b \f\r \r\f\r \r \r \r… \t\f\t\r \r„ \r Nuclear Weapons JournalPO Box 1663Mail Stop A142Los Alamos, NM 87545 Presorted StandardU.S. Postage PaidAlbuquerque, NMPermit No. 532 „ … \r \t\f\r „\r\b \b ‚ ON qc qnja