1 1 Unit 2 Basic Operations Network and Technology Concepts Computer Hardware Components CPU Memory and IO What is the typical configuration of a computer sold today Basic Technology ID: 147284
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The Computer Continuum
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Unit 2 Basic Operations, Network, and Technology Concepts Computer Hardware Components: CPU, Memory, and I/O
What is the typical configuration of a computer sold today?Slide2
Basic Technology
Components
Competency 1
Demonstrate a sound understanding of the nature and operations of technology systems.Slide3
monitor
keyboard
CPU printerSlide4
monitor
keyboard
CPU mouseSlide5
monitor
keyboard
CPU printerSlide6
monitor
keyboard
CPU printerSlide7
monitor
keyboard
CD-Rom Drive printerSlide8
monitor
speakers
CPU printerSlide9
monitor
keyboard
CPU
floppy driveSlide10
floppy disks
CDs
monitor printerSlide11
floppy disk
CD-ROM
monitor printerSlide12
scanner
speakers
monitor printerSlide13
floppy disk
CD-ROM
monitor printerSlide14
scanner
digital camera
monitor printerSlide15
floppy disk
CD-ROM
MP3 player scannerSlide16
floppy disk
microphone
headphones mouseSlide17
floppy disk
microphone
headphones mouseSlide18
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Computer Hardware ComponentsIn this chapter:How did the computer become known as the stored-program computer? Do they all have the same characteristics?
Memory on chips and memory on magnetic media, how do they differ?
What do you look for when comparing memory devices?
How is information moved around within the computer?
How can you help your computer run
better
?Slide19
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Basic Concepts of Computer HardwareThis model of the typical digital computer is often called the von Neumann computer.
Programs and data are stored in the same memory:
primary memory.
The computer can only perform one instruction at a time.
CPU
(Central Processing Unit)
Input
Units
Output
Units
Primary MemorySlide20
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Basic Concepts of Computer HardwareInput/Output (I/O): Refers to the process of getting information into and out of the computer.Input: Those parts of the computer receiving information to programs.Output: Those parts of the computer that provide results of computation to the person using the computer.Slide21
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Sources of Datafor the ComputerTwo types of data stored within a computer:Original data
or
information
: Data being introduced to a computing system for the first time.
Computers can deal directly with printed text, pictures, sound, and other common types of information.
Previously stored data
or
information
: Data that has already been processed by a computer and is being stored for later use.
These are forms of binary data useful only to the computer.
Examples: Floppy disks, DVD disks, and music CDs.Slide22
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Input DevicesTwo categories of input hardware:Those that deal with original data.Those that handle previously stored data.Slide23
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Input DevicesInput hardware: Those that deal with original data.KeyboardMouseVoice recognition hardware
Scanner
Digital camera
Digitizing: The process of taking a visual image, or audio recording and converting it to a binary form for the computer.
Used as data for programs to display, play or manipulate the digitized data.Slide24
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Input DevicesConnecting Hardware to the computer:Hardware needs access through some general input/output connection.Port: The pathway for data to go into and out of the computer from external devices such as keyboards.
There are many standard ports as well as custom electronic ports designed for special purposes.
Ports follow standards that define their use.
SCSI, USB: Multiple peripheral devices (chain).
RS-232, IDE: Individual peripheral devices.
Peripheral device
: A piece of hardware like a printer or disk drive, that is outside the main computer.Slide25
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Input DevicesConnecting Hardware to the computer: (continued)Hardware needs software on the computer that can service the device.Device driver
: Software addition to the operating system that will allow the computer to communicate with a particular device.Slide26
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Input DevicesCommon Basic Technologies for Storing Binary Information:ElectronicMagneticOpticalSlide27
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Input DevicesElectronic CircuitsMost expensive of the three forms for storing binary information.A flip-flop circuit has either one electronic status or the other. It is said to flip-flop from one to the other.
Electronic circuits come in two forms:
Permanent
Non-permanentSlide28
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Input DevicesMagnetic TechnologyTwo parts to most of the magnetic forms of information storage:The medium
that stores the magnetic information.
Example: Floppy disk. Tiny spots on the disk are magnetized to represent 0s and 1s.
The
device
that can “read” that information from the medium.
The drive spins the disk.
It has a magnetic sensing arm that moves over the disk.
Performs nondestructive reading.Slide29
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Input DevicesOpticalUses lasers to “read” the binary information from the medium, usually a disc.Millions of tiny holes are “burned” into the surface of the disc.
The holes are interpreted as 1s. The absence of holes are interpreted as 0s.Slide30
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Input DevicesSecondary Memory Input DevicesThese input devices are used by a computer to store information and then to retrieve that information as needed.External to the computer.
Commonly consists of floppy disks, hard disk drives, or CD-ROMs.
Secondary memory uses binary.
The usual measurement is the byte.
A byte consists of 8 binary digits (bits). The byte is a standard unit.Slide31
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Input DevicesThe four most important characteristics of storage devices:Speed and access timeCost / Removable versus non-removable
Capacity
Type of accessSlide32
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Input DevicesSpeed (Access time) - How fast information can be taken from or stored onto the computer memory device’s medium.Electronic circuits: Fastest to access.
40 billionths of a second.
Floppy disks: Very slow in comparison.
Takes up to 1/2 second to reach full speed before access is even possible.Slide33
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Input DevicesCost
Megabyte
: A Million bytes.
Gigabyte
: A billion bytes.
Two parts to a removable secondary storage device:
The cost of the medium. (
Cheaper if bought in quantity)
The cost of the drive.
Examples: Cost for drive Cost for medium
Floppy drive (1.4MB) 59.00 .50
Zip 100 (100 MB) 99.00 10.00
CD-WR (650 MB) 360.00 and up 1.00
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Input DevicesCapacity - The amount of information that can be stored on the medium.
Unit Description Approximate Size
1 bit 1 binary digit
1 nibble 4 bits
1 byte 8 bits 1 character
1 kilobyte 1,024 bytes
1/2 page, double spaced
1 megabyte 1,048,576 bytes 500,000 pages
1 million bytes
1 gigabyte 1,073,741,824 bytes 5 million pages
1 billion bytes
1 terabyte 1 trillion bytes 5 billion pagesSlide35
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Input DevicesType of AccessSequential - Obtained by proceeding through the storage medium from the beginning until the designated area is reached (as in magnetic tape).
Random Access
- Direct access (as in floppy and hard disks).Slide36
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Primary MemoryPrimary storage or memory: Is where the data and program that are currently in operation or being accessed are stored during use.
Consists of electronic circuits: Extremely fast and expensive.
Two types:
RAM
(non-permanent)
Programs and data can be stored here for the computer’s use.
Volatile: All information will be lost once the computer shuts down.
ROM
(permanent)
Contents do not change.Slide37
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The Central Processing UnitThe Central Processing Unit ( CPU)Often referred to as the “brain” of the computer.Responsible for controlling all activities of the computer system.
The three major components of the CPU are:
1.
Arithmetic Unit
(Computations performed)
Accumulator (Results of computations kept here)
2.
Control Unit
(Has two locations where numbers are kept)
Instruction Register
(Instruction placed here for analysis)
Program Counter
(Which instruction will be performed next?)
3.
Instruction Decoding Unit
(Decodes the instruction)
Motherboard
: The place where most of the electronics including the CPU are mounted.Slide38
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Output DevicesOutput units store and display information (calculated results and other messages) for us to see and use.Floppy disk drives and Hard disk drives.Display monitors: Hi-resolution monitors come in two types:
Cathode ray tube
(CRT) - Streams of electrons make phosphors glow on a large vacuum tube.
Liquid crystal display
(LCD) - A flat panel display that uses crystals to let varying amounts of different colored light to pass through it.
Developed primarily for portable computers.Slide39
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Output DevicesAudio Output DevicesWindows machines need special audio card for audio output.Macintosh has audio playback built in.
Audio output is useful for:
Music
CD player is a computer.
Most personal computers have CD players that can access both music CDs and CD-ROMs.
Voice synthesis (becoming more human sounding.)
Multimedia
Specialized tasks (i.e.: elevator’s floor announcements)Slide40
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Output DevicesOptical Disks: CD-ROM and DVDCD-ROM (Compact Disk - Read Only Memory)By its definition, CD-ROM is Read Only.
Special CD drives “burn” information into blank CDs.
Burn: A laser is used to “burn” craters into the surface to represent a binary 1.
Two main types of CDs:
CD-R (Compact Disk - Recordable)
CD-WR (Compact Disk - ReWritable)
It takes longer to write to a CD-R than a hard drive.
Special software is needed to record.Slide41
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Output DevicesDVD (Digital Versatile Disk)Allows up to 17 gigabytes of storage (from 4.7 GB to 17 GB).Compatible with older CD-ROM technology.
The four versions of the DVD:Slide42
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Output DevicesStorage Requirements: How much storage capacity is needed for…One keystroke on a keyboard. 1 byte (8 bits)
One page single-spaced document. 4.0 K
Nineteen pages formatted text. 75 K
One second of high-fidelity sound. 95-110 K
Complete word processing program. 8.4 MG
Storage Capacity: How much data can be stored on…
One inch of 1/2 in. wide magnetic tape. 4 K
One 3 1/2” floppy disk, high density. 1.4 MG
One Compact Disk. 650 MG
One DVD. up to 17 GBSlide43
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Moving InformationWithin the ComputerHow do binary numerals move into, out of, and within the computer?Information is moved about in bytes, or multiple bytes called words.
Words
are the fundamental units of information.
The number of bits per word may vary per computer.
A word length for most large IBM computers is 32 bits:Slide44
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Moving InformationWithin the ComputerBits that compose a word are passed in parallel from place to place.Ribbon cables
:
Consist of several wires, molded together.
One wire for each bit of the word or byte.
Additional wires coordinate the activity of moving information.
Each wire sends information in the form of a
voltage pulse.Slide45
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Moving InformationWithin the ComputerExample of sending the word WOW over the ribbon cable
Voltage pulses corresponding to the ASCII codes would pass through the cable.Slide46
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Packaging the ComputerThe many physical forms of the general purpose computer:All follow general organization:
Primary memory
Input units
Output units
Central Processing Unit
Grouped according to speed, cost, size, and complexity.
Super Computers
Mainframe Computers
Minicomputers
Microcomputer
Palmtop Computer
Calculator
Fast Expensive Complex Large
Slow Cheap Simple SmallSlide47
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Software Tools for Maintaining Your Computer HardwareUtility Programs exist that can help diagnose and solve computer hardware problems.Four major problem areas where utility programs are helpful:
Finding and fixing problems.
Testing Input/Output peripherals.
Testing RAM, motherboard, video cards.
Recovering deleted files or fixing damaged disks.
Improving computer performance.
De-fragmenting a disk (Packs all files closer together).
Preventative maintenance.
Troubleshooting.
Locates incompatible programs.