Moscow capital of Russia the 3 rd Rome took the lead in liberating Russia from the Mongols in the 14 th c Ivan III Ivan the Great responsible for freeing Russia from the Mongols took the title of ID: 250068
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Slide1
Chapter 18 – The Rise of Russia
Moscow
–
capital of Russia; the “3
rd
Rome” took the lead in liberating Russia from the Mongols in the 14
th
c.
Ivan III
–
(Ivan the Great)
responsible for freeing Russia from the Mongols; took the title of
tsar;
gave his government a military focus and used a blend of nationalism and the Orthodox Christian religion to succeed in creating a large independent state.Slide2
Early RussiaSlide3
The Mongols Invade RussiaSlide4
Themes
in Russian History
Expansion by conquest.
The necessity of a strong, central government.Slide5
Early Byzantine Influences:
Orthodox ChristianitySlide6
Early Byzantine Influences:
Orthodox ChristianitySlide7
Ivan the Great
Literacy declined and the economy became purely agricultural and dependent on peasant labor
Ivan III (the Great)
, restored the tradition of
centralized rule
, added a sense of imperial mission
Claimed supervision of all Orthodox churches
Boyars
– the Russian noblesSlide8
Ivan the Great
(r. 1462-1505)
Ivan III Tearing the Great Khan’s Letter Requesting More Tribute in 1480.Slide9
The Russians moved across their regions’ vast plains to the Caspian Sea and Ural Mountains
Russia became a
multicultural
state
The
large Muslim population
was not forced to assimilate to Russian cultureSlide10
Ivan IV (The Terrible)
– Confirmed power of tsarist autocracy by attacking the authority of the boyars (nobles); continued policy of expansion; established contacts in western European commerce and culture
Ivan IV, continued the policy of expansion by conquest
Increased the power
of the tsar by killing many of the boyars
(nobility)
Cossacks
– Peasant adventurers with agricultural and military skills recruited to conquer and settle in newly seized lands in southern Russia and SiberiaSlide11
Cossacks: Farmer/WarriorsSlide12
“Time of Troubles”
– Early 17
th
century period of boyar efforts to regain power and foreign invasion after the death of Ivan IV without an heir;
ended with the selection of Michael Romanov
as tsar in 1613Slide13
Romanov Dynasty
(1613-1917)
Romanov Family CrestSlide14
Michael Romanov
(r. 1613-1645)Slide15
Alexis Romanov
Romanov dynasty
– Ruled Russia from 1613-1917
Boyars
chose a member of the
Romanov family
,
Michael as tsar after the “Time of Troubles”
Michael Romanov
restored internal order, drove out the foreign invaders, and recommenced imperial expansion
Alexis Romanov-
Second ruler of the dynasty
; abolished assemblies of nobles; gained new powers over the Orthodox churchSlide16
Russia & Sweden After the Great Northern War
Peter the Great wanted a port on the Baltic SeaSlide17
Russian
Boyars
Alexis Romanov
increased the tsar’s authority by abolishing the assemblies of nobles (Boyars) and restoring state control over the churchSlide18
Early Byzantine Influences:
Cyrillic Alphabet
Old Believers
– Russians who refused to accept the ecclesiastical reforms of Alexis Romanov; many were exiled to southern Russia or SiberiaSlide19
NovgorodSlide20
Russia in the Late 1500sSlide21
Peter the Great
(r. 1689-1725)
Peter I (the Great)
– Tsar from 1689-1725; continued growth of absolutism and conquest; sought to change selected aspects of the economy and culture through imitation of
western European modelsSlide22
Peter the Great
was an autocratic ruler (autocracy); revolts were brutally suppressed
Peter increased the power of the state by forming a Western type military force
A
secret police
was created to prevent dissent and watch over the bureaucracy
A successful war with
Sweden gave Russia a window on the Baltic SeaSlide23
Peter’s capitol moved to the Baltic city of
St. Petersburg
The
first Russian navy
was created
Improved military weaponry
*Less reliable on importing military weapons.
The bureaucracy and military were reorganized on Western principlesSlide24
Peter attempted to provide increased education
in mathematics
Law codes were systematized and the tax system reformed to increase the burdens on the peasantry
“Westernization” meant to Peter the encouragement of autocratic ruleSlide25
Catherine the Great
– German-born Russian tsarina; combined selective Enlightenment ideas with strong centralizing policies;
converted the nobility to a service aristocracy by granting them new power over the peasantry
Partition of Poland
–
three separate divisions of Polish territory among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772,1793,and 1795; eliminated Poland as an independent state
Pugachev Rebellion
– Unsuccessful peasant uprising led by Cossack Pugachev during the 1770’s; typical of peasant unrest during the 18
th
c. and thereafterSlide26
Catherine used the Pugachev
peasant rebellion as an excuse to extend central government authority
Catherine also had a Westernized attitude and brought
Enlightenment ideas
to Russia, but
centralization and strong royal authority were more important to her than Western reform.Slide27
Under Catherine the Great, new territories, including the Crimea on the Black Sea, were gained in central Asia from the OttomansSlide28
Westernization
– Process in which traditional cultures come under the influence of Western culture
Serfdom
– Institution in which a peasant is attached to a feudal estate
Catherine the Great pushed colonization in Siberia and claimed Alaska
Russian explorers went down the North American coast into northern California Slide29
The Pendulum
of Russian History
Pro-West
For Progress & Change
Encourage New Ideas,
Technologies, etc.
Anti-West
Isolationist
Xenophobic
Ultra-Conservative
Most Tsars
Russian Orthodox Church
Military conquest
Boyars/nobility
Peasants/serfdom
A few Tsars
Intellectual elites
Merchants/businessmen
Young members of the middle class.
REFORM-MINDED
LEADER
DEMAGOGUESlide30
A 1649 act made serfdom hereditary
; other 17
th
and 18
th
century laws tied serfs to the land and augmented the legal rights of landlords
Serfs were almost slaves; they were bought, sold and punished by ownersSlide31
Peasant discontent was more significant, they remained loyal to the tsar, but blamed landlords for the harshness of their lives
Russia’s emergence as a key player in both Europe and Asia provided a crucial development in the early modern era