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Prism 5 software (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA, USA), JMP software Prism 5 software (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA, USA), JMP software

Prism 5 software (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA, USA), JMP software - PDF document

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Prism 5 software (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA, USA), JMP software - PPT Presentation

References cited1 Geurts A M et al Knockout rats via embryo microinjection of zincfinger nucleases Science 325 433 2009 2 Coates C J Jasinskiene N Miyashiro L James A A M ID: 156069

References cited1. Geurts

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Prism 5 software (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA, USA), JMP software version8 (SAS Institute, Inc.) or R software version 2.15.0 (http://www.r-project.org/ ). References cited1. Geurts, A. M. et al. Knockout rats via embryo microinjection of zinc-finger nucleases. Science 325, 433 (2009). 2. Coates, C. J., Jasinskiene, N., Miyashiro, L. & James, A. A. Mariner transposition and transformation of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95, 3748-51 (1998). 3. Horn, C., Jaunich, B. & Wimmer, E. A. Highly sensitive, fluorescent transformation marker for Drosophila transgenesis. Dev Genes Evol 210, 623-9 (2000). 4. Lobo, N. F., Clayton, J. R., Fraser, M. J., Kafatos, F. C. & Collins, F. H. High efficiency germ-line transformation of mosquitoes. Nat Protoc 1, 1312-7 (2006). 5. McMeniman, C. J. et al. Stable introduction of a life-shortening Wolbachia infection into the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Science 323, 141-4 (2009). 6. Larsson, M. C. et al. Or83b encodes a broadly expressed odorant receptor essential for Drosophila olfaction. Neuron 43, 703-714 (2004). 7. Pellegrino, M., Nakagawa, T. & Vosshall, L. B. Single sensillum recordings in the insects Drosophila melanogaster and Anopheles gambiae. J Vis Exp 36, doi: 10.3791/1725 (2010). 8. Lu, T. et al. Odor coding in the maxillary palp of the malaria vector mosquito Anopheles gambiae. Curr Biol 17, 1533-1544 (2007). 9. Grant, A. J. & Dickens, J. C. Functional characterization of the octenol receptor neuron on the maxillary palps of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. PLoS One 6, e21785 (2011). 10. Cook, J. I. et al. Enantiomeric selectivity in behavioural and electrophysiological responses of Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes. Bull Entomol Res 101, 541-50 (2011). 11. Ghaninia, M., Ignell, R. & Hansson, B. S. Functional classification and central nervous projections of olfactory receptor neurons housed in antennal trichoid sensilla of female yellow fever mosquitoes,Aedes aegypti. Eur J Neurosci 26, 1611-23 (2007). 12. Ditzen, M., Pellegrino, M. & Vosshall, L. B. Insect odorant receptors are molecular targets of the insect repellent DEET. Science 319, 1838-1842 (2008). 13. Bohbot, J. D. & Dickens, J. C. Characterization of an enantioselective odorant receptor in the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti. PLoS One 4, e7032 (2009). 14. Gouck, H. K. Host preferences of various strains of Aedes aegypti and Aedes simpsonias determined by an olfactometer. Bull. World Health Org. 47, 680-683 (1972). 15. Stanczyk, N. M., Brookfield, J. F., Ignell, R., Logan, J. G. & Field, L. M. Behavioral insensitivity to DEET in Aedes aegyptiis a genetically determined trait residing in changes in sensillum function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107, 8575-80 (2010). 16. Schreck, C. E. Techniques for the evaluation of insect repellents: a critical review. Annu Rev Entomol 22, 101-19 (1977). 17. Logan, J. G. et al. Arm-cage testing of natural humanderived mosquito repellents. Malar J 9, 239 (2010). WWW.NATURE.COM/NATURE | 20 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION doure latex glove just outside the exposed skin and mosquito walked onto the patch of skin. The total number of mosquitoes in the assay was then divided by the number of landings to derive landings/mosquito. Blood feeding was quantified as the number of mosquitoes that took a complete blood meal divided by the total number of mosquitoes in the assay (solvent: +/+ 34%; orco16/+ 49%; orco5/1640%; orco 2/532%. DEET: +/+ 0%; orco16/+0%; orco5/160%; orco 2/50.4%). We assume that bloodfeeding rates are lower in this assay than in Figure 5c because a much smaller area of skin is exposed and available for blood-feeding.Statistical analysis.Statistical significance of genotypic differences in spontaneous activity or electrophysiological responses were assessed using oneway ANOVA followed by post hoc Tukey’s HSD tests. Variation among mosquito genotypes in percent response to honey, single human hosts, and single guinea pig hosts was assessed using oneway ANOVA followed by post hoc Tukey’s HSD tests. Preference index variation in the DEET repellency assay and the nylon sleeve assay also were analysed in this way. Variation in preference in the live host assay, which included 14 different human subjects, was analyed using a twoway ANOVA that tested for the effects of both genotype and human subject followed by post hoc Tukey’s HSD tests for pairwise differencesamong genotypes. Statistical significance in the human host proximity assay(Fig. ), biting assay(Fig. 5), and landing (Fig. 5) assayswas determined using Bonferroni corrected tests testing for differences between solvent andDEET for each genotype.Violin plots in Figure 5b-d were generated in R (version 2.15.0) using the wvioplotpackage with the violins clipped to the extent of the data and an adjust parameter of 2.In Figure 5d, the violin for orco5/16with DEET is furtherclipped at the yaxis maximum of 2.0, excluding a single outlier data point of 3.76Statistical significance of genotypic differences in mortality under fastingconditions was assessed using both a log rank test and a GeahanWilcoxon test. Both were significant (p < 20226, df=8, χ= 19.3 and 19.5 respectively). To determine which curves were significantly different, pairwise logrank tests were used. Significance was determined using Bonferroni corrected p values. All EC50 curve fits and statistical tests were performed with WWW.NATURE.COM/NATURE | 19 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION doure fed were placed between two white paper tissues and gently flattened to release the contents of the gut. Females that produced yellowclear liquid were scored as not bloodfed and females that produced any amount of blood were scored as blood-fed.Mosquito landing assay. Standard assays were carried out16, 17with themodification that the arm of the human subject was kept in the cage for ten minutes and the total number and time of landings and total number of blood-feedingevents wscored for each ten minute video.For each trial, 25 adult female . aegyptimosquitoes (female; 13 weeks post eclosion, mated, but not bloodfed) were sorted under cold anesthesia (4C), placed in a small cage, and fasted with no access to water for 1624 hr prior to assaying. Preassay fasting and behaviour experiments took place at 25C and 7080% relative humidity. No synthetic COwas added to these assays, but the tests were carried out in close proximity to the naturally breathing subject. Five min prior to the start of the assay, mosquitoes were released into a standard cage to acclimate. The cages were built with three circular openings with cotton sleeves. One cotton sleeve was fastened around a video camera(Canon EOS60D with a Canon EF 100mm 1:2.8 macro lens).A human volunteer (one female, age 23 and two males, ages 22 and 37) applied thanol solvent or 10% DEETin ethanolto the forearm as described for the human host proximity assay aboveexcept 500 µL per trial was applied locally to either the upper half or lower half of the forearm. The subject then put on an elbowlength latex glove with a 2.5 cmdiameter circle cut out of it. The arm was then inserted, so the hand rested on the back of the cage and the elbow rested on the front of the cage. Cotton sleeves were secured against the arm with rubber bands so mosquitoes could only land on the glove or skin treated with DEET or solvent. Four trials of solvent or DEET were carried out on a givenday, one trial per genotype, with the order randomizedDEET treatments were not mixed with solvent within a given day to avoid possible effects of DEET on solvent controls. To quantify mosquito responses, videos were visually scored for the number of mosquitoes landing on the 2.5 cm circle of exposed skin over a 10 min period, noting the time of each landing, and whether the mosquitoes bloodfedIn some cases the initial landing was on the WWW.NATURE.COM/NATURE | 18 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION doure of mosquitoes resting on the lower portion of the screen closest to the human arm, in an area of analysis 25.3 cm wide by 19.3 cm high. We scored the average number of mosquitoes in the analysis area on the last 10 images of each trial divided by the total number of mosquitoes in the assay multiplied by 100, excluding any mosquitoes in flight. Images were cropped to the same size with Fiji software (http://fiji.sc ) and scoredmanually with the multipoint counting tool in Fiji. Mosquito arm-cage biting assays. Standard assays were carried 16, 17, with the modification that the arm of the human subject was kept in the cage for a full five minutes and the total number of females mosquitoes that bloodfed over this interval was scored. For each trial, 25 adult female . aegypti mosquitoes (female; 13 weeks post eclosion, mated, but not blood-fed) were sorted under cold anaesthesia (4C), placed in a small cage, and fasted with no access to water for 1624 hr prior to assaying. Preassay fasting and behaviour experiments took place at 25C and 7080% relative humidity. Five to ten min prior to the start of the assay, osquitoes were released into a standard cage to acclimate. The cages were modified to have two circular openings with cotton sleeves on opposite sides. Human volunteers (N=5, 2 female, aged 2346) applied solvent or 10% DEET to their forearm exactly as described for the human host proximity assay described above. A subjectdonned latex gloves to protect the hand and wrist andinserted each arm into a separate cage, such that the gloved hand protruded out of the back of the cage and the elbow rested on the front of the cage. otton sleeves were secured against the arm and gloved hand with rubber bandsso that mosquitoes could only bite areas of skin that had been treated with DEET or solventNo synthetic COwas added to these assays, but the tests were carried out in close proximity to the naturally breathing subject. In each trial, one cage contained either wildtype or heterozygous mosquitoes and the second cage contained heteroallelicmutant mosquitoes. Each arm remained in the assay for 5 min, after which the mosquitoes re aspirated into holding chambers, and visually inspected for distended abdomens containing a blood meal under cold anaesthesia (4C). Mosquitoes that were not visibly blood WWW.NATURE.COM/NATURE | 17 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION doure Ten min prior to the start of each trial100 µl of 10% DEET/90% ethanol (DEET) or 100% ethanol (solvent) was applied to a 2 cm x 6 cm Whatman filter paper. One treated filter paper (DEET or solvent) was suspendedfrom the ceilingof each of the stimulus ports so that the flat axis of each was parallel to the airflow. Repellency was quantified using a preference index equal to the number of mosquitoes entering the DEET trap minus those that entered the solvent trap divided by the total number of mosquitoes entering either trap. When both traps contained a filter paper treated with solvent, there was no evidence of side bias for either genotype tested (one sample Student’s test; orco16/+: p=0.1031, orco5/16: p=0.2612). Human host proximity assay. This assay is similar to one described in Stanczyk et al.15. For h trial, 25 adult female . aegypti mosquitoes (female; 13 weeks post eclosion, mated, but not bloodfed) were sorted under cold anaesthesia (4C), placed in a small cage, and fasted with no access to water for 1624 hr prior to assaying. Preassay fasting and behaviour experiments took place at 25C and 7080% relative humidity. Ten to thirty min prior to the start of the assay, mosquitoes were released into each cage to acclimate. Human volunteers (N=4, 2 females, aged 36) applied either 900 µl 100% ethanol or 900 µl 10% DEET in ethanol to theirforearm. A human arm was placed 2.5 cm from one side of a standard 28 x 28 x 28 cm cage (Bioquip, Rancho Dominguez, CA). Mosquitoes could not directly contact the human arm in this assay. To control the distance from the arm to the cage, two clear polystyrene fly food vials (25 mm diameter) were placed flush against the cage and the arm was pressed against the vials. The arm was elevated 2.7 cm by placing it on a plastic microcentrifuge testtube rack. A pad (8.1 x 11.6cmcatalogue #59-114Flystuff.com, San Diego, CA) was placed on top of the cage to diffuse 10% COinto the assay. A Firefly MV camera (Point Grey Research, Richmond, BC, Canada) was positioned to take images of mosquitoes responding to the human arm. The cage and the arm were illuminated by a light box (36.6 cm L x 27.2 cm W x 1.2 cm Dmodel number #VP4050L, SmithVictor Corporation, Bartlett, IL). Trials ran for 4 min and images were acquired at a rate of 1 frame per 5 sec. To quantify mosquito responses, we counted the number WWW.NATURE.COM/NATURE | 16 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION doure the guinea pig port. The human arm port was not supplemented with COPreference was quantified using a preference index equal to the number of mosquitoes entering the human trap us those that entered the guinea pig trap divided by the total number of mosquitoes entering either trap. Nylon sleeve assayNylon sleeves 35cm in length were prepared by removing the toe section of women’s sheer kneehigh stockings (Duane Reade, New York, NY, USA). Fivehuman volunteers (3 females aged 2336 and 2 males aged 34-37) wore the nylon sleeves on the arm from the armpit to above the wrist for 24 hr, during which time the volunteers engaged in normal daily activities, including at least 30 min of exercise, but did not shower, wear deodorant, perfume, or scented products. In Figure 4b-c, each genotype was tested 3 times with sleeves from each of the 5 volunteers (N=15 for both experiments). For the nylon sleeve hostpreference assay (Fig. 4), humanscented sleeves were conditioned by a single human volunteer as described above. Guinea pigscented sleeves were worn by an adult female guinea pig, bunched up on the torso between the front and hind legsfor 24 hr under normal housing conditions.Both human and guinea pig sleeves were stored for up to a month in a -20freezer. A new set of sleeves was used on each of two days of testing. When used in the assay,was generated by releasing 10% COinto the port. COwas purchased from GTSWelco (Allentown, PA, USA) as a customformulated 10% CO/90% air mixture. Mixed with the air flowing through the apparatus, the approximate final concentration of CO in the port was 0.20.3%, as measured with a COmeter (CARBOCAPHandHeld Carbon Dioxide MeterGM70, Vaisala Inc., Woburn, MA, USA).Preference index was quantified as described for the live host assay. DEET assay: Carbon-filtered air was passed over a single humanscented nylon sleeve and this stream was split between both ports of the olfactometer and supplemented with 2 final concentration 0.2-0.3%so both ports would be equally attractive to the mosquitoes Fig. 5a). WWW.NATURE.COM/NATURE | 15 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION doure 706, VWR International, Radnor, PA, USA). The bag was resized to 109 cm x 75 cm using a heat sealer and attached to the three air inlet tubes at one end and the two stimulus ports at the other end to form airtight seals. Thenumber of mosquitoes in each trap was counted after 8 min. The 8 min time point was determined empirically to produce consistently high responses. Stimuli were alternated daily between the left and right ports to control for side bias. Honey assay: Either 100150 mg of leatherwood honey (Tasmanian Honey Company, Tasmania, Australia) or glycerol (Catalogue # G5516; SigmaAldrich) was applied to each of two 55 mm diameter Whatman filter paper circles (GE Healthcare, Buckinghamshire, UK) 30 min prior to the trial. Circles were hung from the top of the two stimulus ports so that the flat axis of each circle was parallel to airflow. Live host assay:We assessed the response of female mosquitoes to individual human and guinea pig hosts using a live host assay. All behavioral experiments with guinea pigs and human volunteers were approved by The Rockefeller University IACUC or IRB, respectively. All human subjects gave their informed consent to participate in these experiments. The comfort of the guinea pig was assuredby rest and feeding periods outside of the olfactometer between trials and the minimization of any stress while in the olfactometer. Neither the guinea pigs nor human volunteers were bitten by mosquitoes in the course of these assays. We first examined wildtype response to two blank ports or one blank port vs. human breath, exhaled lightlythrough a nasal mask and redirected by tubinginto the opening of the port once every 30 secFor human trials, a volunteer inserted his or her forearm up to the elbow (N=7 subjects, 3 female, aged 2235). The human exhaled lightlythrough the nosefor two seconds into the opening of the human port once every 30 sec to provide a source of CO. For the guinea pig trials, an adult female guinea pig was placed into the port on a soft diaper and its natural breath provided a source of CO. In the host preference assays in Figure , 14 human subjects participated (8 female, aged 22-60). Guinea pig respiration provided the sole source of CO in WWW.NATURE.COM/NATURE | 14 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION doure two stimulus ports (12.7 cm long and 7.5 cm inner diameter for the honey/nylon sleeve and DEET assaysin Fig. 3, 4b, 4c, 4g, 5a, or 38cm long and 13.65 cm inner diameter for the livehost assayin Fig. 4d-f). The opposite end of the main compartment was covered with a screen and a spongy mesh filter, and then connected to a box fan. When , the box fan pulled air through the stimulus ports where it mixed with the stimuli, then through the traps and into the main compartment. The rate of air flow in the stimulus ports was 8184 feet/minas measured by a Velocicalc AirVelocity Meter Model 9515 (T.S.I. Inc, Shoreview, MN USA). A white cloth covered the main compartment toshieldexternal visual cues. For each trial, 50 adult . aegypti mosquitoes (male or female; 13 weeks post eclosion) were sorted under cold anaesthesia (6˚C), and placed in a small cage. All females used in these assays were mated previously but had not taken a blood meal. Females were fasted with no access to water for 1624 hr prior to host odour and DEET assay. Before testing in the honey assay, male and femalemosquitoes were fasted for 4 days with access to water. Preassay fasting and behaviour experiments took place at 25C and 70-80% relative humidity. In our experiments, we testedfour genotypes: wildtype (+/+), heterozygous (orco16/+), and heteroallelicorcomutants (orco5/16 and orco2/5Heteroallelic mutants were tested to control for background mutations that may have arisen independently in each strain. Ten min prior to the start of the assay, mosquitoes were released into the main compartment to acclimate. At the end of the acclimation period, the fan was turned on and a sliding door between the trapping chambers and main compartment was opened to allow air to flow through the apparatus. In the live host and honey assays, ambient air was pulled through the apparatus only by the fan. In the nylon sleeve and DEET assays, carbonfiltered air was pulled simultaneously by the fan and pushed by three pumps (ColeParmer Quiet Pressure Pump, Catalogue #79610-81) through a plastic bag connected to the stimulus ports at a rate of 81-84 feet/min.The bag was made of clear 1.1 mm thick, linear low density polyethylene (cat #47732 WWW.NATURE.COM/NATURE | 13 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION doure Fastingresistance assayTen male and ten female mosquitoes from each of seven genotypes orcoorcoorco16orco16/+orco5/16, orco2/5and wildtype) were tested for fastingresistance. Each individual mosquito was aspiratedinto a fly vial (25 mm diameter, 95 mm long) containing two cotton balls soaked with 10mL of distilled water and plugged with a cellulose acetate fly vial plug(Cat. # 49101, Genesee Scientific, San Diego, CA, USA)Vials were randomized for genotype and gender in the racks, which were then placed in plastic storage bins, covered with black cloth to ensure even dim lighting conditions for all vials, and racks rotated each day to control for any positional effects. Experiments took placein an environmental room set to and 70-80% relative humidity and a 14 hr light: 10 hr dark cycle, although the black cloth greatly diminished illumination of the animals during thelight phaseTo quantify fastingresistance,vials were visually examined each day for movementf no movement visible, the vial was tapped twice and inspected visually. If the mosquito still did not move, itwas recorded as dead.Locomotor activity assaysMosquito activity during fastingwas monitored using LAM25 Locomotor Activity Monitors (Trikinetics Inc., Waltham, MA, USA). 5 to 6 dayold sugarfed male and female mosquitoes were individually placed in glass tubes (25 mm diametermm long) under cold anaesthesia. A watersoaked cotton plugsealed one end of the glass tube and served as a water source for the mosquito. The vials were placed in the monitoring device inside Digitherm incubator (Tritech Research Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA)set to C and 70-80% relative humidityunder a 14 hr light: 10 hr dark cycle. Infrared beam breaks triggered by the mosquito’s movement were recorded every second and tabulated into 1 min bins. Bins with 60 or more beam breaks and trials with 2000 or more beam breaks per day were excluded from the analysis. For Supplementary Figure c, activity was calculated for 24 hr on the fourth full day of fasting. Twoport olfactometer assay. The olfactometer, modified from one originally described by Gouck14consisted of a large plexiglass box (50 x 50 x 80 cm) connected to two smaller cylindrical traps at one end (18 cm long, 9 cm inner diameter), which were in turn connected to WWW.NATURE.COM/NATURE | 12 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION doure Each sensillum was testedonly once with a series of stimuliand consecutive stimuli were applied with an interstimulus interval of at least 60 sec. Data were collected using Autospike (Syntech), and exported as ASCII format, and analyed with SpikeClouds, a customprogramwritten by Mathias Ditzen in IDL (ITT Visual Information Solutions, Boulder, CO)12. Corrected spike increases were computed by subtracting the average spontaneous activity in 1 sec before odorant stimulus from the average activity during the 1 sec stimulus. For spontaneous activity analysisof capitatepeg sensilla(Fig. 2a), smallamplitude spike number was counted for 1 sec prior to the application of paraffin oil.The same sensilla analy in Fig2a were also used to calculate odourevoked responses to (R)-1-octen-3-ol (Fig. 2d). Spontaneous activity of antennal short blunttipped sensilla(Fig. 2b) was determined by countinglargeamplitude spikes for 1 sec prior to the application of paraffin oil using the same sensilla as in FigureFor maxillary palp recordings, sensillumwas challenged first with CO(0.05%). If a response was obtained, we proceeded to stimulate the same sensillum with (R)-1-octen-3-ol. Due to inherent variability in recordings or biological variability of the mosquito, not all preparations that gave a response to COalso responded to (R)-1-octen-3-ol. Analysis in Figure 2d was performed only on sensilla that responded to (R)-1-octen-3-ol. Doseresponse curves ofwildtype capitatepeg sensilla with (R)-1-octen-3-ol and COwere generated to determine the concentration that produced halfmaximal stimulation (EC50). (R)-1-octen-3-ol dilutions between 10-4and 1010were tested.Wildtype maxillary palp capitatepegsensilla exhibitsmallamplitude spikes in response to (R)-1-octen-3-ol with a halfmaximal effective dose (EC50) of 262 nM(data not shown), which is in the same range as the 50of 158 nM measured for the . aegypti OR8/Orco receptor presumed to be expressed in this maxillary palp neuron8, 9, 13responsiveness was tested at concentrations of 0.005%, 0.01%0.05%, 0.1%, 0.5% and 1% and the EC 50 was determined to be 0.11%. WWW.NATURE.COM/NATURE | 11 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION doure We recorded from 60 short blunttipped sensillain segments 6 to 10 of the antenna. Sensilla were chosen only by their morphology as no odorant receptor-based odour response map of the Aedesantenna exists. Each sensillum was tested with a previously defined panel of odours that can evoke activity in subsets of thesesensilla11consisting of ethyl butyrate (10%), indole (1%), and hexanoic acid (10%) diluted in paraffin oil along with paraffin oil alone. These synthetic odorants were chosen solely because they have been previously shown to activate Aedes aegyptiolfactory neurons. We make no claims about the behavioural relevance of these odorants or that they are natural ligands that these insects would encounter in the wild. The majority of wildpe (13/20) and heterozygous orco16(13/20) sensilla, showed large amplitude “A” cell responses to one or more odours. Smaller amplitude “B” cell spikes were infrequent and found only in wildtype (1/20) and heterozygous orco16(1/20) sensilla. A sensillum was defined as sensitive to an odour if its response was greater than or equal to 15 corrected spikes/sec.(R)-1-octen-3-ol (C.A.S. 3687-48-7) was obtained from Bedoukian (Danbury, CT, USA).Ethyl butyrate (C.A.S. 105-54-4), indole (C.A.S. 120-72-9), and hexanoic acid (C.A.S. 142-62-1) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Serial 10fold dilutions (volume:volume; v:v) in paraffin oil (SigmaAldrich) were made as indicated.For indole, a 10% weight:volume stock solution was made in ethanol before dilution in paraffin oil (v:v).15 µL of odorant dilution was applied onto a 3 x 40 mm strip of chromatography filter paper (catalogue #05-714-1; Fisher Scientific) and inserted into a Pasteur glass pipette connected to the Syntech CS55 stimulus device (Syntech).Odorants were applied to mosquito sensillafor 1 sec using the 55 stimulus device, which injected odour stimuli into continuous charcoalfiltered air aimed at the sensilla. COwas purchased from Matheson TriGas (Gloucester, MA) as a custom formulated 10%/90% air mixture. For COstimuli, 10% COwas filled into a 20 mL syringe and mixed with air to prepare the desired concentration (v:v). WWW.NATURE.COM/NATURE | 10 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION doure normal goat serum in PBT for 1 hr at room temperature, and incubated with the DrosophilaantiOrco EC2 antibody (1:500 dilution; antigen indicated on Fig. 1ain 5% normal goat serum in PBT overnight at 4C. After washing 3 times for 5 min in PBT, the tissue sections were incubated with Alexa Fluor 488 goat antirabbit IgG (1:500 dilution; Catalogue #A-11008; Invitrogen) in 5% normal goat serum in PBT at room temperature for 3 hr. After three 5 min washes with PBT, the slides were mounted in Vectashield with DAPI to visualize nuclei (Catalogue #H1200; Vector Labs, Burlingame, CA, USA). Samples were imaged on an LSM 510 laser scanning confocal microscope (Carl Zeiss Microimaging, Thornwood, NY, USA) at The Rockefeller University Bioimaging Resource Center. Images shown are maximum projections of 7 sections from a 22 μm image stack0Single sensillum electrophysiologyExtracellular recordings of mosquito olfactory sensilla were carried out as describedFemale mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti) were recorded at 7-14 days after adult eclosion between 11am and 5pm, corresponding to ZT3 to ZT9. Olfactory sensilla on the antenna andmaxillary palp were subjected to extracellular recording using a 10x AC probe connected to an IDAC4 amplifier (Syntech, Kirchzarten, Germany). The reference electrode was placed into the eye. The recording electrode was inserted into the pegshaped capitatepeg sensillum on the maxillary palpor short blunttipped sensilla on the antenna. Spontaneous and odour-evoked extracellular spikes were recorded. Twoto threesensilla were sampled from each animal mounted for recording. Nearly 100% of these capitatepeg sensilla gave strong responses to COas shown by an increase in frequency of action potentials from a largeamplitude spiking neuron. A subset of these COsensitive sensilla also contained a smaller amplitude cell sensitive to (R)-1-octen-3-ol, which is alternately referred to as the “B” cell10or “C” cell. To avoid confusion with the names of the (R)-1-octen-3-ol cell, we refer to the COcells as largeamplitude spiking and the (R)-1-octen-3-ol as small-amplitude spiking neurons. WWW.NATURE.COM/NATURE | 9 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION doure sacrificed and genomic DNA was isolated. A fluorescent amplicon (140 bp in wildtype, 138 bp in orco, 135 bp in orco, and 124 bp in orco16) was generated using Accuprime PCR mix (Invitrogen) for each female using the following primers: Forward: 5’ 6FAM fluorescent modificationTAGCTCCGCACGCTGGGCATCTGGAATC 3’Reverse: 5’ ACGGATAGCACTGTAGTCACCAT 3’Amplicons were analyed by capillary gel electrophoresis using an Applied Biosystems 3730 DNA analySubsequent generations of mosquitoes were intercrossed and genotyped until homozygous mutant lines were established. The orcomutant alleles were named for the number of deleted bases. Thealleles are predicted to produce truncated Orco proteins that delete more than 70 per cent of the wildtype protein (478 amino acids)The frameshift in orcoalters the peptide sequence afteramino acidresidue 114 toCRIGCSVPFDCVGand leads to a premature stop after reside 127.The frameshift in orcoalters the peptide sequence after residue 113 to RRIGCSVPFDCVGleadingo a stop after residue 126The frameshift in orco16alters the peptide sequence after residue 112 to RMLGTIRLRWLRCENCWSWresulting in a stop after residue 131.Homozygous mutant mosquitoes have no obvious defects in viability, fecundity, or external morphology. Immunostaining. Mosquito heads were dissected into 4% paraformaldehyde in PBT [phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) plus 0.1% Triton X100] on wet ice and fixed for 30 min at C. After three 5 min washes with PBS, the fixed heads were cryoprotected with 25% sucrose in PBT overnight at 4C. Heads were frozen in TissueTek OCT compound (Sakura Finetek, Alphen aan den Rijn, The Netherlands) for 20 min on dry ice, cryosectioned at a thickness of 1037 μm, and mounted on Superfrost plus slides (Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA)0 Tissue sections were dried for 30 min at room temperature and postfixed with 4% paraformaldehyde in PBT at room temperature for 30 min. The slides were washed 3 times for 5min in PBT, blocked in 5% WWW.NATURE.COM/NATURE | 8 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION doure CATGGT). The amplicon included 96 bp encompassing the ZFN binding sitewhere sequence changes could be detected. To isolate mutant alleles, Gmales and females that eclosed in samesex cages were grouped in polygamous families of 3 males and3 females. The Gpolygamous families were allowed to mate and were bloodfed to generate G2 progeny. Genomic DNA was extracted from parents. Transmission of mutant alleles was detected using 76 bp Illumina sequencing exactly as described for G parents except that we used barcodedversions of the forward primer (Barcoded forward primer 5’ AATGATACGGCGACCACCGAGATCTACACTCTTTCCCTACACGAC GCTCTTCCGATCTxxxxCCGCACGCTGGGCATCTGGAATC 3’). The barcodes (xxxx) used were actg, agtc, ctga, cgta, gcta, tagc, tgac, gtca, ctag, gtag, atgt, agtg, actc, agag, and acac. Genomic DNA from fifteen Gfamilies was pooled and PCR was performed using Accuprime high fidelity PCR mix with a bar-coded forward primer. Two lanes of Illumina sequencing (76 bp reads, single end) wereperformed yielding 17,442,194 quality filtered reads, which were mapped to specific families using the barcode information. To determine the number of insertions/deletions, reads that contained the locusspecific forward primer sequence withup one mismatch were used (17,126,419 reads). To determine their size, reads were trimmed using clipping adapter sequences (CCGAAT, ACCATT, and CGGTACC). All trimming, quality filtering, selection of primercontaining reads, and bar code filtering was carried out using components of the FASTX Toolkit. Establishment of mutant lines Eggs from families in which orcoorco, and orco16alleles were detected were hatched,andpupae were sexed and allowed to eclose in samesex cages. For orco and orcoalleles, virgin females were allowed to mate freely with introduced wildtype males 24 hr after eclosion. For orco16, single pair crosses of G2 siblings were set up. Females were bloodfed and placed in individual oviposition vials. After eggs were laid, females were WWW.NATURE.COM/NATURE | 7 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION doure changes could be detected. All trimming, quality filtering, and selection of primer containing reads weredone using components of the FASTX Toolkit (Hannon Laboratory; http://hannonlab.cshl.edu/fastx_toolkit/index.html ). We detected a wide range of insertion and deletion events in both Gand Gsamples, suggesting thatZFNmediated mutationsare efficiently generated and transmitted to the germ line in mosquitoes (Supplementary Fig. 1b-c). orcotant allele generation and detection. Genetic Services Inc. (Cambridge, MA, USA)injected the orcoZFN mRNAs into ~1000 . aegypti Orlando strain embryos at a concentration of 400 ng/µl using embryo preparation methods described previously4, 5males and females were sexed during pupation, allowed to mate freely after they were sexually mature, and females were bloodfed to generate Gprogeny. The 76 gravid Gfemales were put into oviposition vials in groups of 5 to collect Geggs. Genomic DNA was extracted from the 71 Gmales and mutations were detected using Illumina sequencing as described for the Supplementary Figure1b-c. Primers were designed to amplify a 135 bp region encompassing the orcoZFN target site. Primers contain both gene specific sequences (bold) and sequences necessary for Illumina genotyping and produce a 227 bp amplicon: Forward:5’AATGATACGGCGACCACCGAGATCTACACTCTTTCCCTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCTCCGCACGCTGGGCATCTGGAATC3’ Reverse:5’CAAGCAGAAGACGGCATACGAGCTCTTCCGATCTACGGATAGCACTGTAGTCACCAT3’ The amplicon was amplified with Accuprime highfidelity PCR mix and Illumina sequenced (76bp, single end) yielding 16,837,291 quality filtered reads [90% of bases with a qcore (phred) greater than 25]. Reads that contained the locusspecific forward primer sequence with up to one mismatch were used in the analysis (16,400,396 reads). To determine their size, reads were trimmed using clipping adapter sequences (CCGAAT, CCATTC, ACTACA, & WWW.NATURE.COM/NATURE | 6 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION doure ZFN-injected Gembryos were raised to adulthood and crossed together to generate generation one (G) progeny. To detect mutations in the GFP locus caused by ZFN activity, we amplified a 112 bp fragment that encompasses the ZFN binding sites. Both forward and reverse primers contain both genespecific sequences (bold) and those necessary to prime Illumina sequencing and together these produced a 204 bp amplicon: Forward:5’AATGATACGGCGACCACCGAGATCTACACTCTTTCCCTACACG ACGCTCTTCCGATCTCAAGGAGGACGGCAACATCCTGGGGCReverse:5’CAAGCAGAAGACGGCATACGAGCTCTTCCGATCTGATCTTGAAGTTCACCTTGATGCGenomic DNA was prepared from 135 Gmales in 6 independent preparations of ~22 mosquitoes each and 1800 Gmosquitoes in 36 independent preparations of ~50 mosquitoes each. Each of the 6 Gand 36 Ggenomic preparations was used as a template for a separate PCR reaction performed with Accuprime high fidelity PCR mix (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). The 6 independent G PCRs were pooled and Illumina sequenced (76bp reads, single end) generating 12,206,513 reads. All Illumina sequencing was carried out at The Rockefeller University Genomics Resource Center on a Genome Analyer IIx instrument (Illumina, San Diego, CA) using standard sample preparation andloading protocols obtained from the manufacturer. The 36 independent GPCRs were similarly pooled and sequenced (80 bp reads, single end) yielding 10,727,425 reads. Reads were subjected to quality filtering [90% of bases with a qscore (phred) greater than 25]. We also required that the reads contain the forward primer sequence (CAAGGAGGACGGCAACATCCTGGGGC) with one mismatch allowed. Primer filtering generated 11,979,134 Greads and 10,433,144 Greads. 636,325 reads that contained TGATAC in G sequencing were a result of a PCR contaminant and were removed from the analysis. eads were trimmed using clipping adapter sequences (GCCGAC & GCATCA) and their sizes compared. The amplicon contained 65 encompassing the ZFN binding sitewhere sequence WWW.NATURE.COM/NATURE | 5 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION doure Supplementary methodsInsect rearing. Mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti) were maintained at 25-28C with 7080% relative humidity under a 14 hr light:10 hr dark cycle (lights on 8 am). The Orlando strain was used as wild type. Eggs were hatched in deoxygenated, deionized water containing powdered Tetramin tropical fish food (Tetra, Melle, Germany). Larvae were cultured in deionized water and fed Tetramin tablets. Adults were given unlimited access to 10% sucrose solution. Adult females were bloodfed on mice to generate eggs for the behaviour experiments and on an arm of a human volunteer to isolate mutant alleles. All bloodfeeding procedures with mice and humans were approved and monitored by The Rockefeller University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) and Institutional Review Board (IRB), respectively.All human subjects gave their informed consent to participate in these experiments.Zincfinger nuclease (ZFN) reagents. The zincfinger pair that targets GFP has been used previously to disrupt GFPand was provided by SigmaAldrich Life Science (St. Louis, MO). The DNA sequence bound by the left and right GFP ZFNs is indicated by the dark blue ovals on Supplementary Figure 1a. David Briner at SigmaAldrich Life Scienceprovided project support for orco ZFN production using the CompoZrCustom ZFN technology.The DNA sequence bound by the left and right orcoZFNs is indicated by the dark blue ovals on Figure 1d. The 5 basepair (bp)p in length between ZFNs permits wildtype Fok1 endonuclease dimerization and DNA cleavage.Aedestransgenic line and ZFN mutagenesis. GFP ZFNs were injected into embryos of a transgenic . aegypti line that expresses GFP in the eyeand which was produced by standard microinjection techniques using Mos1/marinertransposon vectors. The transgene contains the 3xP3 eye promoterdriving eGFP expression. GFPpositive individuals were crossed to Higgs mosquitoes and screened by Southern blot to identify single insertions. The ZFN pair against GFP was successfully used in the rat WWW.NATURE.COM/NATURE | 4 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION doure Supplementary Figure 3 | Overall response rates in 2port olfactometer choice assays.a-cPercentage of female mosquitoes entering either port in , live host preference assay (see Fig. 4; way ANOVA, p=0.7412; N=14), , host preference assay with odor trapped on nylon sleeves see Fig. 4way ANOVA, p=0.0514; N=56), or , twoport olfactometer assay with DEET versus solvent (seFig. 5away OVA, p=0.0550; N=716). No significant difference in overall response was found in any assay. WWW.NATURE.COM/NATURE | 3 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION doure Supplementary Figure 2 | Fitness and locomotor activity of orcomutants when fastedSurvival of genotypes under fastingPer cent daily survival of 20 individuals from each genotype (10 males, 10 females)is plottedSignificance was determined using log rank test and GeahandWilcoxon test followed by pairwise log rank comparisons with Bonferroni correction (corrected significance threshold; p0.0024). Using this test,rco2/5mosquitoes lived significantly longer than wildtypeorcoorco16, and orco16/+mosquitoes. There was no difference forany other pair of curves. andAverage daily locomotor activity of males () and females () after 4 days of fastingmeasured by number of infrared beam breaks (counts). There was no statistical difference between genotypes in the male assay (1way ANOVA, p=0.4797). In female, the only statistically significant difference was between orco16/+ and orco2/5 (1-wayANOVA, p=0.0053 followed by Tukey’s HSD test WWW.NATURE.COM/NATURE | 2 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION doure Supplementary Figure 1Targeted mutagenesis of GFP with zincfinger nucleasesin transgenic A. aegyptiTop: schematic of ZFN pair binding to GFP DNA sequence.Analysis of GFP ZFN mutagenesis in Gand GAedes aegypti assayed by Illumina sequencingof an amplicon containing the ZFN cut siteFrequency of insertions/deletions expressed as the number of sequence reads per million reads. 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