DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE COOPERATION amp FARMERS WELFARE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE amp FARMERS WELFARE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA KRISHI BHAWAN NEW DELHI wwwnmoopgovin BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION ID: 1025018
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1. SUNFLOWEROILSEEDS DIVISIONDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, COOPERATION & FARMERS’ WELFAREMINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE & FARMERS’ WELFAREGOVERNMENT OF INDIAKRISHI BHAWAN, NEW DELHIwww.nmoop.gov.in
2. BOTANICAL DESCRIPTIONFamily : AsteraceaeCommon name : SurajmukhiScientific name : Helianthus annus L. Origin : Southern United States and Mexico
3. SEASON AND CLIMATESeason : All the seasons and across the countryClimate : Semi-arid region of Deccan Plateau and Northern Plains Temperature : Low temperature (3-60C) for germination, optimum temperature for growth 20-260C
4. GLOBAL SCENARIOSunflower is grown over an area of more than 25 million ha in about 70 countries with a world average yield of 1637 kg/ha Russia, Ukraine, Romania, China, Kazakhstan, Spain, Bulgaria, France, India, Turkey, South Africa, USA and Myanmar are the major sunflower growing countriesRussia and Ukraine have the largest share of about 50% in total sunflower production in the worldChina, Turkey, Bulgaria and France are the highest yielding countries with an average yield of more than 2.0 tonnes/ha as against less than 1.0 tonne per ha by India
5. AREA, PRODUCTION AND YIELD OF MAJOR SUNFLOWER GROWING COUNTRIES S. NoCountryArea (lakh ha)Production (lakh tonnes)Yield (kg/ha)2012-132013-142014-152012-132013-142014-152012-132013-142014-151Russian Fed61.5967.9664.4379.93105.5490.341298155314022Ukraine50.8250.9052.1283.87110.51101.341651217119443Romania10.6510.729.9813.9821.4221.891313199821944China8.889.239.3023.2324.2323.802614262425595Bulgaria7.818.798.4413.8819.7420.111777224723846Spain7.618.497.836.1910.299.81813121212537Kazakhstan6.828.187.654.005.735.135877006709India8.206.807.305.445.044.1566374156910Turkey6.056.106.5813.7015.2316.3822652498249111France6.807.716.5715.7315.8215.5923132053237212USA7.455.936.1012.419.1710.0516671547164713South Africa5.005.055.996.305.578.3212601103118914Myanmar5.405.705.903.503.603.80648632644World 248.06254.74247.62370.87444.66413.35149517461669Source: Oilseeds Statistics: A Compendium-2015, ICAR-IIOR, Hyderabad
6. AVERAGE AREA (LAKH HA) OF MAJOR SUNFLOWER GROWING COUNTRIES (2012-13 TO 2014-15)
7. AVERAGE PRODUCTION (LAKH TONNES) OF MAJOR SUNFLOWER GROWING COUNTRIES (2012-13 TO 2014-15)
8. NATIONAL SCENARIO
9. AVERAGE AREA, PRODUCTION AND YIELD IN INDIA (2013-14 TO 2015-16)StateArea (`000 ha)Production (`000 tonnes)Yield (kg/ha)Karnataka367.00208.00563Andhra Pradesh58.6743.67845Maharashtra61.0027.67407Odisha20.8624.971196Telangana16.6719.671197Bihar12.6317.881418West Bengal13.6719.671438Punjab8.7715.531778Tamil Nadu8.3011.251354Haryana10.5327.372567All India578.53422.95728
10. POTENTIAL STATES AND DISTRICTS OF SUNFLOWERSr. No.State DistrictsAvg. area 2011-12 to 2013-14 (`000 ha)1KarnatakaRaichur61.1Gadag49.9Koppal49.6Bagalkot46.7Gulbarga41.3Bellary27.3Chitradurga27.1Belgaum13.52Andhra PradeshYRS Kadapa46.4Kurnool28.3Prakasam14.1Ananthapuram12.6
11. POTENTIAL STATES AND DISTRICTS OF SUNFLOWER (contd)Sr. No.State DistrictsAvg. area 2011-12 to 2013-14 (`000 ha)3MaharashtraOsmanabad40.6Latur19.9Solapur19.64Bihar Madhepura5.6 Supaul5.35.West BengalPaschim Medinipur4.7South 24 Parganas4.7
12. NEW/NON-TRADITIONAL AREASAs sunflower is largely photo and thermo-insensitive, there is scope to grow the crop in all the seasons of the year. It can be introduced as a contingent crop when the season for planting regular crop is delayed or the regular crop has failed. Some potential areas for introducing sunflower are :In kharif fallows, as mid-season contingency crop in central and peninsular India. As a summer crop after potato, mustard, sugarcane, pea, cotton, vegetables and late rice in Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal.As an alternative crop for sorghum under delayed onset of monsoon in peninsular India.In rice-fallow areas with supplemental irrigation in Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and Karnataka.As an intercrop with finger millet, pigeon pea, groundnut, soybean, castor, sesame, black gram and green gram in different regions.
13. CROPPING SYSTEMSDue to its wider adaptability, the crop is ideally suited for intercropping systemAbout 10% area of sunflower is under intercroppingSunflower + pigeon pea and sunflower + groundnut are popular in southern statesSunflower + castor in Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat is prevalent Sunflower + soybean in Marathwada and Vidarbha region of Maharashtra is popularSunflower + black gram in Uttar Pradesh is found to be efficient On an average, groundnut + sunflower registered 36% yield advantage, while pigeon pea + sunflower gave 23% additional yield advantage over sole crop of sunflower
14. INTERCROPPING SYSTEMSStateSoil TypeEfficient IntercroppingRow RatioKarnatakaAlfisolGroundnut+Sunflower4:2, 3:1AlfisolPigeonpea+Sunflower1:2 / 1:1VertisolPigeonpea+Sunflower3:1AlfisolFingermillet+Sunflower4:2MaharashtraVertisolPigeonpea+Sunflower 3:3VertisolSoybean+Sunflower2:1VertisolGroundnut+Sunflower6:2Andhra PradeshAlfisolGroundnut+Sunflower4:2AlfisolPigeonpea+Sunflower1 :2AlfisolCastor+Sunflower1: 1Tamil NaduAlfisolGroundnut+Sunflower 3:1AlfisolCastor+Sunflower1:1GujaratAlfisolGroundnut+Sunflower1:1VertisolCastor+Sunflower 1:1Non-traditional AreasInceptisolBlack gram/Green gram + Sunflower4:2 / 3:1
15. YIELD GAPS IN SUNFLOWERStateYield (kg/ha)Yield Gap (%)SAYFLDKharif-2013Karnataka6071953221.75Maharashtra6201604158.71Tamil Nadu1564216638.49Average7501814141.87Source: NMOOP Frontline Demonstrations on Oilseeds 2013-14, ICAR-IIOR, Hyderabad
16. VARIETY AND SEED SCENARIOIndian Institute of Oilseeds Research (IIOR), an Institution of ICAR is entrusted with crop improvement of sunflower A large number of hybrids and composite varieties of sunflower have been developed by both public and private sectors
17. PREFERRED HYBRIDS VARIETIES StateHyb/VarsName of varieties / hybridsAndhra PradeshHybridsBSH-1, APSH-11, MSFH-8, KBSH-1, MSFH-17, Jwalamukhi, Sungene-85, PAC-36, PAC-1091, MLSFH-47, KBSH-44, Pro.Sun.09, NDSH-1, SH-416, DRSH-1VarietiesMorden, TNAUSUF-7, DRSF-108, DRSF-113HaryanaHybridsBSH-1, KBSH-1, Jwalamukhi, Sungene-85, PAC-36, KBSH-44, Pro. Sun. 09, HSFH-848, DRSH-1KarnatakaHybridsBSH-1, MSFH-8, KBSH-1, MSFH-17, Jwalamukhi, Sungene-85, PAC-36, PAC-1091, DSH-1, MLSFH-47, KBSH-41, KBSH-42, KBSH 44, Pro.Sun 09, RSFH-1, SH-416, KBSH-53, DRSH-1VarietiesMorden, TNAUSUF-7, DRSF-108, DRSF-113
18. PREFERRED HYBRIDS VARIETIES (contd) StateHyb/VarsName of varieties / hybridsMaharashtraHybridsBSH-1, MSFH-8, KBSH-1, MSFH-17, LSH-1, LSH-3, PKVSH-27, Sungene-85, PAC-36, PAC-1091, MLSFH-47, KBSH-44, Pro Sun 09, SH-416, DRSH-1, LSFH-35VarietiesMorden, TNAUSUF-7, Surya, SS-56, LS-11 (Sidhweswar), DRSF-108, DRSF-113, TAS-82, LSF-8, PKVSF-9, Phule RavirajPunjabHybridsBSH-1, KBSH-1, PSFH-67, Jwalamukhi, Sungene-85, PAC-36, PSFH-118, KBSH-44, DRSH-1, PSFH-118, PSFH 569Tamil NaduHybridsBSH-1, MSFH-8, KBSH-1, MSFH-17, Jwalamukhi, Sungene-85, PAC-36, PAC-1091, TCSH-1, MLSFH-47, KBSH-44, Pro. Sun. 09, SH. 416, DRSH-1VarietiesMorden, TNAUSUF-7, CO-1, CO-2, DRSF-108, DRSF-113, COSFV-5
19. PACKAGE AND PRACTICES Soil:Sunflower performs well on a wide range of soils such as sandy loams, black soils and alluviums. It does best on fertile, well-drained neutral soilsAs a rainfed crop during rabi season, sunflower can profitably be cultivated in moisture retentive soils like VertisoilsThe ideal pH is around 6.5-8.0Though can tolerate slight alkaline conditions but not aciditySowing Time:Although sunflower is recommended for cultivation in all the seasons, its performance is superior in rabi or spring/early summerSowing time should be decided in such a way that the flowering and seed filling stages of the crop do not coincide with continuous rainy period or high temperatures above 38°C
20. PACKAGE AND PRACTICES (contd) StateKharifRabiSummerMaharashtraJuly 1st week1st fortnight of OctoberLast week of January to First week of February.KarnatakaJuly2nd fortnight of September to 1st fortnight of OctoberJanuary to 1st fortnight of February.Tamil Nadu Mid July 1st week of November Mid February Andhra PradeshJuly 10 to August 202nd fortnight of November-Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Odisha and Chhattisgarh--End of January to February
21. PACKAGE AND PRACTICES (contd) Spacing:Soil TypeSpacing (cm)Optimum PlantPopulation/haLight45 x 3074,000Heavy60 x 3055,000
22. PACKAGE AND PRACTICES (contd) Seed Treatment:Seed should be treated with Thiram or Captan @ 2-3 g/kg of seed to protect from seed-borne diseasesSeed treatment with Metalaxyl @ 6 g/kg can protect the crop against downy mildew diseaseTreat the seed with Imidacloprid @ 5 g/kg before sowing against insect vectors for the necrosis managementFor quick germination and better stand in dryland conditions, soaking of seeds in fresh water for about 10 hours is recommended
23. PACKAGE AND PRACTICES (contd) Thinning:Maintenance of optimum population by judicious thinning at 10-15 days after germination to retain single healthy plant per hill is essential for obtaining optimum yieldsAdditional yield advantage from 18 to 23% is recorded through proper thinning
24. PACKAGE AND PRACTICES (contd) Manure and Fertilizer:Sunflower is an exhaustive crop and for every tonne yield the crop removes as much as 63.3 kg N, 19.1 kg P205, 126.2 kg K2O, 11.7 kg S, 68.3 kg Ca, 26.7 kg Mg, 47g Zn and 1075 g FeInadequate or imbalanced use of fertilizer has been one of the critical constraints in sunflower productionApply recommended levels of nutrients based on soil test valuesIncorporate 7-8 t/ha of well decomposed FYM 2-3 weeks prior to sowing
25. PCKAGE AND PRACTICES (contd) Fertilizer Application:State / SystemFertilizer (kg/ha)NP2O5K20Andhra Pradesh:Rainfed 606030Irrigated609030Karnataka:Rainfed 502525Irrigated607560Maharashtra:Rainfed40600Irrigated609560
26. PACKAGE AND PRACTICES (contd) Recommended Fertilizer:State / SystemFertilizer (kg/ha)NP2O5K20Tamil Nadu:Rainfed402020Irrigated609060Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Bihar and Haryana:Irrigated 806040West Bengal, Bihar, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh:Irrigated806040Rice fallows Rainfed404020Irrigated806040
27. PACKAGE AND PRACTICES (contd) Irrigation:Critical StageDays After SowingShort duration varietiesLong duration varietiesBud initiation30-3535-40Flower opening45-5055-65Seed filling55-8065-90
28. PACKAGE AND PRACTICES (contd) Weeding and Inter-culture:Provide two hoeing followed by one hand weeding at an interval of 15 days commencing from 15-20 DASAlternatively, use of Alachlor or Pendimethalin or Fluchloralin @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha in 600 litres of water as pre-emergence spray on the same evening after sowing (ensure enough soil moisture at the time of weedicide spray) followed by one hand weeding and interculture at 35 DAS provide effective control of weedsApplication of Pendimethalin @ 1.0kg a.i./ha as pre-emergence followed by interculturing at 21 DAS and hand weeding at 40 DAS is effective and profitable resulting in a B:C ratio of 2.98
29. Crop Protection:InsectManagement Practice1. Seedling PestsCut Worm (Agrotis sp.)Sow the seeds on slopes of ridges (6-8 cm height)Apply Chlorpyriphos (20 EC) @ 3.75 lit/ha tosoil with irrigation water.Grass Hoppers (Attractomorpha crenulata) Follow clean cultivation by keeping bundsand fields weed free. Apply Methyl Parathion 2% dust @ 25 kg/ha.2. Sucking PestsLeaf Hopper (Amrasca biguttula)White fly (Bemesia tabaci)Thrips (Scirtothrips dorsalis and other Thrips)Seed treatment with Imidacloprid 70 WS @ 5 g/kg of seed.Apply Imidacloprid 200 SL @ 0.1 ml/lit of water at 15-20 days interval.Spray with Phosphamidon (0.03%) or Dimethoate (0.03%) or Monocrotophos (0.05%).PCKAGE AND PRACTICES (contd)
30. PACKAGE AND PRACTICES (contd) Crop Protection:InsectManagement Practice3. Foliage pests Tobacco Caterpillar (Spodoptera litura) Bihar Hairy Caterpillar (Spilosoma obliqua) and green Semilooper (Thysanoplusia orichalcea)Spray neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) 5% or Endosulfan (0.07%) or Dichlorvos (0.05%) or Fenitrothion (0.05%) in 500-700 lit of spray solution/ha or Dust Methyl Parathion (2%) @ 25 kg/ha4. Capitulum Borer (Helicoverpa armigera)Spray Bacillus thuringiensis @ 2 lit/ha or Helicoverpa NPV @ 250 LE/ha or Endosulfan (0.07%) or Monocrotophos (0.05%) or Fenvalerate (0.005%) or Profenophos @ 0.05% in 500-700 lit of spray solution/ha5. Mealy BugsSpray Dichlorvos 76 EC (0.05%)
31. PCKAGE AND PRACTICES (contd) Crop Protection:DiseaseManagement Practice1. Alternaria Blight and Leaf Spot (Alternaria helianthi) Treat the seed with Captan/Thiram @ 2.5 g or Carbendazim 1.0 g/kg seed Early planting (kharif) escapes the disease Spray the crop with Mancozeb (0.3%), 3-4 times at 15 days interval or rovral (0.05%) 2 sprays at 15 days interval2. Rust (Puccinia helianthi) Removal and destruction of crop residues, volunteer sunflower plants reduce the disease severity Foliar spray with Mancozeb/Zineb 0.2% or calixin 0.1% at 30 days interval3. Downy Mildew (Plasmopara halstedii) In endemic areas avoid continuous sunflower growing, follow 3-4 yearly crop rotation Early sowing, shallow planting escapes from the disease Treat the seed with Metalaxyl 35 SD @ 6 g/kg of seed and followed by foliar spray of Metalaxyl/Ridomyl In disease prone areas use resistant hybrids such as LDMRSH-1 and LDMRSH-3
32. PACKAGE AND PRACTICES (contd) Crop Protection:DiseaseManagement Practice4. Sclerotium Wilt (Sclerotium rolfisii)Seed dressing with Captan/Carboxin 3-6 g/kg of seedAdding of soil amendments and antagonistic fungi such as Trichoderma harizanum incorporated into soil reduces the disease incidenceCrop rotation for 3-4 years to be adoptedAvoid moisture stress/water logging conditions in the field5. Charcoal Rot (Macrophomina phaseolina)Seed treatment with Thiram 3 to 4 g/seedAvoid moisture stress during high summerFollow deep ploughing in summer and crop rotation6. Head Rot (Rhizopus arrhizus)Spray Copper oxychloride @ 0.4% or Mancozeb 0.3%combined with Endosulfan (0.05%) at 50% floweringstage7. Sunflower Necrosis Disease Follow clean cultivation and remove weeds speciallyParthenium, Commelina etc. both from inside andneighbouring fieldsGive prophylactic spray 2-4 times at 15-30 days intervalwith Imidacloprid (Confidor) (0.01%) for vectors controlSeed treatment with Imidacloprid @ 5 g/kg of seedagainst insect vectors
33. ROLE OF BEE-KEEPINGHoney bees play a very important role in increasing seed set in sunflowerMaintaining 5 hives/ha facilitates optimum pollination, besides yielding valuable honeyAvoid spray of insecticide at the blooming period as it affects the visit of pollinators (bees)If absolutely essential, spray or dust in the evenings after 3.00 PM preferably with relatively safer insecticides like Endosulfan or Phosalone
34. SEED SETTING AND FILLINGSeed filling under good management conditions is around 75%. Apart from genetic factors, environmental factors greatly influence the seed setting and filling in sunflowerHigher seed filling is observed during Rabi/summer than kharif seasonApplication of MgSO4 has shown increased seed filling as well as seed yieldBoron application at ray floret opening stage improves seed set, filling percent, test weight, yield and qualityPresence of pollinators viz. honey bees also influences the seed setting and seed yield
35. HARVESTING AND THRESHINGSunflower should be harvested at physiological maturity when the back of the head turns to lemon yellow colour and the bottom leaves start drying and withering Improved threshers developed by various State Agricultural Universities / ICAR Institutions may be usedDry the seed before storage so as to bring the moisture content to around 9-10%
36. NUTRITIVE VALUESesame is considered as one of the healthiest oils with ideal ratio of poly-unsaturated (linoleic) fatty acid (44-75%) and mono-unsaturated (oleic) fatty acid (14-35%), therefore, it is a preferred cooking oil in IndiaTotal imported vegetable oil (10.38 million tonnes) included about 1 million tonnes of sunflower oil during 2012-13. Sunflower oil was so expensive that brands tended to blend cheaper soya oil in itChange of duty structure on import of crude sunflower oil from 65% (24.01.2007) to 0% (01.04.2008) and 2.5% (23.1.2013) has made such blending unnecessary. Russia and Ukraine have largest stake in import of sunflower oil to IndiaBeing a rich source of liolenic and oleic acid and presence of Vitamin-A, roasted sunflower seeds are also used as snacks During 2014-15 around 5,558 tonnes of sunflower seed was exported with a value of Rs. 39.92 crore
37. MSP & MARKET PRICESunflower is covered under Minimum Support Price (MSP) declared by Government of IndiaNational Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation of India Ltd. (NAFED) is the Nodal agency for organizing procurement of sunflower under Price Support Scheme (PSS)The MSP, average market price and quantity of sunflower procured by NAFED during the last 5 years indicate that price of sunflower quite often falls below the MSP
38. MSP & MARKET PRICE (contd.)YearMSP (Rs./qtl)Avg. market price (Rs./qtl)Quantityprocured(MT)States2008-092215253310342Karnataka, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh2009-10221519783376Maharashtra, Karnataka, Haryana, Andhra Pradesh2010-1123502104845Haryana, Odisha2011-1228002759--2012-1337002932--
39. EXPORT - IMPORT OF SUNFLOWER OIL AND PRODUCTS DURING 2014-15 CommodityExportImportQuantity (`000 kg)Value (Rs. in crore)Quantity (`000 kg)Value (Rs. in crore)Sunflower seed5558.1939.921245.004.01Oil cake and meal1233.102.4040880.5270.21Crude oil13.620.211712439.759555.76Edible and non-edible oil1846.0615.98251.062.13Total8650.9758.511754816.339632.11
40. USES OF SUNFLOWER PRODUCTS AND BY-PRODUCTSProduct/By-productUsageImmature seedFeed for poultryLatex from leavesSource of rubber Ray floretsYellow dye extracted for dye industryFlowerSource of nectar and pollen for honeyStalksRaw material for paper industryThalamus after de-seedingUsed as complete feed for milch animalsSunflower seed/kernelConfectionary industryDeoiled mealAnimal feed
41. RESEARCHABLE ISSUESDevelopment of early maturing sunflower hybrids for rice fallow areasDevelopment of low input requiring genotypes Development of resistance for biotic stresses such as Alternaria helianthi, powdery mildew and sunflower necrosis disease (SND)Development of Integrated Pest Management package for Alternaria and head borer in sunflower
42. ISSUES / ACTIONABLE POINTS States like Karnataka, AP and Maharashtra having higher area but low productivity may make efforts to improve productivity level Efforts may be made by ICAR/SAUs for development of hybrids and varieties with higher yield potential matching with world average productivity Northern States particularly Punjab and Haryana where Sunflower was a major crop in the past may make efforts to cover more area under Sunflower Sunflower may be introduced in new / non traditional areas by the States of Odisha, Bihar, Bengal, Chhattisgarh and others Low inputs responsive hybrids / varieties with IPM module may be evolved by ICAR/SAUs
43. Thanks