The elements of an argument Elements of an Argument According to Stephen Toulmin arguments are composed of three main elements Ω Claims Ω DataEvidence Ω Warrants What is claim data warrant ID: 440883
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CLAIM - DATA - WARRANT
The elements of an argumentSlide2
Elements of an Argument
According to Stephen Toulmin, arguments are composed of three main elements:
Ω Claims
Ω Data/EvidenceΩ WarrantsSlide3
What is claim, data, warrant?
It is what you already know how to do with writing:
Ω
Claim – a thesis about a topicΩ Data – the support (evidence) about a topic
Ω Warrant – a general, unspoken rule that most people would agree uponSlide4
Toulmin’s Model
When a prompt asks you to support, refute, or qualify a statement, use this method.Slide5
Claim
This is the main point of the argument. What you are trying to prove.
Example:
The school lunch program contributes to childhood obesity.Slide6
Data/Evidence
Ω
Includes facts, statistics, authorities, SOLID opinion, and examples all usually from source material depending on the claim.Example:On October 5, Mesa Public Schools served two options for lunch: pizza and burritos. The pizza contained 21 grams of fat, and the burrito contained 15 grams of fat. A healthy meal should contain no more than 7 grams of fat (Donovan 3).Slide7
Warrant/Rule
Ω
An assumption/rule which shows the connection between the claim and the evidence.
Example:Feeding students lunches with wit high fat contents will cause students to acquire extra pounds.
NOTE: The warrant must be widely accepted or believed to be true by the majority of the public.Slide8
Connecting the Claim and the Data
Ω
Sometimes it helps to create a diagram of the claim, data, and warrant that looks like the example below.
Claim----------------------------------------------Data Lunch program is bad Pizza/burritos have high fat content
Warrant: Fatty lunches cause obesity.Slide9
Backing
Additional logic or reasoning that may be necessary to support the warrant
Looking to continue to add logical defenses to your overall argument
DO NOT just repeat yourself. Use the opportunity to make more of an argument.Slide10
Counterclaim
Every good arguer know that their argument is not perfect—there are holes that others may try to take advantage of
A counterclaim is an argument that goes against your own, logic that is somewhat stable or popular amongst those who disagree with you
But why would you want to bring up a counterclaim…?Slide11
Rebuttal, that’s why
A rebuttal is evidence that negates or disagrees with the counterclaim
This is you getting in front of the counterclaim before anyone has the option to raise it
Makes your own argument stronger by negating those who might disagree