Principles of Infection control - PowerPoint Presentation

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Principles of Infection control

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Microorganism or Microbe

1. Small

living organism2. Not visible to the naked eye3. Must be viewed under a microscope4. Found everywhere in the environment, including on and in the human body

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Many microorganisms are part of

normal flora

of the body; flora is microbial organisms in environment such as the intestinal, vaginal, oral, or urinary systemsa. Beneficial in maintaining certain body processesb. Called nonpathogens

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Other microorganisms cause

infection

and diseasea. these are called pathogens or germs At times, a microorganism that is beneficial in one body system can become pathogenic in another body systema. Bacteria called Escherichia coli (E. coil) is part of the natural flora of the

large intestine

b. If E. coli enters

urinary system

, it causes an

infection

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Classification of Microorganisms

Bacteria

a. Simple one-celled plants that multiply rapidlyb. Classified by shape and arrangementc. Some diseases caused by bacteria: (1) meningitis (2) gonorrhea (3) boils

(4) wound infections

(5) typhoid

(6)

syphilis

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Congenital Syphilis

Primary Syphilis

Secondary Syphilis

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Boils

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Antibiotics

are used to kill bacteria Some strains of bacteria have be come antibiotic-resistantMeans that the antibiotic is no longer

effective

against the bacteria

MRSA

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Protozoa

a.

One-celled animal-like organismb. Often found in decayed materials and contaminated waterd. Some protozoa are pathogenic and cause diseases such as:(1) malaria(2) amebic dysentery trichomonas

(3)

African sleeping sickness

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Malaria

African Sleeping Sickness

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Fungi

Simple

plantlike organismsLive on dead organic matterYeasts and molds are two common forms of fungi that can be pathogenic Cause diseases such as:(1) ringworm

(2) athlete’s foot

(3)

histoplasmosis

(4) yeast vaginitis

(5)

thrush

 

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Athlete’s Foot

Thrush

R

ingworm

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Antibiotics

do not kill fungi

Antifungal medications are available for many of the pathogenic fungiThese medications are expensive, must be taken internally for a long period of time, and may cause liver damage

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Rickettsiae

Parasitic

microorganisms (1) Cannot live outside the cells of an other living organism(2) Commonly found on fleas, lice, ticks, and mites(3) Transmitted to humans by the bites

of these insects

Cause

diseases such as:

(1)

typhus fever

(2) Rocky Mountain spotted fever

Antibiotics

are

effective

against many different

rickettsiae

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Rocky Mountain spotted fever cycle

Typhus lesion

Fleas, Ticks, Lice

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Viruses

Smallest

microorganisms, visible only in an electron microscopeCannot reproduce

unless they are

inside another living cell

Spread

from

human

to human by

blood

and

body

secretions

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Very difficult to

kill

(1) Resistant to many disinfectants(2) Not affected by antibioticsCause many diseases such as:(1) common cold(2) measles(3) mumps(4) chicken pox

(5) herpes

(6)

influenza

(7)

polio

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Chicken pox

Measles

Herpes

Mumps

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Three diseases of major concern to health care workers

(1)

Hepatitis B or serum hepatitis Caused by the HBV virusTransmitted by blood serum and body secretions Affects the

liver

and can lead to

destruction and scarring

of liver cells

Vaccine

has been developed to protect individuals from this disease

Vaccine

is expensive and involves a series of three injectionsUnder

federal law,

employers

must provide the vaccination at no

cost

to any

health care

worker with occupational exposure to

blood

or other

body

secretions

Individual

does have the right to refuse the vaccination, but a

written

record must be kept proving that the vaccine was offered

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(2)Hepatitis C

Caused

by the hepatitis C virus, or HCVTransmitted by blood and blood containing body fluidsMany individuals who contact the disease are asymptomatic (display no symptoms)Others have mild symptoms that are often diagnosed as

influenza or flu

HCV

can cause

serious liver

damage

At

present there is no preventive

immunization

, but a vaccine is being developed

Both

HBV and HCV are extremely difficult to destroyViruses

can even remain

active

for

several days in dried blood

Health

care workers must take every

precaution

to protect themselves from

hepatitis viruses

 

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(3) Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

Caused

by the HIV (Human Immunodeficient Virus)Suppresses the immune systemIndividual cannot fight off many cancers and infections that would not affect a healthy personNo cure at present and no vaccine available

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Factors required for Growth:

1. Microorganisms need certain things to grow and reproduce

2. Most microorganisms prefer a warm environment, and body temperature is ideal3. Darkness is also preferred by most microorganisms, and many are killed quickly by sunlight4. Source of food and moisture is needed5. Need for oxygen variesa. Aerobic organisms

require oxygen to live

b.

Anaerobic

organisms

live and reproduce in absence of oxygen

6. Human body is ideal supplier of all of the requirements

 

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How do pathogenic organisms cause disease?

Pathogenic

microorganisms cause infection and disease in different ways:1. Some pathogens produce poisons, called toxins, which harm

body

a. Example is

bacillus tetanus

b. Produces toxins that damage

central nervous system

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2. Some pathogens cause an

allergic

reaction resulting in a runny nose, watery eyes, and sneezing3. Other pathogens attack and destroy the living cells they invadea. Example is the protozoan that causes malariab. Invades

red blood cells

and causes them to

rupture

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Classifications of Diseases and Infections

Classified

as endogenous, exogenous, nosocomial, and opportunisticEndogenous1) Means the infection or disease originates within the body2). Includes metabolic disorders,

congenital

abnormalities,

tumors

, and infections caused by microorganisms within the body

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Exogenous

1

) Means that the infection or disease originates outside the body2) Examples include pathogenic organisms that invade the body, radiation, chemical agents, trauma, electric shock, and temperature extremes

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Nosocomial

1)

Infections acquired by an individual in a health care facility, such as a hospital or long-term care facility2) Usually present in facility and transmitted by health care workers to the patient3) Many of the pathogens transmitted in this manner are antibiotic-resistant

4) Can

cause a

serious and even life-threatening

infection

5) Common

examples:

(a) Staphylococcus

(b) Pseudomonas

(c) Enterococci

6) Infection

control programs are used in health care facilities to prevent and deal with

nosocomial

infections

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Opportunistic

1) Infections

that occur when the body’s defenses are weak2) Diseases do not usually occur in individuals with an intact immune system3) Examples include the development of Kaposi’s sarcoma (a rare type of cancer) or Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in individuals with

AIDS

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Common Body Defenses

1.

Mucous membrane that lines the respiratory, digestive, and reproductive tract and traps pathogens2. Cilia (tiny, hairlike structures) lining the respiratory tract to propel pathogens out of the body3. Coughing and sneezing

4.

Hydrochloric acid

in the stomach to destroy pathogens

5.

Tears

in the eye that contain

bacteriocidal

(killing bacteria) chemicals

6.

Fever

7. Inflammation resulting in leukocytes

or white blood cells

destroying

pathogens

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8.

Immune response

a. Body produces antibodies, protective proteins that combat pathogensb. Cells secrete protective chemicals such as interferon

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9. Human becomes susceptible host in some instances

a. Large numbers of the pathogen invade the body

b. Body defenses are weak10. Ending the chain of infectiona. If any part of the chain can be eliminated, the spread of disease or infection will be stoppedb. Follow practices to interrupt or break this chainc. Prevent the transmission of diseased. Important to remember that pathogens are everywheree. Preventing pathogen transmission is a continuous process