Bell Work - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Bell Work

Brain cells that analyze incoming sensory information into lines, angles, shading, and movement are called

Sight cells.

Second stage sensors.

Feature detectors.

Vision neurons.

Ocular nerves.Slide2

Bell Work

In comparing the human eye to a camera, the film would be located in the eye’s

retina

pupil

lens

cornea

irisSlide3

Visual Cliff

Gibson and Walker placed 6-14 months old infants on edge of a visual cliff (table half glass, half wood), making the appearance of a drop-off; Mothers then tries to convince infant to crawl pass the normal part of the table onto glass; most refused, indicating perception of depth Slide4

Perception

Convergence:

binocular

cue in which the more the eyes turns inward, the closer the object

Brain reads rapid series of slightly different images as movement; phenomenon called stroboscopic movement

Another illusion of movement is phi phenomenon: perception of movement when lights blink one after the other; the lighted arrow signs on the back of parked construction trucks Slide5

Sight

Formerly blind patients often can’t recognize objects familiar by touch

Sensory restriction like allowing only

diffused,

unpatterned

light does no damage is occurring later in life; affect only at infancy, suggesting critical period for development

Perceptual adaptation: ability for our vision to adjust to artificial displacement; given goggles that shift vision 30 degrees to left, humans learn to adjust actions 30 degrees to left

Roger

Sperry surgically turned eyes of animals; found out Fish, Frogs, Salamanders (Note:  reptiles)  CAN’T ADJUST

while  Kittens, Monkeys, Humans (Note: mammals) ADAPTED Slide6

Parapsychology

Parapsychology

: study of paranormal phenomena

50% of Americans believe in extrasensory perception (ESP): claim perception occurring without sensory input

Three varieties of ESP:

Telepathy

(sending or reading

thoughts)

Clairvoyance (gain information about an object, person, location or physical event through means other than the known senses)

Precognition

(seeing future)

Vague predictions can later be interpreted to match

events

Confirmation bias

After

many experiments, never had a reproducible ESP phenomenon or individual who can convincingly demonstrate psychic ability Slide7

I Can See!

Light waves from the

visual spectrum

are floating around for all to take in.

Light waves pass through the

cornea

(protective rounded part).

Light waves pass through the

pupil

(allows light to come in)

The amount of light coming through is controlled by the

iris

.

The

lens

then focuses the light into a narrow beam and projects it upside down to …

The

retina,

where the

photoreceptors

convert the image into electric impulses for brain processing (

transduction)

.

Using

the

optic nerve,

impulses reach the

thalamus (regulatory)

and then the

primary visual cortex

in the

occipital lobe.

The visual association area draws associations to

schemas

which allow the brain to perceive what it is they are looking at. Slide8

Issues that can occur with sight:

near/far

sightedness – problems with placement on the retina

visual

agnosia – inability to perceive complex sensations into meaningful

ideas

Face blindness

Visual association area – the area of the brain (in the occipital lobe) that gives meaning to images being seen. Prior associations, mindset, shading, linear relationship, etc., can all affect associations

.

color

blindSlide9

Hearing

Sound waves are floating around varying in

pitch (speed or frequency)

and

decibel level (loudness)

.

Sound waves are funneled in by the

outer ear.

It moves to the

middle ear,

where the

hammer, anvil and stirrup

turn the waves into vibrations after they have passed through the

eardrum (tympanic membrane)

.

In the inner ear, vibrations pass to the

cochlea

where

transduction

occurs

.

Vibrations pass through the

hair cells

of the cochlea and into the

basilar membrane

.

At that point, the electrical signals pass into the

auditory nerve.

Info is then passed into the

primary auditory cortex

located in the

temporal lobe

.Slide10

Hearing Theories

Frequency theory – the rate at which nerve impulses reach the brain determine how low the pitch of the sound is. Low pitches have lower frequency. The higher the frequency, the higher the

pitch

Place theory – The area within the basilar membrane of the cochlea determines how we hear high pitch sounds, such as scraping Styrofoam or a chalkboard. If the vibration occurs at the beginning of the membrane, it’s low pitch. If it occurs at the end of the membrane, it’s high pitch.Slide11

Vestibular System

Semicircular canals – control balance in the ear.

Potential

problems:

Vertigo

Temporary

dizziness tinnitus, hearing loss, nausea/vomiting

M

otion sickness

Meniere’s disease

Permanent damage to the semicircular canal.

Vertigo, tinnitus, hearing loss, nausea/vomitingSlide12

Taste

Chemical

Salty, sweet, bitter, sour, and umami

Bitter vs. Sour: Bitter is the most sensitive of all tastes; sour=acidity; Bitter=coffee, unsweetened cocoa, citrus peels, beer; Sour=citrus “meat,” wine, and sour milk

Umami: Proposed in 1908; declared a taste in 1985; savory or meaty, MSG (distinct from salt), cheese, soy sauce, breast milk, fish, mushrooms, green tea

Eating spicy foods can cause a taste

bud

to become dull or damaged. The taste buds can also be damaged by hot foods, cold foods, infections, dry mouth, smoking and extremely sour foods. Spicy foods may dull your taste buds, but the condition is temporary.

In a study published by My Health, 40 volunteers were given capsicum on the right and left sides of their tongues and then given five main flavors that humans can taste. After the study was concluded they found that capsicum dulled the taste of sweetness, bitterness and umami by 30 percent.Slide13

The

myth

of the tongue map; that 1 tastes bitter, 2 tastes sour, 3 tastes salt, and 4 tastes sweet.Slide14

Other Taste Sensations (Somatosensory)

Pungency/

Piquance

Asia and Latin America

Hot and spicy

Black and chili peppers; ginger; horseradish

Coolness

Fresh and minty

Spearmint; menthol; ethanol

Astringency

Dry, rough, rubbery

Tea, red wine, bananas

Heartiness

Japan:

Kokumi

Richness or heartiness

Fish sperm; braised, aged, or slow-cooked meats and other foods

Numbness

Chinese; Indonesian

Numbing hotnessSlide15

More Taste Sensations

Metallicness

/

Metallicity

Blood, some medicines, dental fillings

Fattiness

Specifically fatty acids

Again, found in mice so far

Temperature

Food and drink that—in a given culture—is traditionally served hot is often considered distasteful if cold, and vice versa.

Alcohol; soup; cocoa

Soda: North America=cold; South America=lukewarm

Calcium

Chalky

Calcium in vegetables; calcium in milk products bind to fat cells, so the calcium taste isn’t noticeable

Scientists found a

CaSR

calcium receptor on the taste buds of mice; We have these receptors in our GI system, kidneys, and brain

Carbon Dioxide

Fizziness

Soda, beer, champagneSlide16

Smell and Taste

Smell (olfaction) accounts for about 80% of our ability to taste.

Anosmia-Loss of smell

Ageusia

-Loss of taste

Some people are born without a sense of smell, it can be the result of a frontal head injury or something as mundane as an infection. Old age is also a factor, with smell and taste deteriorating rapidly after the age of 75.

Loss of ability to smell and taste (as opposed to congenital) can indicate the onset of brain illnesses such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's, often years before other more recognizable symptoms emerge.

Rose oil, lemons, clovesSlide17

One

person is the researcher, one the subject and two others are speakers.

Have

the two speakers stand equal distance away from each of the subject’s ears and recite two different

speeches (each person should select a poem from the literature book).

In

the end, the researcher will judge how well the subject

could

tune

out one speaker while trying to focus on the other

. (Before you start, determine how you will measure this)

Do three trials. Use different poems each time.