Chp 22 pg 668 A Abundance and Importance of Carbon Structure and bonding of carbon Has nonmetallic properties Electron configuration of 1s 2 2s 2 2p 2 4 valence electrons 2s and 2p electrons ID: 544537
Download Presentation The PPT/PDF document "Carbon and Hydrocarbons" is the property of its rightful owner. Permission is granted to download and print the materials on this web site for personal, non-commercial use only, and to display it on your personal computer provided you do not modify the materials and that you retain all copyright notices contained in the materials. By downloading content from our website, you accept the terms of this agreement.
Slide1
Carbon and Hydrocarbons
Chp
22
pg
668Slide2Slide3
A.
Abundance and Importance of Carbon
Structure and bonding of carbon
Has nonmetallic properties
Electron configuration of 1s
2
2s
2
2p
2
4 valence electrons – 2s and 2p electrons
Like to covalently bond
Can form single, double, or triple bondsSlide4
2.
Allotropes of Carbon
a.
Allotrope – different forms of the same element
b.
Diamond 1) Colorless crystal solid made of carbon 2) Hardest known material 3) Extremely high melting point (3500C)Slide5
4)
Covalent bonds form a network
5)
Used for cutting, grinding, and
drilling
6) Conducts heat but not electricity a) Heat – atoms can vibrate and transfer heat easily b) Electricity – all electrons are used
and can’t be
transferred Slide6Slide7
c.
Graphite
1)
Very soft
2) Feels greasy and crumbles 3) Bonded in hexagonal layers 4) Layers too far apart to be held with covalent bonds – use London dispersion forces
5)
Layers can slide past each other –
can
be used in
pencils
and for
lubricantSlide8
6
)
Can use it in graphite fibers
a
)
Stronger and stiffer than steel
b) Less dense than steel c) Works as long as force is parallel to layersSlide9
d.
Fullerenes
1)
Formed from burned carbon w/limited oxygen
2) Spherical shapes – C60 3) Named buckminsterfullerene 4) Aka – buckyballSlide10
B.
Organic Compounds
Intro
All organic compounds have carbon
Not all compounds with carbon are organic
Na
2
CO3,CO and CO2Organic compound – covalently bonded compounds with carbon, excluding carbonates and oxidesSlide11
2.
Carbon Bonding
a.
Electron structure allows many different structures
1)
Rings and chains 2) Bond to itself or other things 3) Single, double, or triple bonding Slide12
Citric Acid Plastic bags
Aspirin Living thingsSlide13
b.
Carbon – carbon bonding
1)
Can form
a) Straight chains b) Branched chains c) Rings (benzene) 2) Can be single/double/triple bondedSlide14
c
.
Carbon bonding to other elements
1
)
Hydrocarbons – have only carbon
and hydrocarbons 2) Hydrocarbon backbone – other elements are bonded onto carbon (O,N,S) Slide15
d
.
Arrangement of Atoms
1
)
Different arrangement of elements
gives different properties 2) Isomers – compounds with same chemical formula but different shape Ex. C2H6O is both ethanol and dimethyl etherSlide16
3.
Structural Formulas
a.
Show number and type of atoms present and their
arrangement
b. Can be simplified Slide17
4.
Isomers
a.
Can differ in bonding order or arrangement in space
b.
Example – C3H8 Slide18
c.
Arrangement in space - Trans and
Cis
1)
Have to have a rigid backbone
to form (double bond) 2) Cis – atoms on same side 3) Trans – atoms on opposite sidesSlide19
C.
Saturated Hydrocarbons
Each carbon atom forms four single bonds
Alkanes
Only have single bonds
Finding chemical formula
CnH2n+2 n = 4 what is the chemical formula?C4H
10Slide20
3.
Cycloalkanes
a.
Carbon atoms arranged in ring
b.
Often structure is simplified CyclopentaneSlide21
4.
Names of
Alkanes
a.
Prefixes
Number of Carbon AtomsPrefix1Meth –
2
Eth –
3
Prop –
4
But –
5
Pent –
6
Hex –
7
Hept
–
8
Oct –
9
Non –
10
Dec – Slide22
b
.
Unbranched
chain
1
)
Count the carbons 2) Pick the prefix 3) Add suffix –ane 1 2
3
4 5
CH
3
– CH
2
– CH
2
– CH
2
– CH
3
Pentane Slide23
c
.
Branched chain
1
)
Alkyl group
a) Group of atoms formed when 1 hydrogen is taken away from backbone b) Naming
i
.
Take away suffix –
ane
ii
.
Put on –
yl
Slide24Slide25
2
)
Naming the chain
a
)
Find longest carbon backbone
b) Add –ane to the prefix c) Name the alkyl groups i.
Put in alphabetical order
ii
.
If there is more than 1 put, di, tri,
tetra
, etc. in front
d
)
Number the backbone so alkyls have
lowest
number
possibleSlide26
e
)
Put in position numbers
f
)
Punctuate
i. Hyphen to separate number from name ii. Separate numbers with commasExamples1. What is the name of this structure?Slide27
2.
What is the name of this structure?
2-methylpropaneSlide28
3.
What is the name of this structure?
2,3-dimethylhexaneSlide29
4.
Draw this structure:
3-ethyl-2,4,5-trimethyloctaneSlide30
3
)
Naming cycloalkanes
a
)
Use rules for alkane nomenclature
b) Add cyclo- to the parent hydrocarbon c) Add alkyl groups i. Alkyl group is always 1
ii
.
Number so all alkyl groups have
lowest
number
possible
d
)
Insert position numbers
e
)
Punctuate the name Slide31Slide32
Examples
What is the name of this molecule?
ethyl-2,5-dimethylcycloheptaneSlide33
2.
Draw this molecule
1,3-dimethylcyclohexaneSlide34
D.
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons that not all carbon atoms have four single covalent bonds
Alkenes
Have a double bond
Naming
Count longest carbon chain w/double bond
Put –ene on the prefix Number where double bond is locatedSlide35
3.
Alkynes
a.
Hydrocarbon w/a triple bond
b.
Naming 1) Count longest carbon chain w/triple bond 2) Add –yne to the prefix 3) Add number for where triple bond is locatedSlide36
Examples of alkenesSlide37
Examples of alkynesSlide38
4.
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
a.
6-membered carbon ring
b.
Benzene (C6H6)Slide39
c.
Naming
1)
Follow
alkane
rules 2) Start with name benzene 3) Put alkyle group name in front of benzeneExample1. Draw the strucutre for 1,2-dimethylbenzeneSlide40
2. What is this compound?
1-ethyl-2-methylbenzeneSlide41
3. What is the structure for
3-butyl-6ethyl-1,2-dimethylbenzene