Building Trust Guiding Reform Michael Johnston Colgate University Hamilton New York mjohnstoncolgateedu 8 May 2013 Choosing targets tracking reform Are we making progress or doing harm ID: 411330
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Slide1
The Many Dilemmas of Corruption: Building Trust, Guiding Reform
Michael Johnston
Colgate University
Hamilton, New York
mjohnston@colgate.edu
8 May 2013Slide2
Choosing targets, tracking reformAre we making progress, or doing harm? Are we having any effect at all?What are the most critical targets?Can we show citizens reform is real?
All pose problems of
measurement
and
assessment…Slide3
Behind the index numbers…What does “a high level of corruption” mean?The one-number problem
Tracking
change
…?
Developing societies’ scores can suffer from corruption originating elsewhere
Low-corruption
societies:
sustaining
factors are not
what got them
there
One-dimensional indices treat corruption as the same thing
everywhere
…Slide4
What indices do and don’t tell us…Slide5
Contrasting syndromes of corruption? Influence Markets strong institutions, mature markets and democracy
Elite Cartels
moderately strong institutions, gradually liberalizing markets and politics
Oligarchs and Clans
very weak institutions, rapidly liberalizing markets and politics
Official Moguls
very weak institutions, political power personalized, liberalizing marketsSlide6
Influence markets…Private interests buy influence within well-institutionalized public agencies; parties and politicians often are intermediaries trading in access Examples: USA, Japan, Germany…Slide7
Elite Cartels…Networks of elites in collusion, staving off rising political, economic competitionExamples: Italy, Botswana, Korea…Slide8
Oligarchs and Clans…In a setting of insecurity and weak institutions, oligarchs and followers feed on both the public and private sectors, using violence to protect their gains Examples: Russia, The Philippines, and (recently) MexicoSlide9
Official Moguls…Top figures, their power both personal and official, engage in corruption with impunity, channel benefits to selves and favorites Examples: China, Indonesia, Kenya…Slide10
The evolving agenda of reform…Official moguls: increase pluralism, open up safe political, economic spaceOligarchs and clans: open up safe space, supporting reform activismElite cartels: supporting reform activism, open up safe space
Influence markets
: maintaining accountability, supporting reform activismSlide11
Ends versus means:Collective action problems are seriousInstead of devising grand strategies and seeking citizen supportImplement reforms helping citizens defend themselves by political meansClose the loop: show citizens that reforms build fairness, better quality of lifeSlide12
Indicators and benchmarks…How effectively does government perform basic tasks? Build public support, allow effective leaders to take creditAre easily understood, inexpensive to gather, and can be
“actionable”
Are
institution-building in
their own right
Can squeeze out the scope for corruption
But
open to opposition, misuse…Slide13
Broader issues to track:Expectations and trustCapital flight, levels of conflict/confidenceDepth and breadth of economic developmentDepth and breadth of citizen participation
Efficiency, credibility of anti-corruption agencies
Citizen
“report cards”
on
government
Civil society evaluates services, works with leaders, sees
results
“Crowdsourcing” for dataSlide14
Make haste slowly…First, do no harm; then, build trustFight corruption indirectly, over long termBuild institutions as a foundation for liberalization; build trust through
services
Consider
kinds
of corruption – not just more/less
Know what
not
to
doHalfway measures can be valuableReform systems, not
just cases, offenders