Understanding Cancer Developed by Lewis J Kleinsmith PhD Donna Kerrigan MS Jeanne Kelly Brian Hollen Discusses and illustrates what cancer is explains the link between genes and cancer and discusses what is known about the causes detection and diagnosis of the disease ID: 777455
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Understanding Cancer and Related TopicsUnderstanding Cancer
Developed by:Lewis J. Kleinsmith, Ph.D.Donna Kerrigan, M.S.Jeanne KellyBrian HollenDiscusses and illustrates what cancer is, explains the link between genes and cancer, and discusses what is known about the causes, detection, and diagnosis of the disease.
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Slide2What Is Cancer?
Slide3Different Kinds of Cancer
Lung Breast (women) Colon Bladder Prostate (men)
Some common
sarcomas:
Fat
Bone
Muscle
Lymphomas:
Lymph nodes
Leukemias:
Bloodstream
Some common carcinomas:
Slide4Naming Cancers
Prefix Meaningadeno- glandchondro- cartilageerythro- red blood cellhemangio- blood vesselshepato- liverlipo- fatlympho- lymphocytemelano- pigment cellmyelo- bone marrowmyo- muscleosteo- bone
Cancer Prefixes Point to Location
Slide5Loss of Normal Growth Control
Cancer cell divisionFourth orlater mutation
Third mutation
Second mutation
First mutation
Uncontrolled growth
Cell Suicide or Apoptosis
Cell damage—
no repair
Normal
cell division
Slide6Example of Normal Growth
Cell migrationDermis
Dividing cells in basal layer
Dead cells
shed from
outer surface
Epidermis
Slide7The Beginning of Cancerous Growth
Underlying tissue
Slide8Tumors (Neoplasms)
Underlying tissue
Slide9Invasion and Metastasis
3Cancer cells reinvade and grow at new location1Cancer cells invade surrounding tissues and blood vessels2Cancer cells are transported by the circulatory system to distant sites
Slide10Malignant versus Benign Tumors
Malignant (cancer) cells invade neighboring tissues, enter blood vessels, and metastasize to different sitesTime
Benign (not cancer) tumor cells grow only locally and cannot spread by invasion or metastasis
Slide11Why Cancer Is Potentially Dangerous
Melanoma cells travel through bloodstreamMelanoma(initial tumor)
Brain
Liver
Slide12Genes and Cancer
Chromosomes are DNA moleculesHeredity
Radiation
Chemicals
Viruses
Slide13DNA Structure
DNA molecule
Chemical
bases
G
C
T
A
Slide14DNA Mutation
AdditionsDeletions
Normal gene
Single base change
DNA
C
T
A
G
C
G
A
A
C
T
A
C
A
G
G
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Slide15Oncogenes
Mutated/damaged oncogeneOncogenes accelerate cell growth and division
Cancer cell
Normal cell
Normal
genes
regulate
cell growth
Slide16Proto-Oncogenes and Normal Cell Growth
ReceptorNormal Growth-Control Pathway
DNA
Cell proliferation
Cell nucleus
Transcription
factors
Signaling enzymes
Growth factor
Slide17Oncogenes are
Mutant Forms of Proto-OncogenesCell proliferation driven by internal oncogene signalingTranscription
Activated gene regulatory protein
Inactive intracellular signaling protein
Signaling protein from active oncogene
Inactive growth factor receptor
Slide18Tumor Suppressor Genes
Normal genes prevent cancerRemove or inactivate tumor suppressor genes
Mutated/inactivated tumor suppressor genes
Damage to
both genes
leads to
cancer
Cancer cell
Normal cell
Slide19Tumor Suppressor Genes
Act Like a Brake PedalTumor Suppressor Gene Proteins
DNA
Cell nucleus
Signaling
enzymes
Growth factor
Receptor
Transcription
factors
Cell proliferation
Slide20p53 Tumor Suppressor ProteinTriggers Cell Suicide
Normal cellCell suicide(Apoptosis)
p53 protein
Excessive DNA damage
Slide21DNA Repair Genes
CancerNo cancer
No DNA repair
Normal DNA repair
Base pair mismatch
T
C
A
T
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A
G
T
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Slide22Cancer Tends to Involve Multiple Mutations
Malignant cells invade neighboring tissues, enter blood vessels, and metastasize to different sitesMore mutations, more genetic instability, metastatic diseaseProto-oncogenes mutate to oncogenes
Mutations inactivate DNA repair genes
Cells proliferate
Mutation inactivates suppressor gene
Benign tumor cells
grow only locally and cannot spread by invasion or metastasis
Time
Slide23Mutations and Cancer
Genes Implicated in Cancer
Slide24Cancer Tends to
Corrupt Surrounding EnvironmentGrowth factors = proliferationBlood vessel
Proteases
Cytokines
Matrix
Fibroblasts, adipocytes
Invasive
Cytokines, proteases = migration & invasion
Slide25We would like to hear from you . . .
If you have questions about this tutorial’s content, suggestions for new topics, or other feedback on the Web site, please send an e-mail to kerrigad@mail.nih.gov.If you have questions about this tutorial’s artwork or want permission to use it, please send an e-mail to beankelly@verizon.net.