Session 5 - Overview of sample survey methods to measure migration - PowerPoint Presentation

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Session 5 - Overview of sample survey methods to measure migration

G.

Cantisani

Freelance Expert in Population Data/Statistics

UNECE Workshop on Migration

Statistics

Minsk

,

28-29

May

2015

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III.A - Sample

survey

overviewTopics for migration studiesTypes of sample surveysChoosing the most useful surveysIII.B - Survey design and implementationDefinition of target populationQuestionnaire design and contentsSampling designThe whole survey process and other key phasesIII.C - Review of sample surveys and recommendations for improvement in the CIS RegionReview of sample surveys recently implementedGeneral AssessmentProposals and recommendations for improvement

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Current proposal for Chapter III

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Contents of this presentation (as from Section III.A)

Topics and statistical sources of migration data collection (basically representing III.A.1)

Types of sample surveys (III.A.2)Border or passenger surveysGeneral household surveys Household migration-specialized surveys (‘household migration surveys’ hereinafter)Other migration-specialised surveysChoosing the most useful surveys (conclusions, III.A.3)Main references: ILO-1997, UNSD-1998, RB-2007, …3

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Successive needs/levels of measurement

The number of migrants arriving to, living in or departing from a country.The main demographic and socio-economic characteristics of migrants.

Other personal characteristics of migrants and the characteristics of

their households and housing.

The pre-migration situation and full biographies of migrants

.

The consequences (impact) and possible future features and trends of migration (e.g., the use of remittances, the personal attitudes and values, the migration intentions).

Information on non-migrants.

Longitudinal analysis (panel approach).The direct in-depth investigations on specific categories of migrants or waves of them due to episodic circumstances.

Topics and statistical sources

of

migration data

collection

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A possible classification of

statistical sourcesPopulation and housing censusesBorder or passenger surveysHousehold surveys Surveys on general social topics such as labour marketSurveys focusing on migrationOther types of exhaustive or sample surveys based on counts, interviews and/or other methods (including direct or indirect data collection, mixed surveys, studies, …)

Topics and statistical sources of migration data

collection

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Main aspects of data sources

(1)Periodicity/frequencyApplicability (e.g., border surveys in case of long land borders)Coverage and data collection units(e.g., de jure vs. de facto population; internal/international migration; household/individuals; emigration of whole households)Data collection tools, definitions and requirements

(e.g.,

household roster

& modules; usual residence; previous residence &

threshold/cut-off period or date)

Sampling and

generalisation of

results(e.g., frame, design, size, catching of migrants or relevant households)Approach of data collection (e.g., periodic vs. longitudinal surveys; proxy interviews)

Topics and statistical sources of migration data

collection

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Main aspects of data sources

(2)Special investigations (e.g., determinants and impacts of migration; attitudes and intentions; use of remittances)Statistical significance and reliability of resultsBurden to respondents and acceptability (e.g., surveys undertaken outside the NSS)Evolution of methodsCosts

Topics and statistical sources of migration data collection

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A broad classification of statistical sources in respect of the needs/levels of measurement

Population census more for quantitative measurements on levels, patterns and trends of migration (as the administrative sources), in combination with a wide range of other information.Sample surveys more flexible and feasible, useful for more in-depth investigations and complementary qualitative information, in particular the determinants

and consequences of migration mainly through specialised surveys.

Both sources in principle needed for defining

and implementing policy measures relevant for migration

and development.

Topics and statistical sources of migration

data

collection

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Border surveys

Main featuresNormally implemented to measure international migration, tourism and other topics.Based on face-to-face interviews at (selected) border

points.

Best suited to countries where border points are controlled and

limited.

Also suitable to prepare other

surveys.

Main constraints:

Possibility to have a limited number of migrants in the sample leading to large sampling errors (e.g., 0.3% of passengers interviewed in the UK IPS catches about 1% of migrants only)

Duration of movements based on

intentions

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Border surveys

ComponentsA module of ‘screening questions’ on personal data such a the country of citizenship or residence and the reason of travel useful to identify passengers eligible for the interview.

One or more

modules

of questions to be addressed to the

respondents screened-in

for surveying on

international migration or other topics of investigation.A migration module may include further personal data such as marital status, educational attainment and economic status, information linked to the status or intention of migrants as well as information on the composition and residence of family members.

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Main initiatives

The International Passenger Surveys (IPSs) of United Kingdom and Cyprus.Field-based exercises for estimating the flows of migrants in Libya episodically conducted in the main

cities in the South of Country (around 2012).

A

survey on migrant workers leaving from Pakistan to the Middle East implemented in three international airports

(1979).

Surveys implemented at borders between Mexico and the US

.

Border surveys

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General household surveys

ReferenceSurveys on labour market, income & expenditure, health, living conditions, other social topic or multi-purposes:LFS – Labour Force SurveyHBS – Household Budget SurveyDHS – Demographic and Health SurveyLSMS – Living Standard Measurement SurveyMICS – Multiple Indicator Cluster SurveyEU-SILC – EU Survey on Income and Living Conditions…

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General household surveys

Main features for measuring migration (1)Specific requirements and shrewdnesses

for the selection

of samples

useful

to

cover the

group of migrants or a number of them enough for the survey, in combination with the country migration profile:A large general sample, and/or

A high incidence of the specific category of migrants subject to investigation

.

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General household surveys

Main features for measuring migration (2)Specific requirements and shrewdnesses for

the design of survey

questionnaire

:

Household roster, with questions on in principle all household members (present, absent or even former members), and

Specific modules on internal

and/or international migration

for selected household members or the household as whole (e.g., a module on work activity prior to immigration or in the destination countries vs. a module on remittances received by the household).

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General household surveys

Approaches for measuring migrationOne or more questions useful to identify migrants within the households

Questions on country of birth, country of citizenship or place

of

previous.

Questions allowing

to determine the country of residence at

a

specific time in the past and the time(s) of arrival for permanent residence.One or more separate modules on categories of population or aspects,

normally

in combination with one or more

questions,

depending

on the migration profile of

country, the

purposes of investigation and the possibility to identify the different categories of data collection units and

respondents.

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General household surveys

A possible questioning for identifying migrantsWhere were you born? Where were you living on (a specific past date)?

[If in the same place/country]

When

did you arrive at your current residence?

[If in another place/country]

When did you (last) come to live in this place/country?

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General household surveys

Adoption of migration questions/modulesLFSs or employment/unemployment surveys: main case, frequent and often regular surveys, based on large samples, often already including some relevant questions and so adopted for measuring migration.HBSs: also quite frequent surveys, ideal for knowing about the impact of migrant remittances on the households.LSMSs: flexible surveys, with normally nationally representative but small samples, quite heavy questionnaires, so more rarely used.DHSs: less frequent surveys, with nationally representative samples, less used for migration.Other surveys: case by case.

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Main initiatives

The LFSs of Armenia, Moldova, Ukraine and other countries worldwide based on the ILO Labour Migration Module (since 2006).Other general surveys of CIS countries, including

panel surveys.

The

LFSs of selected EU countries

like

Poland (in 2007, for immigration and emigration modules

) and

United Kingdom and all EU countries for the ad hoc modules (in 2008 and 2014).The National Demographic Survey of Morocco (2009/10) – as a panel survey.The LSMSs

and DHSs of countries like India, Philippines, Mexico, Costa Rica, Ecuador and

Colombia (in 2005-2014).

General household surveys

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Household migration surveys

Main featuresMost suitable to inform about

the migratory histories (

the

why

,

when

and

how of migration), the complete profiles, ways of life, attitudes as well as future the plans of individuals and households, i.e. the determinants, modalities, and consequences of migration.

Flexible, may focus on specific components or aspects of migration such as the immigration of foreigners or selected groups of them into the country, the emigration of nationals abroad, the return migration or the intention of people towards emigrating abroad, separately or at same time.

May apply to individuals as well as households as such.

Generally also focus on ‘

control groups

’ of individuals (e.g., non-migrants) and households (non-migrant households

)

.

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A possible

classificationImmigration surveysEmigration surveys

One-way surveys (i.e. surveys

carried out in the countries of origin

O or destination D)

Both-way surveys (i.e.,

surveys

carried out in

countries O and D – ‘linked origin/destination country surveys’)Surveys on immigration and emigrationSurveys on internal migration

Surveys on specific topics (e.g., remittances)

Household migration surveys

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Household migration surveys

Main initiatives (in EU, CIS, MED & African countries)Recent migration surveys of Armenia, Tajikistan and UkraineA proposal of survey programme in CIS countries (World Bank Project

MiRPAL -

Migration

and Remittances Peer-Assisted

Learning

)

REMUAO –

Réseau d'Enquêtes sur les Migrations et Urbanisation en Afrique de l'OuestEUROSTAT/NIDI Project Push & Pull Factors RDT – Return Migration and Development Platform (under EUI, including CRIS and MIREM)Africa Migration and Remittances Project (the World Bank)

Patterns

of Migration and Human Resources

Development

(ETF)

MAFE –

Migration

between Africa and Europe

MED-HIMS –

Household International Migration Surveys in MED countries

TEMPER

–

Temporary vs Permanent

Migration

Immigration

surveys

of Spain

, France, Italy and

Israel

Longitudinal surveys on immigration in Canada, US, Australia and NZ

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Household migration surveys

The proposal for studying international migration and remittances in the CIS countriesProposed in 2012 under the World Bank Project MiRPAL

(in RB-2012) following an assessment (in RB-2011).

Programme

of both-way surveys similar to

the EUROSTAT/NIDI

Project playing on the ‘

migration system

’ represented by CIS countries.Adopting the same study population (i.e. out-migrants, return migrants and non-migrants) and similar definitions and methodologies in the two types of countries.Based on changes of permanent residence involving a change of country occurred within the past 10

years

.

Sampling based on the stratification

with disproportionate probabilities of selection

of area units and

then a two-phase

selection of households.

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Other migration surveys

Main features (1)Residual category, including a varying range of targeted operations and data collection

strategies.

Main features (eventually alternative):

The implementation

in places different from

border points or households (e.g., workplaces, public places, refugees camps)

The data collection from

respondents and/or informants different from migrants

The use of methods different from interviews or the combination

of

them (e.g., surveys based on self-compilation of questionnaires or a study based

on interviews of

individuals, in-depth

interviews with experts and focus group

discussions)

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Other migration surveys

Main features (2)Surveys on specific categories of migrants or descendants of migrants, such as:

Usual groups like migrant workers or international

students

Second generations

Irregular

migrants

People

living in collective householdsMigrants receiving a form of protection or assistance

People

who massively concentrate in urban suburbs

Members

of diasporas communities

abroad

Surveys

on several aspects of migration such

as

Remittances sent by hometown

associations to

organisations

and communities in their home

country

Social

remittances

of migrant workers

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Other migration surveys

Main features (3)Opportunities but also risks from the limited availability of methodological references and the variety

, flexibility and subjectiveness of methods.

Recommendations for moving on carefully, adopting precautionary measures, exchanging opinions

and learn from

existing surveys under the international coordination.

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Other migration surveys

Main initiativesThe mapping of Moldovan diaspora in selected EU countries prepared on behalf IOM (2012).

Several rounds of surveys on irregular migration in Italy adopting the Center

Sampling Technique (since

nineties).

An

exercise

for

estimating the size of illegally resident population in the four largest Dutch cities (1998).A study on mixed migration in Libya prepared on behalf of UNCHR (2013).The profiling and assessment exercises on IDPs, urban migrants or other categories of migrants carried out the Joint IDP Profiling Service (JIPS) using a variety or integration

of data collection methods and sampling strategies (since around 2010

).

The

Mexican Migration

Project gathering

data

on regular

and irregular Mexican migrants to the

US (since 1982).

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Main conditions for using/setting sample surveys

Migration profile of countryNeeds of information Degree of understanding of the usefulness of evidence-based policy-making by the governmental servicesExisting availability of operations and data/statisticsDistinction between quantitative and qualitative measurementsInter-institutional collaborationTechnical capabilities and financial resources

Conclusions

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Example

A country with a unchanging migration profile, with significant permanent inflows of labour migrants since decades, with good levels of integration and irrelevant outflows. Integrated system based on statistics based on administrative sources (available on yearly/quarterly frequency), population census (every ten year) and a household specialised survey (less frequently). A main general household survey for monitoring the yearly migration flows and more in-depth investigation on specific topics covered through rolling modules.……..

Conclusions

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Main opportunities

To choose the surveys and their specific modalities within a comprehensive systems aiming to answer the different needs.To build systems suitable for possible even fast adaptation and consider the development of data registration, the introduction of methodologies and means more tailored to the specific cases (e.g., Internet and mobile communication) as well as the synergies between operations, institutions and countries (e.g., both-way surveys). Conclusions

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Thank you for

your attention