VentilatoryregulationTable1ControlofrespirationControllersEffectorsAfferentsEffectsDorsalRespiratorygroupDorsomedialmedullaventrolateraltothesolitarytractUpperairwaysintraarterialchemoreceptorsandlu ID: 887587
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1 RespiratoryPhysiologyDuringVipinMalik,,D
RespiratoryPhysiologyDuringVipinMalik,,DanielSmith,TeofiloLee-ChiongJr,Therespiratorysystemprovidescontinuoushomeostasisofpartialpressuresofarterialoxygen),carbondioxide(P Ventilatoryregulation Table1ControlofrespirationControllers/EffectorsAfferentsEffectsDorsalRespiratorygroupDorsomedialmedulla,ventrolateraltothesolitarytractUpperairways,intra-ar
2 terialchemoreceptors,andlungafferentsvia
terialchemoreceptors,andlungafferentsviathe5and10cranialnerves,IncreasedfrequencyofarampingpatternoffiringduringcontinuedVentralRespiratoryGroupVentrolateralmedullaResponsetotheneedforforcedexpirationoccurringduringexerciseorwithincreasedairwaysresistanceRespiratoryeffectorsmusclesareinnervatedfromtheVRGviaphrenic,intercostalandabdominalPneumotaxic
3 centerRostralponsconsistsofthenucleuspar
centerRostralponsconsistsofthenucleusparabrachialisandtheKolliker-FusePontineinputservestofinetunerespiratorypatternsandmayadditionallymodulateresponsestohypercapnia,hypoxia,andlungDurationofinspirationandprovidetonicinputtorespiratorypatternApneusticcenterLowerponsPneumotaxiccenterandvagalinputProvidesignalsthatsmoothlyterminateinspiratoryeffortsC
4 entralChemoreceptorsVentrolateralsurface
entralChemoreceptorsVentrolateralsurfaceofmedullaExtracellularfluid[H+]concentrationRespondtochangesinbrainextracellularfluid[H+]concentrationPeripheralChemoreceptorsCarotidbodiesandtheaorticbodiesAfferentinputtothemedullathroughthe9cranialnerveRespondmainlytoPaO,butalsotochangesinPaCOandpHPulmonaryMechanoreceptors1.PSRsarelocatedinproximalairwaysm
5 oothmuscles.2.J-receptorsarelocatedinthe
oothmuscles.2.J-receptorsarelocatedinthejuxtacapillaryareaandappeartomediatedyspneainthesettingofpulmonaryvascularcongestion3.Bronchialc-fibers1.Respondtoinflation,especiallyinthesettingofhyperinflation2.Mediatedyspneainthesettingofpulmonaryvascularcongestion3.AffectbronchomotortoneandrespondtopulmonaryinflammationMaliketal andtheventralrespiratory
6 group(VRG)(Fig.1Locatedinthedorsomedialm
group(VRG)(Fig.1Locatedinthedorsomedialmedulla,ventrolateraltothesolitarytract,theDRGwaspreviouslybelievedtobethesiteofrhythmicinspiratorydrive.Morerecentresearchinanimalmodelssuggeststhattherespiratoryrhythmisgeneratedbyagroupofcellsknownasthepre-Botzingercomplex,anetworkofcellssurroundingtheBotzingercom-plexintheventrolateralmedulla.Themedullaryc
7 entersrespondtodirectinflu-encesfromtheu
entersrespondtodirectinflu-encesfromtheupperairways,intra-arterialchemo-receptors,andlungafferentsviathefifth,ninthandtenthcranialnerves,respectively.TheDRGappearstobeactiveprimarilyduringinspiration,withincreasedfrequencyofarampingpatternoffiringduringcontinuedinspiration.TheVRG,locatedwithintheventrolateralmedulla,containsbothinspiratoryandexpira
8 toryneurons.VRGoutputincreasesinresponse
toryneurons.VRGoutputincreasesinresponsetotheneedforforcedexpirationoccurringduringexerciseorwithincreasedairwaysresistance.Respiratoryeffec-torsmusclesareinnervatedfromtheVRGviaphrenic,intercostal,andabdominalmotoneurons.Poorlyunderstoodpontineinfluencesfurtherregulateandcoordinateinspiratoryandexpiratorycontrol.Thepneumotaxiccenterintherostral Fi
9 g.1.Asimplifieddiagramoftheprincipaleffe
g.1.Asimplifieddiagramoftheprincipalefferent()andafferent()respiratorycontrolpathways.Asectionthroughthebrain,brainstem,andspinalcordisshown(withpertinentrespiratoryareasindicatedby),asarethecentralnervoussystemlinkswiththerespiratoryapparatus.(Netterillustrationfromhttp://www.netterimages.comElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved.)RespiratoryPhysiologyDuri