By Dr V S Karpe Dept of Economics Sarvajanik Arts amp Commerce College Visarwadi Tal Navapur Dist Nandurbar MS Definition and Scope of economics Economics is defined as a body of knowledge or study that discusses how a society tries to solve the human problem of ID: 1042650
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1. Micro Economics Scope Nature and ScopeByDr. V. S. KarpeDept. of EconomicsSarvajanik Arts & Commerce College, Visarwadi, Tal. Navapur, Dist. Nandurbar. (MS)
2. Definition and Scope of economicsEconomics is defined as a body of knowledge or study that discusses how a society tries to solve the human problem of scarce resources and unlimited wants
3. Basic AssumptionsCeteris Paribus ( All other things remaining equal)Rationality (Consumers and producers measure and compare the costs and benefits of a decision before going ahead)
4. Types of economic analysisMicro and MacroPositive and NormativeShort run and long run
5. Micro and Macro economicsMicroeconomics is the study the economic behaviour of an individual, a firm or an industry. Study of product pricing, consumer behaviour, factor pricing, study of firms, location of the industry.Macro economics is the study of aggregates such as the overall conditions of the economy such as total production, total consumption, total saving, total investment.Study of national income, balance of trade and investment, employment and economic growth
6. Short run and long runShort run is a time period not enough for consumers and producers to adjust completely to any new situation. (Usually capital is fixed and labour is variable)Long run represents the time period for the business in which all factors of production may be varied.
7. Positive and normativePositive economics establishes a relationship between cause and effect. ( The distribution of income in India is unequal)Normative economics is concerned with questions involving value judgments. (The distribution of income in India should be equal)
8. Basic concepts in managerial economicsResource allocation – What to produce? How to produce ? For whom to produce.Opportunity cost – It is what we give up when we make a choice.Production possibilities curve – it shows the maximum output of two goods or services that can be produced given the current level of resources available and maximum efficiency in production
9. Basic concepts in managerial economicsMarginal utility is the amount by which consumer well-being or total utility changes when the consumption of a good or service changes by one unit.Marginal revenue is the change in total revenue which results from increasing the quantity sold by one unitMarginal cost is the change in the total cost which results from increasing the quantity produced by one unit
10. Basic concepts in managerial economicsBusiness objectives – Profit maximization, maximization of sales revenue.Risk and uncertainty – Risk occurs in economic decision making where there is an element of chance or injury . Discounting – is concerned with the fact that the costs and benefits arising in future years are worth less to us than costs and benefits arising today
11. Basic concepts in managerial economicsPerfectly competitive market – numerous small sellers each offering identical products with complete freedom of entry and exit. Each firm is a price taker rather than a price maker. ( eg. Wheat)Monopolistically competitive market – many sellers , degree of product differentiation exists.( eg retailing through the use of branded products, packaging and advertising)Oligopolistic competition – a small number of relatively large firms which are constantly aware of each other’s actions and reactions regarding price and competition.( eg oil companies)Monopoly – Sole supplier, faces no competition , is a price maker . Eg electricity distribution companies
12. Market StructurePerfect competitionMonopolistic CompetitionOligopolyMonopolyMarket attributesNumber of buyers and sellersVery highVery manyFew suppliersOne supplierDegree of product differentiationNilVery lowUsually highVery highMarket entry and exit barriersNilNilHighVery high