Independence and Development in the Global South Experiments with Culture The Role of Islam in Turkey and Iran Experiments with Culture Common issue all across the developing world how to balance older traditions with modernity and Western cultureoutlooks ID: 656319
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Slide1
AP World HistoryChapter 23“Independence and Development in the Global South”
Experiments with Culture:
The Role of Islam in Turkey and IranSlide2
Experiments with Culture
Common issue all across the developing world = how to balance older traditions with modernity and Western culture/outlooks
Older traditions: Hinduism, Confucianism, Islam, etc.
Western outlooks: scientific outlook, technology, capitalism, focus on material values, etc.Good examples of two very different approaches to this issue = Islam in Turkey vs. Islam in IranSlide3
Islam in Turkey
Turkey = new nation created out of the remnants of the Ottoman Empire
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st leader = General Mustafa Kemal AtatürkWanted to transform Turkey into a modern, secular (non-religious) stateBelieved modernization required the removal of Islam from
public
life, leaving it only to the
personal/private realmResult = he ended the direct political role of Islam in TurkeySlide4
Atatürk: Political and Religious Reforms
Eliminated position of sultan
Abolished the “caliphate” system
Closed many Sufi organizations, sacred tombs, and religious schoolsAbolished many religious titlesDissolved Islamic courtsReplaced the sharia with secular law codes
Encouraged the celebration of pre-Islamic Turkish culture
Entertainment at the Turkish OlympicsSlide5
Atatürk: Social Reforms
Ordered men to abandon the traditional
fez
and wear brimmed hats insteadWomen not forced to wear a veilEncouraged European-style clothingAbolished polygamyWomen granted equal rights in divorce, inheritance, and child custody1934 = women granted the right to vote and hold public office
Public beaches opened to women
Mustafa AtatürkSlide6
Modernization in Iran
Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi ruled Iran from 1941 to 1979
Promoted Iran’s modernization with his “White Revolution”
Redistributed land to many of Iran’s poor peasantsGranted women the right to voteInvested in rural health care and educationStarted many industrial projectsOffered workers a share of industries’ profits
Built a solid alliance with the U.S.Slide7
Modernization in Iran: Growing Opposition
Local merchants = threatened by an explosion of imported Western goods and competition from large businesses
Ulama
(religious leaders) = offended by secular education programs that bypassed Islamic schools, as well as state control of religious institutionsEducated professionals = found Iran’s dependence on the West disturbingRural migrants to the cities = faced rising costs and unemploymentSlide8
Modernization in Iran: Growing Opposition
Mosques = became the main centers for this growing opposition movement
Led by
Shi’ite religious leadersEmerging leader of this movement = Ayatollah
Ruholla
KhomeiniIn 1979 = massive urban demonstrations, strikes, and defections from the military forced the shah to abdicate the throne and leave IranSlide9
The Iranian Revolution (1979)
Also known as the Islamic Revolution
Cultural revolution = exact opposite of
Atatürk’s revolution and reforms in TurkeyGoal = increased Islamization of public lifeNew government = an “Islamic Republic”Technically included a constitution and an elected parliament
In reality = the
ulama
and other religious leaders had dominant powerHeaded by KhomeiniSlide10
The Iranian Revolution: Political Reforms
Purpose of government = to apply the law of Allah as expressed in the
sharia
Judges not competent in Islamic law = dismissedSecular law codes under previous shah = discardedSlide11
The Iranian Revolution: Educational Reforms
200 universities and colleges closed for 2 years while textbooks, curricula, and faculty were “purified” of non-Islamic influences
Elementary and high schools = now gave priority to religious instruction and teaching Arabic
40,000 teachers fired because not “devoted” enough to IslamPre-Islamic history and literature = abandonedSlide12
The Iranian Revolution: Women
1983 = all women required to wear a
hijab
– head-to-toe coveringMilitants/guards = enforced thisPunishments for a “bad” hijab
= harassment, public lashings, or even imprisonment
Sexual segregation in schools, parks, beaches, and public transportation
Legal age of marriage for girls = reduced to 9 with parental consent; 13 (then 15) without itMarried women could not file for divorce or go to schoolSlide13
“Exporting” Islam
Khomeini wanted to spread Islam throughout the world
Wanted the replacement of insufficiently Islamic regimes in the Middle East
Appealed to Shi’ite minorities in Lebanon, Syria, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, and IraqIntensified the divide between the Shi’ite minority and the Sunni majority
1980-1989 = war between Khomeini’s Islamized Iran and Saddam Hussein’s highly secularized
IraqSlide14
Maintaining Economic Modernity in Iran
Oil revenues in Iran = fund its development
Early 21
st century = Iran was pursuing nuclear power and (perhaps) nuclear weapons