The Modern Era 17501900 Remember the Ottomans Conquered Constantinople in 1453 Istanbul Golden Age under Suleyman Magnificent in mid 16 th c Janissaries Blend Byzantine Arab amp Persian styles ID: 585816
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Slide1
Ottoman Empire
The Modern Era (1750-1900)Slide2
Remember the Ottomans?
Conquered Constantinople in 1453: Istanbul“Golden Age” under Suleyman Magnificent in mid 16
th
c.
Janissaries Blend Byzantine, Arab, & Persian stylesDominate overland trade routesSlide3
The Acorn . . . specifics
5.1 Industrialization and Global Capitalism
Iv. There
were major developments in transportation and communication including railroads, steamships, telegraphs and canals
.
V. The development and spread of global capitalism led to a variety of
responses.
C. In
a small number of states, governments promoted their own state-sponsored visions of industrialization. (such as the economic reforms of Meiji Japan, the development of factories and railroads in Tsarist Russia, China’s Self-Strengthening program or Muhammad Ali’s development of a cotton textile industry in Egypt)
5.2 Imperialism
and Nation-State
Formation
II.
Imperialism influenced state formation and contraction around the world
.
C. Anti-imperial
resistance led to the contraction of the Ottoman Empire. (such as the establishment of independent states in the Balkans, semi-independence in Egypt. French and Italian colonies in North Africa or later British influence in Egypt
)
5.3
Nationalism, Revolution, and Reform
Increasing
discontent with imperial rule and the spread of Enlightenment ideas propelled reformist and revolutionary movements
.
F. Responses
to increasingly frequent rebellions led to reforms in imperial policies. (such as the
Tanzimat
movement . .
.)Slide4
Ottoman Empire at beginning of Modern EraSlide5
Ottoman Decline (18th
& 19th c.): the Sick Man of Europe
Government corruption, ineptitude, series of assassinations
Competition
from European products &
usurpation of trade routes
by Europeans led to economic decline
Intellectual
stagnationSlide6
Challenges to the Ottoman Empire
The West: Napoleon invaded Muslim heartland of Egypt in 1798 & quickly conquered weak Ottoman Egyptian forces. He was only expelled because of British aid/alliance.
Decentralization:
As the empire decayed, regional forces from within the Empire began to emerge.
Inspired by Enlightenment ideas & nationalistic fervor, Christian regions of the
Balkans
rebelled with European encouragement & achieved independence.
Muhammad Ali
strengthens & separates EgyptSlide7
Greek War for Independence:
1821-1832Slide8
Crimean War: 1854-1856
Otto, FR, & Brit v. Russia
Origins: Russian expansionism & conflict over holy lands
Used railways & telegraphs and female nurses
Ended with agreement to respect Ottoman’s independence & territorial integrity --keep
“The sick man of Europe”
aroundSlide9
Muhammad Ali “Father of Modern Egypt”
Ottoman sultan appointed him as
governor
(pasha) over Egypt in 1805.
Instituted lots of reforms:
Land reform
Tax system
Euro-style bureaucracy
Agricultural improvements …led to LOTS of cotton production --Egypt became one of world’s largest cotton producers
Modern printing press & education systems
Military reformed along Euro lines
Even tried to overthrow Ottomans …but prevented by French & British --
why would the French & British care/interfere???Slide10
British take over Egypt
When Muhammad Ali died in 1848, Egypt was most powerful state in Mid East, but it quickly declined.
Completion
of Suez Canal
in 1869 made Egypt of vital strategic importance to the British as a link to their colonies in India & Africa.
Modernization (including the canal) was expensive & Egypt had a LOT of
foreign debt
.
After the US Civil War when world
cotton market
collapsed from overproduction, Egypt couldn’t pay its international debts ….
… So,
Britain took control
of state finances & the Suez Canal. After putting down a nationalist uprising in 1882, Britain made Egypt a protectorate. Slide11
The Suez Canal gives ‘the lion’s share’ to the British with the key to IndiaSlide12
Tanzimat Reforms
mid 19
th
century
attempts
to
modernize
the Ottoman Empire,
(army, education, legal reforms)
Decrees guaranteed public trials, equality before the law regardless if Muslim or not
etc
Inspired by Enlightenment thought
encouraged
Ottomanism
among the diverse ethnic groups,
to
stem the tide of nationalist movements within the Ottoman Empire.
Increasing discontent and the spread of Enlightenment ideas propelled reformist and revolutionary movements (so says the Acorn) such as . . . . Tanzimat ReformsSlide13
Demise of the Ottoman Empire
end of the 19th
c, Ottomans remained as last independent Muslim state …but
weak
.
Reforms were too little, too late; opposed by Religious conservatives
Early 20
th
c, group of liberals (
Young Turks)
deposed autocratic ruler & instituted more reforms. But they ended up supporting Germany & Austria-Hungary in WWI, & after the war the empire was broken up & occupied by foreign powers
From its ruins, a new Islamic state, the
Republic of Turkey
rose.Slide14
The Young Turks Revolt: 1908
The Committee of Union and Progress (CUP).
Mehmet Talaat
Grand Vizier,
1917-1918
Enver Pasha
Minister of War
Ottoman Commander-
in-ChiefSlide15
The Young Turks Program
Pushed for reforms
basic
democratic rights:
freedom of speech.
freedom of assembly.
freedom of the press.
Problem of nationalism within
(heterogeneous empire).Slide16
The Ottoman Empire in 1914Slide17Slide18
Varied Reaction to European Domination
Westernization:
copy the social, political, economic, & military structure of West. Usually these reforms affected only educated elites & political change was superficial.
Nationalism:
which kind do you think??
Resistance:
some hated Euro political & economic domination that often accompanied reform; lots of anti-Western riots & wars with European countries
Islamic Fundamentalism:
especially in Sudan as led by Mahdi in 1881.