Section 2 Molecules of Life Objectives Distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds Explain the importance of carbon bonding in biological molecules Identify functional groups in biological molecules ID: 1034787
Download Presentation The PPT/PDF document "Chapter 3 Biochemistry Section 1 – Car..." is the property of its rightful owner. Permission is granted to download and print the materials on this web site for personal, non-commercial use only, and to display it on your personal computer provided you do not modify the materials and that you retain all copyright notices contained in the materials. By downloading content from our website, you accept the terms of this agreement.
1. Chapter 3 BiochemistrySection 1 – Carbon CompoundsSection 2 – Molecules of Life
2. ObjectivesDistinguish between organic and inorganic compounds.Explain the importance of carbon bonding in biological molecules.Identify functional groups in biological molecules.Summarize how large carbon molecules are synthesized and broken down.Describe how the breaking down of ATP supplies energy to drive chemical reactions.
3. Carbon BondingOrganic Compounds are made primarily of carbon atoms.Most matter in living things is organicInorganic Compounds do not contain carbon atoms.Water is an example of an inorganic moleculeCarbon has four electrons in its outermost energy level.Therefore it can form four bondsCarbon readily binds with other carbon atomsCan form single, double, or triple bondsCan form straight chains, branched chains, or rings.
4. Carbon Bonds
5. Functional GroupsA cluster of atoms in many organic compounds is called a functional groupThey influence the characteristics of the molecules they compose and the chemical reactions the molecules undergo.Hydroxyl is a functional group that can make a molecule polar.Polar molecules are hydrophilic and therefore soluble in water
6.
7. Large Carbon MoleculesMonomers are the building blocks of molecules.Polymers consist of repeated linked unitsLarge polymers are called macromoleculesMonomers combine to form polymers in a condensation reaction.Water is used to break polymers down in a hydrolysis reaction
8. Energy CurrencyEnergy is available to the cells in the form of certain compounds that store a large amount of energy in their overall structure.Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP).5 carbon sugar, riboseNitrogen containing compound, adenineThree phosphate groups
9. ATPThe phosphate groups are attached to each other by covalent bonds. Relatively unstable bondsWhen the bond between the phosphate group is broken energy is released.This hydrolysis of ATP is used by the cell to provide the energy needed to drive the chemical reactions that enable an organism to function.
10. Review Questions (Complete on a separate sheet a paper. Be sure to include your name and period number.)How do inorganic and organic molecules differ?How do carbon’s bonding properties contribute to the existence of a wide variety of biological molecules?Name four types of functional groups.What role do functional groups play in the molecules in which they are found?How are monomers, polymers, and macromolecules related to each other?How is a polymer broken down?Why is ATP referred to as the “energy currency” in living things?
11. 3.2 Molecules of Life
12. ObjectivesDistinguish between monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.Explain the relationship between amino acids and protein structure.Describe the induced fit model of enzyme action.Compare the structure and function of each of the different types of lipids.Compare the nucleic acids – DNA and RNA.
13. CarbohydratesCarbohydrates are organic macromolecules that are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. These atoms are combined in a ratio of:1 carbon atom : 2 hydrogen atoms : 1 oxygen atomSome carbohydrates function in storing energy and some provide structural support.Carbohydrates can exist as monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
14. MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides are the monomers of carbohydrates.Also called simple sugarsGlucose, fructose, and galactose are the most common monosaccharides.Glucose is the main source of energy for cells.Fructose is found in fruits (sweetest monosaccharide)Galactose is found in milk
15. MonosaccharidesGlucose, fructose, and galactose have the same molecular formula, C6H12O6, but different structures.The difference in structure determines the slightly different properties of the three compounds.This is known as isomers-single chemical formula, but different structural forms
16. DisaccharidesTwo monosaccharides combine in a condensation reaction to form a double sugar, or disaccharide.Fructose and glucose combine to form sucrose
17. PolysaccharidesPolysaccharide is a complex molecule composed of three or more monosaccharides.Glycogen consists of hundreds of glucose molecules strung together is a highly branched chain.Glycogen is the storage form in animalsStarch is the storage molecule in plantsHighly branched chains similar to glycogen Long, coiled unbranched chainsCellulose is another polysaccharide made by plants.Gives plants strength and rigidity50% of wood is celluloseThousands of glucose monomer linked in long straight chains.
18. ProteinsProteins are organic compounds composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.Monomers of proteins are amino acids.Hair, horns, skin, muscles, and enzymes.
19. Amino AcidsThere are 20 different amino acids, and all share a basic structure.Amino acid contains a central carbon atom covalently bonded to four other atoms or functional groups.A single hydrogenA carboxyl group - COOHAn amino group – NH2A R group
20. Amino AcidsThe main difference among the different amino acids is in their R group.The differences among the amino acid R groups gives different proteins very different shapes.Different shapes allow proteins to carry out many different activities.
21. Dipeptides and PolypeptidesTwo amino acids bond to form a dipeptide through a condensation reaction.Held together by peptide bonds Very long chains of amino acids are called polypeptides.Proteins are composed of one or more polypeptidesSome contain hundreds of amino acidsProteins may be bent and folded in shapeDenaturing a proteins changes its shapeHeat and pH.Ex. Cooking eggs
22. EnzymesRNA or protein molecules that act as biological catalysts.Are essential for the functioning of any cell.Work by the induced fit modelEnzyme reactions depend on a physical fit between the enzyme molecule and its specific substrate (reactant being catalyzed)Enzymes have fold, or an active site the substrate fits into.Enzymes can be denatured-which causes them to change shape and they will no longer function
23.
24. LipidsLipids are large, nonpolar organic molecules. they do not dissolve in waterTriglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, waxes, and pigments.Higher ration of carbon and hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms that carbohydrates do.Three most important lipids to living things:TriglyceridesPhospholipidswaxes
25. Fatty AcidsFatty Acids are unbranched carbon chains that make up most lipidslong carbon chains with a carboxyl group, -COOH, attached at one end.The two ends have different propertiesThe carboxyl end is polar and is thus hydrophilic or attracted to waterThe hydrocarbon end is in nonpolar and therefore hydrophobic or “water fearing”
26. Fatty AcidsThe fatty acids in saturated fats do not contain any double bonds between the CH2 units Saturated fats are found in butter, cheese, chocolate, beef, and coconut oil.The fatty acids in unsaturated fats contain some carbon-carbon double bonds. Unsaturated fats are found in olives and olive oil, peanuts and peanut oil, fish, and mayonnaise.
27. TriglyceridesTriglycerides are composed of three fatty acids joined to one molecule of alcohol glycerolSaturated triglycerides are composed of saturated fatty acidsHigh melting pointsHard at room tempButter and fats in red meatUnsaturated triglycerides are composed of unsaturated fatty acidsSoft or liquid at room tempPlant seeds – serve as energy and carbon source for germinating seeds.
28. PhospholipidsPhospholipids have two fatty acid tails attached to a molecule of glycerol-phosphate group attached to the third carbon of the glycerol.Make up the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane.
29. WaxesWax is a type of structural lipid consisting of a long fatty-acid chain joined to a long alcohol chain.Waxes are waterproof provide a protective coating on the outer surface of plants.Form protective layer in animalsEar wax-stops microorganism from entering the ear canal.
30. SteroidsSteroids are composed of four fused carbon rings with various functional groups attached to them.Hormones
31. Nucleic AcidsNucleic acids are formed from nucleotide monomers. Nucleotides are chemical compounds that are primarily comprised of the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. They consist of a five-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and one or more phosphate groups.There are two main types of nucleic acids - ribonucleic acids (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA). These nucleic acids are different because their five-carbon sugars are different. RNA contains ribose, and DNA contains deoxyribose
32. Nucleic AcidsDNA and RNA also have different functions. DNA stores genetic information and encodes the sequences of all the cell's proteins. RNA is involved in the direct production of the proteins. Nucleic acids are also different because the sequence of nitrogenous bases that they contain are different. There are five nitrogenous bases found in nucleic acids. Adenine (A), cytosine (C), and guanine (G) are found in both DNA and RNA. Thymine (T) is only found in DNA, and uracil (U) is only found in RNA.
33. RNA vs. DNA
34. Review Questions (Complete on a separate sheet a paper. Be sure to include your name and period number.)Compare the structure of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.How are proteins constructed from amino acids?How do amino acids differ from one another?Describe a model of enzyme action.Why do phospholipids orient in a bilayer when in a watery environment, such as a cell?Describe how the three major types of lipids differ in structure from one another.What are the functions of the two types of nucleic acids.