H ave O ne W ithout T he Other 1 If you damage one system you may damage several like smoking which irritates the lungs and also destroys the cells of the immune system Body Systems Work Together ID: 904863
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Human Body SystemsYou Can’t Have One Without The Other
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Slide2If you damage one system, you may damage several like smoking which irritates the lungs and also destroys the cells of the immune systemBody Systems Work Together
Ardi
Rizal
2 years old
Musi
Banyuasin, IndonesiaMay 2010
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Slide3If you get excited, the nervous system works with the circulatory system by increasing your heart rate.3
Slide4AIDS destroys the Immune System As a result you may get: pneumonia (respiratory ),yeast infection (reproductive ), Candida affecting esophagus (digestive) Kaposi’s sarcoma (integumentary).4
Slide5The Human Body TeamHow does the body get the systems to work together?To answer this question, we need to recall the organizational structure of multicellular organisms.5
Slide6Levels Of Organization
ATOMS
CELLS
TISSUES
ORGANS
ORGAN SYSTEM
ORGANISM
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Slide7The Human Body has 4 Main Types of Tissues7
Slide8ORGANA group of tissues that work together to perform closely related functions.8
Slide9OrganSystemA group of organs that work together to perform a single function.9
Slide10There are 11 organ systems in the human body1. Integumentary System2. Skeletal System3. Muscular System4. Nervous System5. Endocrine System6. Cardiovascular System7. Lymphatic & Immune System8. Respiratory System9. Digestive System10. Urinary System11. Reproductive System10
Slide11Skeletal SystemYour skeleton has five major functions. It provides shape and support Enables you to move Protects your internal organs Produces blood cells Stores certain materials until your body needs them11
Slide12Major Organs of the Skeletal SystemBonesTendons connect bones to muscles.Ligaments connect bone to bone.Cartilage cushions places where bones connect and offers flexibility.12
Slide13Muscular SystemYour muscles control all movements of the body tissues, organs and bones.13
Slide14Major Tissues of the Muscular SystemYour body hasthree types of Muscle tissue.skeletal musclesmooth musclecardiac muscle
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Slide15Circulatory System akaCardiovascular SystemThe main functions is to transportOxygenNutrients Wastethroughout the body
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Slide16The main parts of the Circulatory System are:HeartBlood VesselsBlood 16
Slide17Respiratory SystemYour respiratory system moves oxygen from the outside environment into your body. It also removes carbon dioxide and water from your body.17
Slide18The Main Parts of the Respiratory system are:NoseMouthTracheaLungs Diaphragm18
Slide19The Digestive SystemThe main functions of the digestive system Breaks down food into molecules the body can absorb.Passes these molecules into the blood to be carried throughout the body.Eliminates solid wastes from the body.
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Slide20The Main Parts of the Digestive System are:20
Slide21The Excretory SystemYour excretory system collects wastes produced by cells and removes these wastes from your body. The removal process is known as excretion.Each kidney is about 4 ½ inches longWeight is 4 – 6 ouncesThe urine output varies from 1 to 2 liters per day.21
Slide22The Main Parts of the Excretory System 22
Slide23Integumentary System(it’s your skin)Your Skin has many important functions:Covers body and prevents water loss.Protects body from injury and infection. Helps regulate body temperature.Eliminate wastesGathers
information about the
environment
P
roduce
vitamin
D
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Slide24Major Parts of the Integumentary System SkinHair Nails24
Slide25Immune SystemIt’s role is to protectyou from foreign invaders.Special cells react to each kind of pathogen with defensive tactics targetedspecifically at that type ofpathogen.A pathogen is abacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease.25
Slide26Specialized Immune System CellsWhite blood cells that target specific pathogens are called lymphocytes. T-cells and B-cells are two major types of lymphocytes. Each type has a specific job.T- CellsB- Cells26
Slide27What are Antibodies?Antibodies are special proteins that recognize and defeat invading pathogens.Antibodies are made by the B-cells. Once a pathogen is encountered by the B-cells it memorizes it and next time it encounters the pathogen it will have antibodies ready to fight the pathogen.27
Slide28What are Antigens?An antigen is any substance that when introduced into the body stimulates the production of an antibody immune response. Antigens include:ToxinsBacteriaForeign blood cellsC
ells
of transplanted organs.
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Slide29What is Immunity?Immunity is a state in which the body has sufficient defenses to fight infection, disease or invasion by pathogens.Non- Specific Immunity refers to the defenses that are in place at all times and are not specific to the pathogen to which the system is responding.Skin, mucous membranes, hairs in nose and ears, enzymes in mouth and tears in eyes.29
Slide30Specific Immunity is a specific antibody response to the pathogen and has been acquired in one of several ways.Antibodies were transferred from mother to fetus across the placenta.Antibodies were transferred through breast milk from mother to child.Antibodies were built up due to prior exposure to the pathogen.Antibodies were be built up through a vaccination process.30
Slide31What is a Vaccination?Most vaccines contain a little bit of a disease germ that is weak or dead. Vaccines do NOT contain the type of germ that makes you sick.Having this little bit of the germ inside your body makes your body's immune system build antibodies to it.Vaccines can be administered by a needle, mouth and some thorough a nasal spray.In the US children are vaccinated before they can enter school for: Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Pertussis, Hepatitis B, Diphtheria, and Tetanus 31
Slide32Lymphatic SystemThe lymphatic system is an extensive drainage network that helps keep bodily fluid levels in balance and defends the body against infections.It filters out organisms that cause disease, produces certain white blood cells and generates antibodies 32
Slide33It is made up of a network of lymphatic vessels that carry lymph — a clear, watery fluid that contains protein molecules, salts, glucose, urea, and other substances — throughout the body.It works closely with the immune system and the circulatory system.The Spleen stores many of the white blood cells needed for the immune response.Major Parts of the Lymphatic System33
Slide34Regents Practice QuestionA pathogen passing from a mother to her fetus could cause (1) a decrease in the chromosome number of the fetus(2) an increase in milk production in the mother(3) gamete production to increase(4) an infection in the fetus34
Slide35Regents Practice QuestionA pathogen passing from a mother to her fetus could cause (1) a decrease in the chromosome number of the fetus(2) an increase in milk production in the mother(3) gamete production to increase(4) an infection in the fetus35
Slide36Regents Practice QuestionIt is recommended that people at risk for serious flu complications be vaccinated so that their bodies will produce (1) antigens to fight the flu virus(2) antibodies against the flu virus(3) toxins to fight the infection caused by the flu virus(4) antibiotics to reduce symptoms caused by the flu virus36
Slide37Regents Practice QuestionIt is recommended that people at risk for serious flu complications be vaccinated so that their bodies will produce (1) antigens to fight the flu virus(2) antibodies against the flu virus(3) toxins to fight the infection caused by the flu virus(4) antibiotics to reduce symptoms caused by the flu virus37
Slide38Endocrine System1. The endocrine system is a collection of ductless glands that secrete special proteins called hormones.2. The glands release the hormones into the bloodstream and they travel to the target cells or organs.3. The main function of the endocrine system is to maintain a stable environment within the body or homeostasis.4. The hormones also help the body to regulate:GrowthSexual developmentMetabolismSugar, salt and fluid levels in the blood38
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Slide4040GlandHormone ProducedEffectsHypothalamusAntidiuretic hormoneActs on the kidney to regulate fluid balancePituitary9 different hormonesGrowth and regulates other glandsThyroidThyroxineMetabolismPancreasInsulin & glucagonBlood sugarAdrenalEpinephrineHeart rate & blood pressureTestesTestosteroneSperm & male characteristicsOvariesEstrogen & progesteroneEggs & female characteristics
Glands and Hormones
Slide41Regents Practice QuestionThe diagram below shows how a chemical message produced by one cell is received by other cells. If these chemical messages are destroyed, the target cells will
(1) produce their own chemical messages
(2) not respond with appropriate actions
(3) develop different receptors
(4) no longer be produced in the organism
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Slide42Regents Practice QuestionThe diagram below shows how a chemical message produced by one cell is received by other cells. If these chemical messages are destroyed, the target cells will
(1) produce their own chemical messages
(2) not respond with appropriate actions
(3) develop different receptors
(4) no longer be produced in the organism
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Slide43Feedback MechanismsHomeostasis is maintained by the endocrine system through the use of various feedback mechanisms. A feedback mechanism is in use when the biological reaction is actually being controlled by the end products of that reaction.Negative feedback loop are most common.original stimulus reversed most feedback systems in the body are negativeused for conditions that need frequent adjustment 43
Slide44Parts of a Negative Feedback LoopReceptor Structures that monitor a controlled condition and detect changesControl center determines next action Effectorreceives directions from the control center produces aresponse that restores the controlled condition44
Slide45Thermostat detects a temperature lower than the desired value.Thermostat detects a temperature higher than the desired value.Furnace Turns OnFurnace Turns Off
Home Heating System
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Slide46Brain senses a drop in body temperatureBrain detects increase in body temperatureImpulsessent to muscles to begin shiveringImpulses sent to muscles to stop shivering
Body Temperature
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Slide47Regents Practice Question47Activities in the human body are represented in the diagramWhich title would be appropriate for the diagram
?
Rate
of Excretion Varies in Response to
Intake of Water
(2
) Feedback Mechanisms Help to Maintain
Homeostasis
(3) Respiratory Rate Responds to an Increase in Muscle
Activity
(4) The Nervous
System Responds to Changes in Blood Sugar Levels
Slide48Regents Practice Question48Activities in the human body are represented in the diagramWhich title would be appropriate for the diagram
?
Rate
of Excretion Varies in Response to
Intake of Water
(2
) Feedback Mechanisms Help to Maintain
Homeostasis
(3) Respiratory Rate Responds to an Increase in Muscle
Activity
(4) The Nervous
System Responds to Changes in Blood Sugar Levels
Slide4949Glucose Feedback LoopWhat happens to aperson’s blood glucose level after eating?2.What 2 hormones does the pancreas secrete?3.Which hormone lowers glucose levels?4. Which hormone raises glucose levels?
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Slide54OsteoporosisOsteoporosis is a disease in which bones become fragile and more likely to break. If not prevented or if left untreated, osteoporosis can progress painlessly until a bone breaks. 54