By Ms. Maerna Kauffman Muscle System POGIL - PowerPoint Presentation

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By Ms.

Maerna Kauffman

Muscle System POGIL

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RESPONSE:

Support skeletal movementMaintain body position

Protect vital tissues deep within bodyGuard entrances and exits

Maintain body temperature

http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.2005113

Published Jan 25, 2018

:

Mitochondria produce heat and may be nearly at 50

o

C! (122oF)Average body temperature is 37oC (98oF)

1. How many functions of the muscular system can you think of?

Muscle histology review:

2. What are the three types of muscle tissues, and what are the differences between them?

Smooth

lines hollow organsno striationsCardiac

in heartintercalated discs

Skeletal

attached to bone

striations

INVOLUNTARY

VOLUNTARY

Which type of muscle tissue would you find in blood vessels (arteries and veins)?

RESPONSE:

Smooth muscle (cardiac is literally heart only)

3. Muscles are classified by their function, AKA what movements they cause. Come up with five general movements performed by muscles.

RESPONSE:

Movement

: Flexion, extension, rotation, abduction, adductionMuscle Names

: Flexors, extensors, rotators, abductors, adductors

External rotator

4. The trapezius muscle is found in your back. Looking at the diagram, why do you think it’s named “trapezius”?

RESPONSE: Shaped like a trapezoid (the old definition was a shape with 4, non-parallel sides)

5. The two rhomboid muscles are found in your back. Looking at the diagram, why do you think it’s named “rhomboid”? What do you think the words “major” and “minor” mean?

RESPONSE: They are shaped like a rhombus. The “major” means larger, and “minor” means smaller.

Trapezius muscle from front view

6. There are several muscles that use the word “serratus”: serratus anterior muscle, serratus posterior superior muscle, and serratus posterior inferior muscle. Based on these images, what do you think “serratus” means?

RESPONSE: Serratus is like serrated

7. The deltoid muscle is found in your shoulder. Looking at the diagrams, why do you think it’s named “deltoid”?

RESPONSE: Greek letter “delta” is a triangle Δ

Muscle looks like a triangle

9. You have biceps brachii

and biceps femoris

. Why do we need the second word? Where do you think these muscles are located? What do you think “brachii” means?

8. Some muscles you might know are the biceps and triceps. What do you think these names mean? (Hint: “cep” is short for “cephalic”)

Triceps

brachii

Biceps

femoris

Bicep = 2 heads

Tricep = 3 heads

To show location

Brachii

= arm

Femoris

= leg

10. In muscles, what is the white tissue featured in diagrams?

RESPONSE: Connective tissue

Tendons

Fascia: surrounds muscles or other structures

(Generally we use “fascia” to describe any indistinct kind of connective tissue)

WARNING: Dissection images

Biceps

brachii

Brachialis

11. Looking at the diagrams, what do you think an aponeurosis is? What type of tissue do you think it is made of?

Palmar aponeurosis

RESPONSE: Aponeuroses are made of the same tissue type as tendons and ligaments:

dense regular connective tissue

. They are essentially broad, flat tendons (they attach muscles to whatever they act upon, which might be bone or other muscles.)

12. In order to understand a muscle, there are several aspects of its structure/function you must know. What do you think they are? (Hint: think of all of the things you’d like your surgeon to know before you went in for surgery…)

RESPONSE:

Muscle nameOrigin

: where the muscle beginsInsertion: where the muscle endsArtery

: from where does this muscle gets its blood supply?

Nerve/Innervation

: which nerve controls this muscle?

Action

: what does it do?

EXAMPLE: Biceps

Brachii

Origin:Short head: coracoid process of scapula

Long head: supraglenoid tubercleInsertion: radial tuberosityArtery

: brachial artery

Nerve/Innervation

: musculocutaneous nerve

Action

:

Flexes elbow

Supinates forearm

13. Which muscle would

shorten

(contract) to produce flexion of the elbow: biceps or triceps?

biceps

brachii

triceps

brachii

RESPONSE:

Biceps

brachii

14. Why do you think muscles appear to get bigger/bulge when they contract?

RESPONSE:

The muscle stays the same size; the mass is just displaced (so instead of being

long&thin

, it’s

short&wide

)

Anterior

Posterior

15. Think about your arm in anatomical position, and wrist flexion & extension.

What is wrist flexion and extension?

Which part of your arm would have muscles that

contract

to produce

flexion

?

Which part of your arm would have muscles that contract to produce extension

?RESPONSE:

Flexors: anterior sideExtensors: posterior side

Note that most muscles here are named by the motion!

Palmaris Longus Muscle

Some people (14% of population) are born without this muscle

Some people have a palmaris longus muscle in one wrist, but not the other

TO TEST: Touch your pinky and thumb together (opposition), and slightly flex your wrist. The palmaris longus tendon should obviously protrude.

What if I’m missing my Palmaris Longus Muscle?

The presence/absence of this muscle has no effect on grip strength

It is like a “spare tire”

The tendon of this muscle is frequently used as a source of grafting material for surgery (e.g. ruptured tendon)

There is a similar muscle in the leg called the plantaris muscle

Missing in 8-12% of population

No obvious test (tendon minimally contributes to Achilles tendon)

Also can be used for tendon grafts

Plantaris muscle

16. Look at the image.

What movement is this? (name movement and joint)

What muscle is being

stretched: the wrist flexors or wrist extensors

?

RESPONSE:

Movement:

wrist extension

Muscles being stretched:

wrist flexors

This is because these muscles are being forced to elongateThe extensors are actually shortening in this motion, so they are not being stretched

“Wrist flexor stretch”