British Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology 32 108112 2011Received - PDF document

1 British Journal of Pharmacology and Toxi
British Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology 3(2): 108-112, 2011Received: December 16, 2010Accepted: January 27, 2011Published: August 05, 2011 A.O. Nwaopara, Department of Anatomy, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria. 1,5U. Akpamu, Br. J. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 2(3): 108-112, 2011Table 1: Effect of acute and chronic oral ingestion of Yaji and its spices on PCV of ratsPCV (%)BCDEFControl(A)51.88±3.3651.88±3.3651.88±3.3651.88±3.3651.88±3.36Acute38.25±18.95*45.50±18.0840.75±9.78*48.75±2.2227.33±16.56*Chronic54.25±1.7129.50±28.99*52.50±2.1249.25±2.9948.00±1.63A: control; B: Yaji; C: clove; D: ginger; E: red pepper; F: black pepper; Values are mean ± Standard deviation; *: represent ppared withcontrolTable 2: Effect of acute and chronic oral ingestion of Yaji and its spices on WBC of ratsWBC (×10/mm)BCDEFControl(A)4.58±2.484.58±2.484.58±2.484.58±2.484.58±2.48Acute5.18±0.443.86±2.443.65±1.102.38±1.704.38±2.73Chronic4.78±.245.36±0.424.43±0.604.13±0.304.78±0.45A: control; B: Yaji; C: clove; D: ginger, E: red pepper; F: black pepper; Values are mean ± Standard deviation; *: represent p0.05 compared withcontrolTable 3: Effect of acute and chronic oral ingestion of Yaji and its spices on differential count of ratsNeu (%)BCDEFControl(A)42.50±6.1442

2 .50±6.1442.50±6.1442.50±6.1442.50±6.14Ac
.50±6.1442.50±6.1442.50±6.1442.50±6.14Acute45.50±4.2045.00±7.0241.00±5.2944.00±3.6542.50±5.07Chronic48.00±1.6343.50±2.1246.00±8.4948.25±5.5646.00±1.63Lym (%)BCDEFControl(A)49.75±8.3649.75±8.3649.75±8.3649.75±8.3649.75±8.36Acute49.75±5.0646.25±9.7852.25±5.1951.50±1.7352.25±1.71Chronic46.25±4.6547.50±3.5445.50±2.1245.00±3.3746.00±1.41Mon (%)BCDEFControl(A)7.50±3.597.50±3.597.50±3.597.50±3.597.50±3.59Acute4.50±3.796.75±3.956.75±6.184.50±2.085.00±4.76Chronic5.75±3.698.50±2.128.00±5.666.00±3.657.50±2.08A: control; B: Yaji; C: clove, D: ginger, E: red pepper; F: black pepper; Values are mean ± Standard deviation; Neu: Neutrophils; Lym: Lymphocytes;Mon: Monocytes; *: represent p05 compared with controlOn the differential WBC count in both the acute andchronic treatment groups, inconsistent changes wereobserved bu�.3.;耀t were not statistically significant (p0.05)The results of this study have shown that has thepotential to alter the values of PCV. Specifically, groupB1 results (acute treatment) indicated a statisticallysignificant reduction (p)results (chronic treatment) indicated a non-significantincrease in the PCV. This acute response to the oralingestion of is suggestive of the fact that theconstituents of in combination can induce anemiasince PCV is

3 an important diagnostic tool used todete
an important diagnostic tool used todetermine blood loss, health status and anemia. On theother hand, the results obtained from the chronictreatment groups are indicative of the fact that the bodymight have responded to the prolonged effect of onPCV with the appropriate defensive physiologicalmechanisms. The question however, is how long wouldthis seeming physiological line of defense be sustained aseven the comparative difference between the chronictreatment values and those of the control were notAnother line of thought is the influence the individualspicy constituents of might have had as regards theoutcome of this study. One can take a cue from the studyon European catfish by Velisek et alreported a significant (p)oglobinand lymphocyte count immediately after clove anesthesiaand a significantly (p)decreased in leukocyte count24 h after anesthesia. Considering the fact that the level ofhemoglobin is an important indicator for PCV status, ourfindings on clove ingestion as observed in group C2therefore, agrees with the report by Velisek et alHowever, Waterstrat (1999) and Small (2003) hadreported that 100 mg/L clove oil is a safe concentrationfor anesthesia as shown in an experiment on channelcatfish (). As contrary as this mayappear in relation to our f

4 indings, it is our opinion that theseemi
indings, it is our opinion that theseeming disagreement in this regard is suggestive of thefact that the observed difference is dosage dependentsince 9 g of clove as applied in this study is definitelyhigher than 100 mg. As regards the possible influence of ginger, we didobserve that there are conflicting reports in the literature.On one hand, Ugwuja et al. (2009) reported that gingerhad no significant effect on haematological parameters(PCV, Hb and WBC), but on the other, Micheal et al(2009), reported that ginger induced a reduction in PCV.The later report however, corroborates our findings in theacute treatment group. The result on red pepper was in line with the report. (2004) who had reported a reduction inPCV with sings of anemia following the ingestion of redpepper. In fact, the report by Myers et al Br. J. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 2(3): 108-112, 2011Nwaopara, A.O., C.I.P. Anibeze and F.C. Akpuaka,2010b. Histological signs of neurodegeneration in thecerebrum of rats fed with diet containing complex Nigerian suya meat sauce. Asian J. Med.Okokon, J.E., K.C. Iyadi and C.O. Effiong, 2004. Effectof sub chronic administration of ethanol leaf extracts on Hematological parametersOlayaki, L.A., K.S. Ajibade, S.S. Gesua andA.O. Soladoye, 2007. Effect

5 of onsome hematologic values in alloxa
of onsome hematologic values in alloxan-induced diabeticrats. Pharm. Biol., 45(7): 556-559.Small, B.C., 2003. Anesthetic efficacy of methomidateand comparison of plasma cortisol responses totricaine methanesulfonate, quinaldine and clove oilanesthetized channel catfish sword: Toxicity, metabolism, and chemopreventiveUgwuja, E.I., N.C. Ugwu and A.N. Nwibo, 2009. Dietarysupplement containing mixture of raw curry, garlicand ginger. Internet J. Nutr. Wellness, 5(2), ISSN:Uzeh, R.E., R.E. Ohenhen and O.O. Adeniji, 2006.Bacterial contamination of tsire-suya, a Nigerianmeat product. Pak. J. Nutr., 5(5): 458-460.Waterstrat, P.R., 1999. Induction and recovery fromanesthesia in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatusfingerlings exposed to clove oil. J. World Aquacul.Witchtl, M., 2004. Herbal Drugs andPhytopharmaceuticals. 3rd Edn., CRC Press, BocaVelisek, J., Z. Svobodova and V. Piaakova, 2005a.Effects of clove oil anaesthesia on rainbow troutOncorhynchus mykiss Acta Vet. Brno., 74:Velisek, J., Z. Svobodova, V. Piaakova, L. Groch andL. Nepejchalova, 2005b. Effects of clove oilanaesthesia on common carp (Cyprinus carpioVelisek, J., T. Wlasow, P. Gomulka, Z. Svobodova,L. Novotn and E. Ziomek, 2006. Effects of clove oilanaesthesia on european catfish (L