Introduction to Science - PowerPoint Presentation

Introduction to Science J. Stevens 2014 Holt McDougal Florida Physical Science

Term or concept Meaning Example Science Study of the natural worldThere are different kinds of sciences (biological, physical, earth and behavioral)Technologyapplication of science for practical usesEngineering, computersModelrepresentation of an object or event that can be studied to understand the real object or eventAtomic model, weather model, building models, planetary modelsTheoryExplanation that is supported by a wide range of evidenceTheory of Relativity, Theory of plate tectonics, Theory of evolution Scientific LawTruth valid everywhere in the universe; doesn’t provide explanationsLaw of Gravity, Newton’s 3 Laws of Motion, Laws of Thermodynamics Vocab Introduction – Section 1

Term or concept Meaning Example Critical Thinking ask questions, make observations, use logic Buy 2 small drinks, or 1 large?Scientific MethodWay to organize thinkingGenerally follows 7 stepsObservationUsing the senses to study the world. Isaac Newton noticed that apples fall to the ground.DataInformation gathered. Qualitative or quantitativeQualitative- descriptions like behaviors, smells, etc.Quantitative- numbers- 92 natural elementsHypothesisProposed answer for a scientific question, based on previous observation or knowledge. Must be testable!! If a person runs outside when it is more than 80 degrees, they will start sweating. Experiment Study factors / variables to find the cause / effect relationships Independent, dependent, or control variables Vocab Introduction – Section 2

Term or concept Meaning Example Variable Factor that can affect an experimentOnly one variable should be tested at a timeIndependent VariableThe variable that is manipulated or changed by the experimenter.Location of plants:window sillTablegreenhouseDependent VariableObserved and measured during an experiment = the experimental dataplant heightNumber of leavesConstantThe conditions that stay the same. They never change.Each plant is given a 1/4 cup of water each day.ControlA reference point, the normal Plant given regular water instead of salt water Vocab Introduction – Section 2

Term or concept Meaning Example Metric System Standard, worldwide system of measurementMeters, grams, litersLengthDistance between 2 points100 meters to the lightMassAmount of matter in an objecta golf ball has more mass than a ping pong ball even though they are the same sizeVolumeamount of space contained in an object.A 2Liter sodaDensityhow much something of a set volume weighsA lead ball the same size as a rubber ball, is more dense. Weight measure of the force of gravity on an object. You weigh less on the moon than earth, but have the same mass. Vocab Introduction – Section 2

Term or concept Meaning Example Precision The exactness of a measurement4.11m is more precise than 4.1AccuracyDescription of how close a measurement is to the true value of the quantity measuredIf a measuring tape has a broken tip, the measured value will not be accurateScientific NotationWe express very large or very small numbers as simple numbers, multiplied by a power of 10. 1.Large number 300,000,000 = 3.0*1082. Small number .000003 = 3.0*10-5Significant FigureHelps determine the amount of rounding needed to show the precision of the measurementYou multiply 8.871 * 9.14 (dimensions of a room you are painting). The answer is 81.08094. Do you need all these numbers? No. Only as many as the least precise # you used, 9.14, so 3 digits. Round to 81.1Vocab Introduction – Section 3

Key Ideas and Vocab Section 1 Key Ideas: How do scientists explore the world? How are the many types of science organized? What are scientific theories, and how are they different from scientific laws?What are scientific models and how are they used?Vocabulary:Science - LawTechnology - TheoryModel

What is science? A method for studying the natural world Nature follows rules, and science is a method to understand those rules, and how and why they work. It is a process that uses observation (using your senses to gather information) and investigation to gain knowledge about events in nature

Science is not…. a way to explain supernatural, aesthetic, or other ways of knowing, such as art, philosophy, or religion Pseudoscience is a claim, belief, or practice which is presented as scientific, but does not adhere to strict standards of science (e.g. controlled variables, sample size, replicability , empirical and measurable evidence, and the concept of falsification). Example: astrology

Why do we do science? When you have a question about something, how something works…how do you find the answer? Research, Perform experiments using careful, methodical study, observe, confirm. Scientists perform experiments to: Find new aspects of the natural worldExplain a known phenomenonCheck the results of other experimentsTest predictions of current theories.

How science takes place How Science Takes Place Scientists plan experiments Scientists observe Scientists answer questions by investigating/researchScientists always confirm results

Example: Who invented the wheel…and how? What do you enjoy now, that you wouldn’t have without the invention of the wheel?

http://library.thinkquest.org/C004203/science/science02.htm

Example: Who invented the light bulb and how? What do you enjoy now, that you wouldn’t have without the invention of the light bulb? How would your light be different? How has the light bulb evolved?

Example: Who invented the telephone and how? What do you enjoy now, that you wouldn’t have without the invention of the telephone? How would your light be different? How has the telephone evolved?

Branches of Science Science: observing, studying and experimenting to find the nature of things. 2 main branches: Social science (individual and group behavior) Examples: ________________Natural science (nature of the universe)

Natural Science

Branches of science work together Today, the branches of science have become more mixed. What do you call someone who studies the chemistry of living things? Biochemist What do you call someone who studies the physics of the Earth?Geophysicist

What is the difference between science and technology? Pure science: experiments done to learn more about the world. Technology: application of science for practical uses (for example engineering) Ex: Revelations in science have allowed computers that used to fill entire rooms to smaller, faster, and cheaper computers.

Scientific Law Law: describes a process in nature that can be tested by repeated experiments; allows predictions to be made about how a system will behave under a wide range of conditions; observation of nature; valid everywhere in the universe Describe HOW something works Ex: if I place a hot cooking pot in a colder place, will the pot get hotter? No! It will always get cooler, because there is a scientific LAW that says warm objects will always become cooler when placed in cooler surroundings.Can often be described using a mathematical formulaArea of a rectangle: A = l*wUniversal Gravitation: F = G m1*m2 / r2

Theory Theory: explanation of how a natural process works; explains many related observations and is supported by a large body of evidence Explains WHY something happens Starts as a hypothesisCan be added to or disproven, if new evidence is validated and contradicts old theoryEx: In the cooking pot example, nothing explains WHY hot objects become cooler in cooler surroundings. This explanation must be provided by a scientific theory.

Theory Always being questioned and examined – CAN CHANGE!! Law does not! Theories do not become laws, and laws do not become theories!To be valid, theories must continue to pass a series of tests.Must explain observations clearly and consistentlyExperiments that illustrate the theory must be repeatable.You must be able to predict results from the theory.

Models Model: a representation of an object or event that can be studied to understand the real object or event Why? Sometimes models represent things that are too big, too small, or too complex to study easily. Outcome of models depend on the information put into them. Some examples of models:DNAAtomsWeatherBuildingsWhat is an example you can think of?

Section 1 Review Compare the two branches of physical science. Explain how science and technology depend on each other and how they differ from each other. Define scientific law and give an example. Compare a scientific law and a scientific theory.Explain why a scientific theory might be changed.Describe how a scientific model is used and give an example of a scientific model.Quiz next class!!

Key Ideas and Vocab Section 2 Key Ideas: How can I think and act like a scientist? How can I design my own experiment?How do scientists measure things?Vocabulary:Critical Thinking - Scientific MethodsLength - VariableMass - VolumeDensity - WeightMetric System

Science Skills Identify problems Plan experiments Record observations Report dataCritical thinking – ask questions, make observations, use logic – large or small popcornCreative thinking – to identify questions/problems, imagine and test solutions, be creative in the approach to solving problems

Problem Solving/ Critical Thinking Activity

Scientific Method A general way to organize your thinking about questions A series of steps followed to solve problems 7 Basic Steps of the Scientific Method Make an observationAsk a question (what’s the problem you want to figure out?) / ResearchForm a hypothesisTest your hypothesis - ExperimentationCollect data / ResultsAnalyze and ConcludeRepeat

Scientific Method Observe anything in nature What do you want to know? What is already known about your question Propose an answer to your question based on observations, research, and data.Plan and perform an experiment.Hypothesis must be testable!!!Results must be repeatable to be valid.Organize data, i.e. use a table.Put data in useable form, graphs. Make Conclusion. Did data support your hypothesis?

Step 1: Observation Use senses to study the world. Can also use tools such as previous research and computers. Observation Definition: uses senses to study the world (see, hear, smell, taste, feel). Can also use tools like computers. Facts: 1. observations describe something using my senses. 2. observations can be made using tools like computers.Example: 1. The apple is red.2. The apple feels soft Sentence:I made the observation that the apple is red, by using my sight.

Inference Inference: logical interpretation based on prior knowledge and past experiences. An explanation for an observation you have made. Inferences are often changed when new observations are made. Usually has the word “because” in it. InferenceDefinition: logical interpretation based on knowledge and past experiences.Facts:Example: Sentence:

Observation vs. Inference Observation: using the sense of sight and touch, I observe that: The grass on the front lawn is wet Why could it be wet?

Possible Inferences It rained. The sprinkler was on. There is dew on the grass from the morning. A dog urinated on the grass! All of these inferences could possibly explain why the grass is wet. They are all based on prior experiences. We have all seen rain, sprinklers, morning dew, and dogs going to the bathroom.

Observation The Fire Alarm is going off. Why is this an observation? Make an inference…

Possible Inferences Fire Fire Drill Student pulled the alarm to avoid a test

Step 2: Ask a question: Based on your observation, what do you want to know. Conduct research: figure out what is already known about your problem. Example: Observation: My dog is a picky eater.Question: Which type of food do picky dogs like best?Research: conduct research (computer based, interviews, journals) about what picky dogs like to eat.

Step 3: Form a hypothesis. A hypothesis is a prediction of what you think will happen, based on prior knowledge and the research you have conducted. Must be testable!!!! Example:Hypothesis: If I give my dog chicken flavored dog food, beef flavored dog food and duck flavored dog food, then she will eat the duck flavored dog food most of the time because research has shown that duck flavored dog food has a stronger smell.In your hypothesis, you MUST state why you believe that is what will happen.

Step 4: Test your hypothesis by doing a controlled experiment. Materials – What do you need to conduct your experiment? Procedure – sketch / step by step instructions of how you conduct your experiment so it can be repeated by someone who knows nothing about itWhat would your materials and procedures be for the dog experiment?In your experiment, you will have different variables.A variable is a factor that changes in an experiment in order to test a hypothesis

Step 4 continued: Four different kinds of variables (factors) Dependent variable: what you are measuring Independent variable: what you, the experimenter, change Constant: what stays the same throughoutControl Group: the normalVariables that can affect the outcome of the experiment are kept constant, except the one(s) you want to measure. The more things you change at a time, the harder it is to make reliable conclusions.Dog example: Dependent variable? - Constants?Independent variable? - Control Group?

Another example You might set up an experiment to determine which of three fertilizers helps plants to grow the biggest. Possible factors include plant type, amount of sunlight, amount of water, room temperature, type of soil, and type of fertilizer.

Variables In this experiment, the amount of growth is the dependent variable because its value changes according to the changes in the other variables. PlantAmount of WaterAmount of SunFertilizer TypeHeight after two weeksA4 oz. every three days6hr/dayA16cmB4 oz. every three days6hr/dayB14cmC 4 oz. every three days 6hr/day C 18cm D 4 oz. every three days 6hr/day none 10cm

Variables The variable you change to see how it will affect the dependent variable is called the independent variable. What is the independent variable? PlantAmount of WaterAmount of SunFertilizer TypeHeight after two weeksA4 oz. every three days6hr/dayA16cmB4 oz. every three days6hr/dayB14cmC4 oz. every three days 6hr/day C 18cm D 4 oz. every three days 6hr/day none 10cm

Constants and Controls A factor that does not change when other variables change is called a constant. You might set up four trials, using the same soil and type of plant. Each plant is given the same amount of sunlight and water and is kept at the same temperature. These are constants.

Constants and Controls The fourth plant is not fertilized This plant is a control. A control is the standard by which the test results can be compared -- neutral point of reference for comparisonPlantAmount of WaterAmount of SunFertilizer TypeHeight after two weeksA4 oz. every three days6hr/dayA16cmB4 oz. every three days6hr/dayB14cmC 4 oz. every three days 6hr/day C 18cm D 4 oz. every three days 6hr/day none 10cm

Constants and Controls Suppose that after several days, the three fertilized plants grow between 2 and 3 cm. Plant Amount of Water Amount of SunFertilizer TypeHeight after two weeksA4 oz. every three days6hr/dayA16cmB4 oz. every three days6hr/dayB14cmC4 oz. every three days 6hr/day C 18cm D 4 oz. every three days 6hr/day none 10cm

Constants and Controls If the unfertilized plant grows 1.5 cm, you might infer that the growth of the fertilized plants was due to the fertilizers. The control is the plant that was unfertilized. Scientific Variables.mp4 Plant Amount of WaterAmount of SunFertilizer TypeHeight after two weeksA4 oz. every three days6hr/dayA16cmB4 oz. every three days6hr/dayB14cmC 4 oz. every three days 6hr/day C 18cm D 4 oz. every three days 6hr/day none 10cm

Step 5: Collect Data/Results Need to organize data in a meaningful way. A table, excel spreadsheet, graph or database are examples. There are two different types of data, both of valueQuantitative Data: “quantity”; data that is measureable or countable; observations that use numbers; USUALLY what we use in scienceThe tree is 20 feet and 7 inches tall.The wind is blowing at 50 mph.Qualitative Data: “quality”; descriptions using your senses. Use adjectives to describe something.The tree is tall.The wind is blowing hard.Write three of your own examples for each.

Quantitative or Qualitative?? When the chemicals combined a gas formed. _______________ The ph remained neutral at 7._______________95 degrees Farenheit= _______________________The waves were big= ________________________The sky is blue = __________________________I am 5’ 7” tall=__________________________It took 20 minutes to drive to school____________Prarie dogs are very social creatures=___________I slept for 7 hours______________The blanket feels soft and fluffy_______________

Answers Qualitative Quantitative Quantitative QualitativeQualitativeQuantitativeQuantitativeQualitativeQuantitativeQualitative

Step 6: Analyze and Draw Conclusions Based on the analysis of your data, you decide whether or not your hypothesis is supported. For the hypothesis to be considered valid and widely accepted, the experiment must result in the exact same data every time it is repeated. What if your hypothesis is wrong? Try again, revamp your procedure / experiment.

Step 7 Repeat the experiment. To be valid, the results must be repeatable!

Being Objective Everyone has bias. Bias can happen due to many things: environment growing up, belief system, funding, etc. A bias occurs when what the scientist expects, changes how the results are viewed. This expectation might cause a scientist to select a result from one trial over those from other trials. Scientists can lessen bias by running as many trials as possible and by keeping accurate notes of each observation made.

Being Objective Valid experiments also must have data that are measurable. The experiment must be repeatable. Findings are supportable when other scientists perform the same experiment and get the same results.

Scientists observe nature, then develop or revise hypotheses about how things work. The hypotheses are tested against evidence collected from observations and experiments. Any hypothesis that correctly accounts for all of the evidence from the observations and experiments is a potentially correct theory. A theory is continually tested by collecting new and different evidence. Even one piece of evidence that does not agree with a theory forces scientists to return to step one .Mr. Lee - Scientific Method song.mp4Recap: Scientific Method – how it works

Scientists use special tools What would an astronomer use to study distant galaxies? Physicists use particle accelerators to make parts of atoms move very fast. Biologists use microscopes to study very small organisms and cells.

Pick A Question and Design an Experiment 1.  Will human urine repel sharks? 2.  Does the color red make lizards more aggressive? 3.  Will fish grow larger if placed in a larger tank?4.  Does exercise reduce your risk of heart attack?5.  Does aspirin keep cut flowers fresh longer?*** Remember, must include question, hypothesis (so need to do research), materials, procedure (step by step of how the experiment will be performed-including variables- and how data will be collected.)

Length, Mass and Volume T. Trimpe 2008 http://sciencespot.net/

How do scientists measure things? Math is the language of science. So everyone is on the same page, scientists use standard units of measure We use the SI (International System of Units) to be consistent all over the world. Example: if you drink 3 gallons of water per week, and your friend drinks 350 ounces, who drinks more water? 128 oz in 1 gallonSome Base UnitsQuantityUnitAbbreviationLengthMetermMassKilogramkgTimeSecondsVolumeLiterLTemperatureKelvinKDiscovery News

SI Prefixes Look at a ruler. How would you express the length of a bird’s egg, or the distance you travelled on a road trip in meters? Bird’s egg may be 5/10ths of a meter or .05m Road trip may be 800,000m To avoid long numbers and lots of decimals we use prefixes for small and large numbers.All prefixes are in multiples of 10

SI Prefixes Prefixes for LARGE measurements Prefix SymbolMeaningMultiple of base unitKilo-kThousand1,000Mega-MMillion1,000,000Giga-GBillion1,000,000,000Prefixes for SMALL measurementsPrefixSymbolMeaningMultiple of base unitDeci-dTenth.1Centi-cHundredth.01Milli-mThousandth.001Micro-µMillionth.000001Nano-nBillionth.000000001So, for example 1 meter = 100 centimeters= 1000 millimeters

Converting SI Units The width of a soccer goal is 7m. What is the width of the goal in centimeters? Given: length in meters(l) = 7 Unknown: length in centimeters = ? Cm Plan: we know from chart that 1m=100cmSolve: length in cm = 7m * (100cm/1m)Answer = ?I will show you another way to do this later.

Length Length is the distance between two points. The SI base unit for length is the meter. We use rulers or meter sticks to find the length of objects.copyright cmassengale

Mass Mass is the amount of matter that makes up an object. A golf ball and a ping pong ball are the same size, but the golf ball has a lot more matter in it. So the golf ball will have more mass. The SI unit for mass is the gram.A paper clip has a mass of about one gram.The mass of an object will not change unless we add or subtract matter from it.copyright cmassengale

Measuring Mass We will use a triple beam balance scale to measure mass. Gravity pulls equally on both sides of a balance scale, so you will get the same mass no matter what planet you are on.copyright cmassengale

Weight Weight is a measure of the force of gravity on an object. Your weight can change depending on the force of gravity. The gravity will change depending on the planet you are on. The SI unit for weight is the Newton (N).The English unit for weight is the pound.copyright cmassengale

Mass vs. Weight Mass a measure of how much matter an object is made of does not change, regardless of where something or someone is Weightthe force of gravity on an objectequal to the mass of the body times the local acceleration of gravity http://www.exploratorium.edu/ronh/weight/index.html Why do you think the person’s weight is less on the moon?Mass = 59 kgMass = 59 kgWeight = 579 NWeight = 96 N

Volume Volume is the amount of space contained in an object. We can find the volume of box shapes by the formula Volume = length x width x height In this case the units would be cubic centimeters (cm3).So a box 2 cm x 3 cm x 5cm would have a volume of 30 cm3V = L x W x Hcopyright cmassengale

Base Units The base unit for volume is the Liter. We measure volume with a graduated cylinder.copyright cmassengale

Graduated Cylinders Liquids form curved, upper surfaces when poured into graduated cylinders To correctly read the volume, read the bottom of the curve called the meniscus copyright cmassengale

Water Displacement We can use water displacement to find the volume of objects that are not boxed shaped. We can put water in a graduated cylinder. If a rock causes the level to rise from 7 to 9 ml, the the rock must have a volume of 2-mL.copyright cmassengale

English vs. Metric Units T. Trimpe 2008 http://sciencespot.net/

Length: English vs. Metric Units Left Image: http://webapps.lsa.umich.edu/physics/demolab/controls/imagedemosm.aspx?picid=1167 Right Image: http://share.lancealan.com/N800%20ruler.jpg Which is longer? A. 1 mile or 1 kilometerB. 1 yard or 1 meterC. 1 inch or 1 centimeter1.6 kilometers1 mile1 yard = 0.9444 meters 1 inch = 2.54 centimeters

Metric Units The basic unit of length in the metric system in the meter and is represented by a lowercase m.Standard: The distance traveled by light in absolute vacuum in 1⁄299,792,458 of a second.Metric Units1 Kilometer (km) = 1000 meters1 Meter = 100 Centimeters (cm) 1 Meter = 1000 Millimeters (mm)mkmcmmmWhich is larger?A. 1 meter or 105 centimetersB. 4 kilometers or 4400 metersC. 12 centimeters or 102 millimetersD. 1200 millimeters or 1 meter

Measuring Length Ruler: http://www.k12math.com/math-concepts/measurement/ruler-cm.jpg How many millimeters are in 1 centimeter? What is the length of the line in centimeters? _______cm What is the length of the line in millimeters? _______mmWhat is the actual length of the line? _____________ cmWhat is the length of the line to the nearest centimeter? ________cmHINT: Round to the nearest centimeter – no decimals.1 centimeter = 10 millimeters

Weight and Mass Jill Earth 1 gravity Moon1/6th gravityJupiter2.5 gravitiesOn orbit0 gravitymass30kg30kg30kg30kgweight300N50N750N0 NewtonsNotice that Jill’s mass never changes. We cannot add to her or take away from her, so her mass stays the same. Jill is 30kg of little girl no matter where she goes! Her weight does change, because weight depends on gravity!! 10 N = 2.25 lbs. copyright cmassengale

Gravity Gravity is the force of attraction between any two objects with mass. The force depends on two things: distance and mass more distance = less gravity = less weight less distance = more gravity = more weightmore mass = more gravity = more weightless mass = less gravity = less weightcopyright cmassengale

Mass: English vs. Metric Units Which is larger? 1. 1 Pound or 100 Grams 2. 1 Kilogram or 1 Pound 3. 1 Ounce or 1000 Milligrams1 pound = 453.6 grams100 kilogram = 220 pounds 1 ounce of gold = 28,349.5 milligrams

Metric Units Mass refers to the amount of matter in an object. The base unit of mass in the metric system in the kilogram and is represented by kg.Standard: 1 kilogram is equal to the mass of the International Prototype Kilogram (IPK), a platinum-iridium cylinder kept by the BIPM at Sèvres, France. Metric Units1 Kilogram (kg) = 1000 Grams (g)1 Gram (g) = 1000 Milligrams (mg)gkgcgmgWhich is larger?A. 1 kilogram or 1500 gramsB. 1200 milligrams or 1 gramC. 12 milligrams or 12 kilogramsD. 4 kilograms or 4500 grams Kilogram Prototype Kilogram Prototype Image - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogram

Measuring Mass Top Image: http://www.southwestscales.com/Ohaus_Triple_Beam_750-SO.jpg Bottom Image: http://www.regentsprep.org/Regents/biology/units/laboratory/graphics/triplebeambalance.jpg We will be using triple-beam balances to find the mass of various objects.The objects are placed on the scale and then you move the weights on the beams until you get the lines on the right-side of the scale to match up.Once you have balanced the scale, you add up the amounts on each beam to find the total mass. What would be the mass of the object measured in the picture? _______ + ______ + _______ = ________ g

Measuring Mass – Triple-Beam Balance 1 st – Place the film canister on the scale. 2nd – Slide the large weight to the right until the arm drops below the line. Move the rider back one groove. Make sure it “locks” into place.3rd – Repeat this process with the top weight. When the arm moves below the line, back it up one groove.4th – Slide the small weight on the front beam until the lines match up. 5 th – Add the amounts on each beam to find the total mass to the nearest tenth of a gram.

Volume: English vs. Metric Units Which is larger? A. 1 liter or 1 gallon B. 1 liter or 1 quart C. 1 milliliter or 1 fluid ounce1 gallon = 3.79 litersIt would take approximately 3 ¾ 1-liter bottles to equal a gallon.1 fl oz = 29.573 ml1 12-oz can of soda would equal approximately 355 ml. 1 quart = 0.946 liters

Metric Units Volume is the amount of space an object takes up. The base unit of volume in the metric system in the liter and is represented by L or l.Standard: 1 liter is equal to one cubic decimeter Metric Units1 liter (L) = 1000 milliliters (mL)1 milliliter (mL) = 1 cm3 (or cc) = 1 gram*LkLcLmLWhich is larger?A. 1 liter or 1500 millilitersB. 200 milliliters or 1.2 litersC. 12 cm3 or 1.2 milliliters* Click the image to watch a short video about volume. * When referring to water Liter Image: http://www.dmturner.org/Teacher/Pictures/liter.gif

Measuring Volume Top Image: http://www.tea.state.tx.us/student.assessment/resources/online/2006/grade8/science/images/20graphicaa.gif Bottom Image: http://morrisonlabs.com/meniscus.htm We will be using graduated cylinders to find the volume of liquids and other objects.Read the measurement based on the bottom of the meniscus or curve. When using a real cylinder, make sure you are eye-level with the level of the water.What is the volume of water in the cylinder? _____mLWhat causes the meniscus?A concave meniscus occurs when the molecules of the liquid attract those of the container. The glass attracts the water on the sides.

Measuring Liquid Volume Images created at http://www.standards.dfes.gov.uk/primaryframework/downloads/SWF/measuring_cylinder.swf What is the volume of water in each cylinder? Pay attention to the scales for each cylinder. ABC

Measuring Solid Volume 10 cm 9 cm 8 cm We can measure the volume of regular object using the formula length x width x height._____ X _____ X _____ = _____http://resources.edb.gov.hk/~s1sci/R_S1Science/sp/en/syllabus/unit14/new/testingmain1.htmWe can measure the volume of irregular object using water displacement. Amount of H 2 O with object = ______ About of H2O without object = ______Difference = Volume = ______

Density Density is the mass per unit volume of a material or how much something of a set volume weighs Some things weigh more than others even though they take up the same space…so, lead is much more dense than foam or wood.Formula:http://www.green-planet-solar-energy.com/definition-of-density.html

Metric Conversions Ladder Method T. Trimpe 2008 http://sciencespot.net/

KILO 1000 Units HECTO 100UnitsDEKA10UnitsDECI0.1UnitCENTI0.01UnitMILLI0.001UnitMetersLitersGrams Ladder Method How do you use the “ladder” method? 1 st – Determine your starting point. 2 nd – Count the “jumps” to your ending point. 3 rd – Move the decimal the same number of jumps in the same direction. 4 km = _________ m 1 2 3 How many jumps does it take? Starting Point Ending Point 4. 1 __ . 2 __ . 3 __ . = 4000 m

What properties should I measure? (length, mass, volume or weight)? What units?

Review and Practice Section 2 Metric Mania worksheet Simpsons scientific method Sponge Bob scientific method

Key Ideas and Vocab Section 3 Key Ideas: Why is organizing data an important science skill? How do scientists handle very large and very small numbers? How can you tell the precision of a measurement?Vocabulary:PrecisionAccuracyScientific NotationSignificant Figure

Organizing Data How would you organize data you are collecting? Example: You want to determine the average height of people in your class. How do you collect & organize the data? Name Height in inchesSue62Jason72Jack70Melissa67Average?

Why is it important? Keep track of data (what if you have thousands of people who’s height you are tracking?) Be able to analyze the data and refer to it later. Share results with written reports and oral presentations.

Presenting Data Graphs are a great way to present data, but there are many kinds, each for a specific kind of data. ***Always, always title and label your graphs!!! 1. Line graphs Show continuous changeShow something over timeDependent variable on y-axisIndependent variable on x-axis

Presenting Data 2. Bar Graphs Useful when you want to compare similar type data for several individual items or events. Used when you are comparing qualitative vs quantitative data

Presenting Data 3. Pie Graphs Show the parts of a whole Shows percentages Percentages should = 100% (parts of a whole)

Presenting Data 4 . Histogram Show the frequency distribution of the data. The bars touch!Ex- using the numbers make a data table and histogram in your notes.7, 12, 12, 18, 22, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 36, 36, 39, 43, 47

Scientific Notation Sometimes, numbers are too small or too large to write out. The speed of light is ~300,000,000 m/s How long does it take for light to get from Neptune to Earth (4,5000,000,000,000 m away)? Looking for time. t = d/sThere are way too many zeros! We can express these as simple numbers, multiplied by a power of 10. Another way to write the speed of light is 3.0*108 m/s, and distance from Neptune, 4.5*1012 m.For small numbers, .001 would be written as 10-3

Precision and Accuracy Precision: the exactness of a measurement If you are measuring the distance of two long jumps and are using a tape measure marked every .1m, you could report that both measurements were 4.1m. But if your tape measure marked every .01m, you could get more precise values. One jump was 4.11m and one was 4.14. Accuracy: Description of how close a measurement is to the true value of the quantity measuredIf, when measuring the long jump, you notice that the tip of the measuring tape is broken, you could still show 4.14m, but its not accurate. A measurement is only as accurate and precise as the tool used to make it.Significant Figures: Helps determine the amount of rounding needed to show the precision of the measurementThe distance of 4.1m has two significant figures because the measured value has 2 digits. 4.14, 3 significant figures, because of 3 digits. Rule of thumb: when answering a problem, your answer should have as many significant figures as the number in your problem with the least amount of digits.

Practice – Section 3 Round the following to two significant digits: 13,589 889 .000241949.725Answers:14,000890.00024.73Crumple 5 pieces of paperThrow them into a trash bin ~2m away.Move the trash 2 more meters away and throw the pieces of paper in.How accurate were your throws at 2m? Precise?Were your accuracy and precision better or worse, when the bin was moved farther?

Test Coming Up Review your notes Study your vocabulary Prepare yourself!!! Note packet due on Test Day!!!