Polytechnic Institute Sub Code 3300003 Subject ECHM Topic BIOMASS ENERGY Name of Faculty POONAM PAL BIOMASS DEFINITION OF BIOMASS Biomass is an organic matter amp one of the nonconventional sources of energy ID: 570586
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Parul Polytechnic Institute
Sub. Code : 3300003
Subject : ECHMTopic : BIOMASS ENERGY Name of Faculty : POONAM PALSlide2
BIOMASS
DEFINITION OF BIOMASS :
Biomass is an organic matter & one of the non-conventional sources of energy.It is derived from living organisms & organic matters such as plants, leaves, twigs, excreta of humans, husks of crops, etc.
SUBJECT :ECHM TOPIC :BIOMASSSlide3
GEOGRAPHIC AREASComes from the forest
Can also come from plant and animal wasteWood and waste can be found virtually anywhereTransportation costs
SUBJECT :ECHM TOPIC :BIOMASSSlide4
SUBJECT :ECHM TOPIC :BIOMASSSlide5
ADVANTAGES OF BIOMASS
Continuous source of renewable energyNon-pollutantProvides fuelGood quality organic manure
Methane gas produced is used as domestic fuel.Methane gas can be used to run engines & generators & electricity can generate.Available everywhere & no need of transportation.Used for production of plastic & pharmaceutical products.
SUBJECT :ECHM TOPIC :BIOMASSSlide6
SUBJECT :ECHM TOPIC :BIOMASSSlide7
Projected Non hydroelectric Renewable Electricity Energy Generation by Energy Source, 2010 and 2020 (billion KWH)
Source: DOE Energy Information Administration
SUBJECT :ECHM TOPIC :BIOMASSSlide8
DISADVANTAGES OF BIOMASS
Biomass contains 50-90% water & it is heavy. Hence transportation if needed is very difficult.Direct combustion of biomass produces smokes & smells.Need lots of care & maintenance.
Large space required.
SUBJECT :ECHM TOPIC :BIOMASSSlide9
CHARACTERISTICS OF BIOMASS
Never exhausting.Pollutionless
High calorific value.Raw energy & freely available.Very cheap.Technology is simple, even unskilled person can use it.Gives good quality of manure.
Useful methane gas is generated.
SUBJECT :ECHM TOPIC :BIOMASSSlide10
ENERGY PLANTSSlide11
ENERGY PLANTS
Defination
of energy plants :Energy plants are cultivated for the purpose of producing fuel & energy.
They are non-food crops.
They are not useful in any other way except to be used as fuel.
SUBJECT:ECHM TOPIC:ENERGY PLANTSSlide12
classification
of energy plants :
SUBJECT:ECHM TOPIC:ENERGY PLANTSSlide13
RAPID GROWING PLANTS IMAGES
WATER HYACINTH
GIANT CALIFORNIA
SEA WEEDS
ALGAESlide14
OIL YIELDING PLANTS
1) U-
Forbia Letharis :In this plant carbohydrates is automatically converted into hydrocarbons during the process of photosynthesis.
Barrels of petroleum products can be obtain from the plants. Hydrocarbon can be
separated
from the plants by boiling them in solution of hepton
2)
Kopabia
letaris :
These plants are grown in brazil. Oily
substances
like mineral oil oozes from the
stems
of these plants. This oily
substance
tem is refined to obtain the liquid fuel.Slide15
3) Jojoba :
Jojoba is grown in Mexica
1 to 1.5Mt bushes of Jojoba is grown. Jojoba gives the seeds which gives oil. This oil can be used as fuel. Jojoba oil is also used in cosmetics. Natural jojoba oil
extracts
has many industrial uses.
4) Palm trees :
The
palm trees are grown in the costal areas.
The leaves areas. The leaves and stems of
cut
and dried to obtain non commercial fuel.
SUBJECT:ECHM TOPIC:ENERGY PLANTSSlide16
5) Coconut trees :
Coconut are also grown in coastal region the leaves, stems and fibers obtain from dried coconut are used as fuel.
6) Eucalyptus trees :
Eucalyptus
is also fast
growing
trees. Wood obtained from
eucalyptus
trees is used as fuel wood
.
Slide17
ADVANTAGES OF PLANTATION
:
Wood available from the energy plants is used as domestic fuels.Maintains ecological balance.
Energy plantation
provides
renewable source.
Keeps
atmosphere
pollution
free and clean.
It also provides like fruits, gums, honry etc.
Natural oil available from specific plants such jojoba.
SUBJECT:ECHM TOPIC:ENERGY PLANTSSlide18
BIOMASS TO ENERGY CONVERSION TABLESlide19
THERMOCHEMICAL PROCESSES
PYROLYSIS
HYDROGENERATIONHYDROGASIFICATIONSlide20
(A) PYROLYSIS (CARBONIZATION)
TRADITIONAL METHOD
Energy generated is used for running small machines.
MODERN METHOD
Biomass
Reactor
500 – 1000
⁰ C
Decomposed into cellulose & lignin
CharcoalSlide21
Modern method -
PyrolyzerSlide22
(B) HYDROGASIFICATION
Process of converting solid & liquid biomass into gaseous form.The equipment used is “Gasifier
”.TYPES OF GASIFIER
ACCORDING TO DIRECTION OF GAS
ACCORDING TO CAPACITY OF GAS
CROSS FLOW
UP DRAFT
SMALL = <10KW
MEDIUM = 10 TO 50KW
BIG = >50 KWSlide23
PROCESS OF HYDROGASIFICATION
BiomassVertical type
gasifierAir & steam (from sides or bottom)Pyrolysis, Oxidation, Reduction
Producer gases : H2 & CO
By product : Tar & oilSlide24
(C) HYDROGENERATION
Biomass500 ⁰ C
In absence of air (anaerobic condition)Liquid fuel & solid fuel is producedSlide25
BIOCHEMICAL
OR BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES
AEROBIC TREATMENTANAEROBIC DIGESTION
CHEMICAL REDUCTION
PYROGASIFICATIONSlide26
(A) AEROBIC TREATMENT
DEFINE : Aerobic microorganisms digest the biomass at low temp. & produces ethanol & methanol.
PRODUCTION OF ETHANOL :Molasses, corn, potato, agro wastes, etc. are used.C6H12O6
--------> 2 C
2
H
5
OH + 2 CO
2
PRODUCTION OF METHANOL :
Agro wastes
Partial combustion
Catalyst
Methanol + CO + H2
Methanol can be used in I.C. engines.Slide27
(B) ANAEROBIC TREATMENT
DEFINE : Anaerobic microorganisms degrade the biomass at a temp of 35-45⁰C in absence if O
2 in an enclosed chamber.This treatment is divided into 3 stages :-Hydrolyses:Fat + starch + cellulose
amino acid + CO
2
+ H
2
Acid Formation:
Organic matters
H
2
+ Acetates
H2 + Carbon compounds
Acetates
Methane gas formation:
Acetates + CO
CH
4
Hydrolytic bacteria
Acitogens
Homo
acetogens
MethanogensSlide28
(C) CHEMICAL REDUCTION
Agro waste & Animal wastes250 – 400
⁰ COrganic matter is converted into OIL(high calorific value is obtained)
Alkaline Catalyst
Carbon MonoxideSlide29
(D) PYROGASIFICATION
Biomass are cut into small piecesGasifier
CO & H2 gas is produced.Hence mechanical energy is generated by which many equipments can be operated.
Electricity can also be generated.Slide30
WORKING PRINCIPLE
&
CONSTRUCTION OF BIOGAS PLANTSlide31
WORKING PRINCIPLE
It works on the principle of anaerobic digestion at normal atmospheric temperature & pressure by microorganisms called “anaerobic bacteria”.Slide32
CONSTRUCTION
1) INLET TANK :
Its shape is trapazoidal.Mixture of biomass is prepared so it directly reaches digester through gravity.A filtering screen is provided on top of inlet tank.
2) Digester :
It is cylindrical & air-tight.
Made up of brick-work or steel.
Biomass is kept for 30-50 days for CH
4
production.Slide33
CONSTRUCTION
3) OUTLET TANK :Slurry or sludge comes out through outlet tank.
Made up of brick-workSlurry after drying up can be used as good organic fertilizer.4) GAS DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM :
Made up of G.I. pipe & valve fittings.
The gas generated in the digester comes out through gas distribution system.
Manometer is fitted inside this system to measure pressure.Slide34
CLASSIFICATION
OF
BIOGAS PLANTSSlide35
BIOGAS PLANT
According to method of loading
According to design of gas holder
According to size of digester
According to type of biomass used
Continuous feeding
- Batch feeding
Floating gas holder
- Fixed gas holder
Family size = 2-10 m
3
- Institutional size = 10-45 m
3
Municipal waste plant
- Gobar gas plantSlide36
FACTORS AFFECTING PRODUCTION OF BIOGAS
TemperaturePressurePhNutrients
Size of digesterBiomass : Water ratioC : N ratioSeedingAgitationRate of feedingSlide37