Logan Dougherty Quick Overview Mariner 2 First successful Venus flyby USA Mariner 4 First successful Mars flyby USA Venera 3 First Venus impact Contact lost USSR Venera 4 Venus atmospheric probe ID: 367178
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Slide1
PLANETARY EXPLORATION!!!
Logan DoughertySlide2
Quick OverviewMariner 2 – First successful Venus flyby (USA)Mariner 4 – First successful Mars flyby (USA)
Venera 3 – First Venus impact. Contact lost. (USSR)Venera 4 – Venus atmospheric probeClaimed to reach the surface intact, but disproven shortly after by USA Mariner 5.
Pioneer 10 & 11 – Jupiter and Saturn flyby
Mariner 10 – Mercury flyby
Voyager 1 & 2 – Outer solar system
Pathfinder – Mars rover
Cassini Huygens – Saturn lander
New Horizons – Pluto and Kuiper belt
Curiosity
Rover – Mars RoverSlide3
Above: To the left is the Mariner 2 and
to the right is the Voyager 1.
Right: The New Horizons spacecraft.Slide4
Original Reasons for Planetary ExplorationThe Space RaceMain memorable part of the Space Race is the Apollo missionLarge competition in planetary exploration as well
Between USA and USSRhttp://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/chronology.htmlAs shown above, until the end of the Cold War, USA and USSR competed largely in their attempts to study the moon and the planets.
Post Cold War, the USSR involvement declined heavily, leaving the USA to dominate the fieldSlide5Slide6
NASA’s Big Questions for Planetary ScienceHow did the sun's family of planets and minor bodies originate?
How did the solar system evolve to its current diverse state?How did life begin and evolve on Earth, and has it evolved elsewhere in the Solar System?
What are the characteristics of the Solar System that lead to the origins of life?Slide7
President’s FY13 In-Guide Budget
For FY13 Congress has passed a “Continuing Resolution”
Under the CR PSD’s FY13 budget is $1.19B
21% decrease from FY12 levelSlide8
Amazing AccomplishmentsExistence of bodies of water on Mars in the past.Atmospheric probes to help determine composition of other planets.Missions that help deduce the early evolution of planets and help to explain why our solar system formed how it did.
Valuable samples of surfaces that offer insight into the formation of that planet.Slide9
What inspires Planetary Exploration?Slide10
Search for Life near HomeMarsSigns of water, as discovered by rovers like CuriosityVenusPeople used to envision life existing there, but the harsh atmosphere makes it difficult to support life
TitanLiquid lakes of ethane and methaneColder than earthAtmosphere that consists of more than trace gasesSlide11
Where else should we search?Slide12
Exoplanet DetectionKepler missionUses transit method to detect dip in light curvesDoppler Shift measurements
Binary MovementsHundreds of planets have been discoveredPlanetary Detection is part of the Astrophysics sector of NASA as opposed to the Planetary Science, but offers useful information in the theory of how solar systems evolve.Exoplanets are popular
The idea inspires people and the public is interested in the possibility of finding planets with lifeSlide13
What is the biggest difficulty in directly observing a planet?Slide14Slide15
New WorldsBlocks out the star’s light to gain a direct view of the planet.Can then study the spectra of the planet and gain knowledge of its atmosphere.Offers the possibility of finding planets capable of hosting life
Reasons that policy makers may consider investing:While Kepler has produced results, the public keeps hearing about planets and it doesn’t peak their interest.
This would offer a more definitive statement on the possibility of life, and to see more detailed pictures of the planets, garnering more public support.
Offers useful knowledge about planet’s in the habitable zone of stars.Slide16
“Space: the final frontier.”Slide17
Works Citedhttp://www.newscientist.com/data/images/archive/2542/25424001.jpg
http://cinema-wallpapers.net/user-content/uploads/wall/o/60/Little-Green-Men-toy-story-2-wallpaper.jpghttp://jpl.nasa.gov
http://science.nasa.gov/planetary-science
/
http://
ut-images.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Kepler-telescope.jpg
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_
FQaCDdht2S8/TEybVhkHILI/AAAAAAAABDc/wi6q8fMoElo/s1600/newhorizons.gifhttp://
ut-images.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/07/voyager1.jpg
http://
www.nasa.gov/images/content/203286main_image_964_946-710.jpg
http://
iliketowastemytime.com/system/files/outer-space-hd-wallpaper.jpg?download=1
http://
i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/02445/AV_2445412b.jpgSlide18
NASA
’
s Planetary Science Division
James L. Green
Director, Planetary Science Division
NASA Headquarters
February 21, 2013Slide19
Recent Accomplishments
2010
* September 16 – Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter in PSD
* November 4 - EPOXI encounters Comet Hartley 2
* November 19 - Launch of O/OREOS
2011
* February 14 - Stardust NExT encounters comet Tempel 1
* March 7 – Planetary Science Decadal Survey released
* March 17 - MESSENGER orbit insertion at Mercury
* May 5 – Selection of 3 Discovery-class missions for study
* May – Selection of the next New Frontier mission for flight, OSIRIS-REx
* July 16 - Dawn orbit insertion at asteroid Vesta
* August 5 - Juno launch to Jupiter
* August 9 - Mars Opportunity Rover arrives at Endeavour Crater
* September 10 - GRAIL (A and B) launch to the Earth
’
s Moon
* November 26 – Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) launch to Mars
* December 31 – GRAIL A orbit insertion at Earth
’
s Moon
2012
* January 1 – GRAIL B orbit insertion at Earth
’
s Moon
* June 6 – Venus transits Sun (last time this Century)
* August 5 – MSL/Curiosity successfully lands on Mars
* August 20 – Selection of Discovery 12 Mission
* September 5 - Dawn leaves Vesta and starts on its journey to Ceres
*
CompletedSlide20
The Revolution in
Planetary Science
20
Planetary Decadal Reports from the
National Academy of Science Slide21
Planetary Science ObjectivesNASA
’s goal in Planetary Science is to “
Ascertain the content, origin, and evolution of the solar system, and the potential for life elsewhere
.
”
Planetary Program
seeks to answer fundamental science questions:
What is the inventory of solar system objects and what processes are active in and among them?
How did the Sun
’
s family of planets, satellites, and minor bodies originate and evolve?
What are the characteristics of the solar system that lead to habitable environments?
How and where could life begin and evolve in the solar system?
What are characteristics of small bodies and planetary environments that pose hazards and/or provide resources?
21
Planetary Science accomplishes these goals through a series of
strategic-large, medium, small mission and supporting research Slide22
Planetary Decadal Recommendations
22
Technology Development (6-8%)
Research & Analysis (5% above final FY11 amount then ~1.5%/yr)
Discovery
$500M (FY15) cap per mission (exclusive of launch vehicle) and 24 month cadence for selection
New Frontiers
$1B (FY15) cap per mission (exclusive of launch vehicle) with two selections during 2013-22
Large Missions (
“
Flagship
”
-scale)
“
Recommended Program
”
(budget increase for JEO new start)
Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher – descoped
Jupiter Europa Orbiter (JEO) – descoped
Uranus Orbiter & Probe (UOP
)
4/5) Enceladus Orbiter & Venus Climate Mission
“
Cost Constrained Program
”
(based on FY11 Request)
Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher – descoped
Uranus Orbiter & Probe (UOP)
“
Less favorable
”
budget picture than assumed
(e.g., outyears in FY12 request)
Descope or delay Flagship mission
Current Commitments (
ie: Operating Missions
)Slide23
President’s FY13 In-Guide Budget
For FY13 Congress has passed a “
Continuing Resolution
”
Under the CR PSD
’
s FY13 budget is $1.19B21% decrease from FY12 levelSlide24
Planetary & President’s FY13 Budgets Slide25
President’s FY13 Budget - Missions
Mars
R&A
Discovery
New Frontiers
Technology
Outer Planets
Mars 2020
MAVEN
OSIRIS-REx
InSight
LADEESlide26
Discovery and New Frontiers
Address high-priority science objectives in solar system exploration
Frequent opportunities for science community to propose full investigations
Fixed-price cost cap full and open competition missions
Principal Investigator-led project
Established in 1992
$425M cap
per mission excluding launch vehicle (FY10)
Open science competition for all solar system objects, except for the Earth and Sun
Established in 2003
$1000M
cap per mission excluding launch vehicle (FY10)
Addresses high-priority investigations identified by the National Academy of SciencesSlide27
27
Discovery Program
Mars evolution:
Mars Pathfinder (1996-1997)
NEO characteristics:
NEAR (1996-1999)
Lunar formation:
Lunar Prospector (1998-1999)
Completed
Comet internal structure:
Deep Impact (2005-2012)
Mercury environment:
MESSENGER (2004
-
2013
)
Main-belt asteroids: Dawn (
2007-2015
)
Lunar Internal Structure
GRAIL (
2011-2012
)
In Flight
Comet diversity:
CONTOUR
Solar wind sampling:
Genesis (2001-2004)
Nature of dust/coma:
Stardust (1999-2011 )
Lost
Aug 15 2002
CompletedSlide28
InSight: Interior Structure from Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport
28Slide29
New Frontiers Program
1
st
NF mission
New Horizons:
Pluto-Kuiper Belt
Launched January 2006
Arrives July 2015
PI: Alan Stern (SwRI-CO)
2
nd
NF mission
JUNO:
Jupiter Polar Orbiter
3
rd
NF mission
OSIRIS-REx
Launched August 2011
Arrives July 2016
PI: Scott Bolton (SwRI-TX)
Asteroid Sample Return
Sept. 2016 LRD
PI: Dante Lauretta (UA)
NF-4 AO in FY15-16Slide30
O
rigins-
S
pectral
I
nterpretation-
R
esource
I
dentification-
S
ecurity-
R
egolith
Ex
plorer (OSIRIS-REx )
Science Objectives:
Return and analyze a sample of pristine carbonaceous asteroid
Map the global properties, chemistry, and mineralogy
Document in situ the properties of the regolith at the sampling site
Characterize the integrated global properties to allow comparison with ground-based telescopic data of entire asteroid population
Measure the Yarkovsky effect
Mission Overview:
Launch in
September 2016
Encounter asteroid (101955) 1999 RQ36 in October 2019
Study RQ36 for up to 505 days, globally mapping the surface
Obtain at least 60 g of pristine regolith/surface material
Return sample to Earth in September 2023 in a Stardust-heritage capsule
Deliver samples to JSC curation facility for world-wide distribution
30
RQ36 - Apollo
r ~ 280 m
P ~ 436 daysSlide31
Discovery and New Frontiers Missions Timeline - Current Missions
8-year Phase E
Dawn
ASPERA-3
6-year Phase E
GRAIL
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2000
2002
2001
Strofio
Extended Mission
New Horizons
10-year Phase E
Juno
10-year Phase E
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2000
2002
2001
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
EPOXI
MESSENGER
8-year Phase E
12 month Phase E (+6 month extension)
Discovery Missions
New Frontiers Missions
Now
Phase E
Phases Pre-A,A,B,C,D
Calendar Year
Extended Mission
InSight
Extended Mission
OSIRIS-REx
2022
2022
7-year Phase E
2022
2023
HibernationSlide32
32
Mars Exploration Program 2000-2010
“
Follow the Water…
”Slide33
Mars Budget Analysis FY’00 through FY’
17
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
Mars Op Budget FY'00-FY'11
271
451
454
497
553
532
593
607
695
362
438
547
587
0
0
0
0
0
Mars Pres Budget FY'12-FY'17
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
361
228
189
267
503
$M
MSL Delay
MSL LandingSlide34
NASA’
s Future Mars Missions
34
MRO
Mars Express
Collaboration
Odyssey
2013
Operational
Phoenix
(completed)
2001-2012
2016
2018
2020
Curiosity
–
Mars Science Laboratory
MAVEN Aeronomy Orbiter
2022
ESA Trace Gas Orbiter
(Electra)
ESA ExoMars
Rover (MOMA)
2020
Science Rover
34
InSight
Future Planning
Opportunity
Spirit
(completed)
“
Seeking Signs of Life…
”Slide35Slide36
Developing MissionsSlide37
Upcoming Launches
MAVEN and LADEE in final phases of development for 2013 launch datesSlide38
The JUpiter ICy moons Orbiter Mission
On May 2, 2012, the ESA formally selected JUICE as the first Large-class mission in ESA
’
s Cosmic Vision Program
The JUICE mission will investigate the emergence of habitable worlds around gas giants, characterizing Ganymede, Europa, and Callisto as planetary objects and potential habitats
JUICE will first orbit Jupiter for ~2.5 years, providing 13 flybys of Callisto and 2 of Europa, and then will orbit Ganymede for 9 months
Launch is scheduled for 2022 with Jupiter arrival in 2030 and Ganymede orbit insertion in 2032
NASA will contribute ~$100M in instruments and other support
38Slide39
Planetary TechnologiesSlide40
ASRG and Pu-238 Production
Advanced Stirling Radioistope Generator (ASRG)After Discovery 12 selection, working to identify next ASRG mission
Expectation is that Discovery 13 will provide similar opportunities to test mission enabling technologies (ie: ASRG, NEXT…)
Two ASRG flight units (F1 and F2) will be completed in 2016
The completed flight units will go into bonded storage, unfueled, pending a mission decision for flight use
Plutonium-238
Technology demonstration activities include:
A qualified Neptunium-237 target for irradiation
in the High Flux Isotope Reactor
(First Np-237 targets irradiated)
A qualified process for post-irradiation target processing
A qualified Pu-238 product
A project plan for scale-up to full-scale production at 1.5-2.0 kg/year
Project baseline and confirmation by December 2013Slide41
Planetary Supporting Researchand Analysis ProgramSlide42
Planetary Science Research
PGG, Cosmochem, PAST, PATM, PME, PIDDP, Origins, PP, LPI, ASTEP, ASTID, NAI, Exobiology
Near Earth Objects Observation (NEOO)
Planetary Data Systems (PDS)
Astromaterial Curation
Mars Research & Analysis
Mars Data Analysis Program (MDAP)
Mars Fundamental Research Program (MFRP)
Discovery Research
SRLI DAP/LARS (Lab Analysis of Returned Samples)
PMDAP (Planetary Missions DAP)
MESSENGER/Dawn PSP
GRAIL PSP
Outer Planets Research
OPRP, Cassini DAP/PSP
Lunar Science Research
NLSI, LASER, MMAMA, PGG/Cosmo Lunar, LRO PSP
Supporting Research & Analysis (R&A) Program Elements
Call for Proposal to these PSD Program Elements comes out in ROSESSlide43
Questions?
http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/yss
43