Level 1 Vocabulary Turncoat a traitor Loyalist someone who was loyal to the King Terrain landforms Guerrilla warfare a type of military action using small mobile irregular forces to carry out surprise attacks against hostile regular forces ID: 427833
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Slide1
Military and Political Aspects of the Revolution
Level 1Slide2
Vocabulary
Turncoat: a traitorLoyalist: someone who was loyal to the King
Terrain
: landforms
Guerrilla warfare
: a type of military action using small mobile irregular forces to carry out surprise attacks against hostile regular forces
Enlist
: to join the military
Hessian
: hired mercenary used by Britain from the area of what is now GermanySlide3
Essential Questions
What was the military course of the Revolutionary War?What role did leadership, commitment, and luck play in the American victory over the British?Slide4
Strategies of the Principal Military Engagements
Washington’s leadership
George Washington was made commander and chief of the Continental Army
Video Clip
http://www.history.com/shows/america-the-story-of-us/videos/george-washington?m=518971d79ac04
Slide5
Strategies of the Principal Military Engagements
Evolution of the war from the North to the South:
Lexington, Concord
and the Battle of Bunker Hill
British sent troops to get military supplies that the colonial militia was storing.
Paul Revere
and an outnumbered amount of minutemen were waiting at Lexington on April 19
th
.
British killed 5 colonists
British moved onto Concord and retreated to Boston
June 17 British beat the colonists in the
Battle of Bunker Hill
(Breed’s Hill)Slide6
Strategies of the Principal Military Engagements
Evolution of the war from the North to the South: Trenton
Trenton, NJ on the Delaware River
American troops outnumbered the Hessians
Washington and 3 regiments crossed the Delaware River on Dec. 25 in a surprise attack
American victorySlide7
Washington crossing the Delaware RiverSlide8
Battle in the Streets of TrentonSlide9
General Washington leading the Attack on TrentonSlide10
The surrender to General George Washington of the dying Hessian commander, Colonel Rahl, at the Battle of TrentonSlide11
Strategies of the Principal Military Engagements
Evolution of the war from the North to the South: Battle of Saratoga
The British Plan:
End the war in 1777
General John Burgoyne was to march troops from Montreal down the Hudson River
General St. Leger take troops from Lake Ontario to the Hudson River
General Howe was to march from NYC
What went wrong?
St. Leger’s troops retreated to Canada
Howe took his troops to Philadelphia following Washington
Burgoyne’s army reached Saratoga and were surrounded by the troops led by General Gates and was forced to surrender
Effects:
Turning point in the war
Convinced French to enter the war as an ally to the United States.
Video
Clip
http://www.history.com/topics/american-revolution/american-revolution-history/videos/battle-of-saratoga-turns-the-tide-of-the-american-revolution
Slide12
General Burgoyne surrenders to General GatesSlide13
Strategies of the Principal Military Engagements
Evolution of the war from the North to the South: Battle of Saratoga
Benedict Arnold: Colonial General who won at Lake Champlain and Fort Ticonderoga.
Hero of the Battle of Saratoga
Turncoat who joined the British
Plan:
give his own keys to West Point to Britain's Major John Andre.
Andre was captured and hanged.
Arnold escaped and commanded British troops later in the war. Slide14
Strategies of the Principal Military
Engagements
Evolution of the war from the North to the South
General Washington at the Battle of Monmouth
Battle of Monmouth- draw
Britain won the battles of
Savannah
Atlanta
CharlestonSlide15
Strategies of the Principal Military Engagements
Evolution of the war from the North to the South: Yorktown 1781
General Cornwallis took his troops to VA on the coast so that the British could support him between the York and James River
Washington moved from NYC with 7,000 troops
VA troops under Lafayette and 3,000 French regulars moved into VA
Cornwallis couldn’t retreat inland
Admiral de Grasse and his French fleet arrived and brought more troops and prevented the British navy from helping Cornwallis with reinforcements, supplies or escape by the sea.
Cornwallis surrendered on October 19, 1781Slide16
Role of the Loyalists
Colonists of Nova Scotia, Quebec, and Prince Edward Island did not join the Revolution
Refuge for Loyalists: about 40,000 loyalists went North (Canada) due to being chased out, fined, jailed and even from the threat of being killed
Staging ground for attacks on New York’s patriots as in the Battle of SaratogaSlide17
The Outcome of the War was Influenced by Many Factors
Geography
importance of various physical features
Colonist knew the territory
3,000 miles away from Britain so it was hard to supply them with enough military power to occupy key cities after they were won
Colonists were defending their own towns, homes and families
Terrain: rocky and cold in New England, buggy and humid in the South, impassable forests and mountain in the WestSlide18
The Outcome of the War was Influenced by Many Factors
Allocation of Resources and Advantages
Britain
Financial
Trained and disciplined troops
Control of the Seas
Colonies
Superior officers
Aid and money, supplies, troops and naval support from France
Defending their own homes and knew terrain
Marquis de LafayetteSlide19
The Outcome of the War was Influenced by Many Factors
Disadvantages
Britain
Hard to supply troops
Large area to fight in
Adjusting to guerilla-type warfare
Fighting other enemies like France, Holland, and Spain
Cutting off flow of aid from their allies
Colonies
Lack of central government authority
No sound financial system
No power to tax
Tories supporting the British
Raise and maintain the Continental ArmySlide20
The Outcome of the War was Influenced by Many Factors
Foreign aid
Baron Von Steuben
French sent Naval Power, troops and money
Lafayette of France
Von Steuben of Prussia: trained troops at Valley Forge
Kosciusko and Pulaski of PolandSlide21
The Outcome of the War was Influenced by Many Factors
Role of Women, African Americans and Native American Indians
Margaret Corbin: manned artillery during the attack on Fort Washington when her husband died. She took his place and performed his duties. In 1779 the Congress awarded her a pension for her heroism.
Molly Pitcher: (possibly a myth) she brought water to soldiers on the battlefield
Nancy Hart: (possibly a myth) patriot who killed British soldiers in her cabin in Georgia.
Lydia Darragh: warned the colonists that the British were planning an attack at Whitemarsh, PA
Peter Salem: African American slave who gained his freedom after he enlisted in the Continental Army. He fought at Concord and then in Bunker Hill where it is thought that he may have killed the first British soldier who happened to be a Major.
Joseph Brant: Mohawk chief who rallied and led other Native Americans to join the British cause.
Molly PitcherSlide22
Margaret CorbinSlide23
Nancy HartSlide24
Lydia DarraghSlide25
Peter Salem
Here, Peter Salem helps Thomas Grosvenor conduct a fighting retreat when the British overran the American fort.Slide26
Joseph BrantSlide27
The Outcome of the War Influenced by Many Factors
Haphazard occurrences of events: the Human Factor
Battle of Trenton: caught the Hessians off guard. Rahl didn’t build defenses, even though told to, and ignored reports that the Americans were coming.
Battle of Saratoga: failed British attack on Albany because St. Leger was defeated at Fort Stanwix and General Howe didn’t follow General Burgoyne's request for troops from NYC. Led to the American win at Saratoga.
Battle of Yorktown: Cornwallis was defeated because he refused to send troops to New York as ordered by Sir Henry Clinton.
Benedict Arnold's decision to join the British.
St. Leger
CornwallisSlide28
The Outcome of the War was Influenced by Many Factors
Clash between colonial authority and Second Continental Congress
2
nd
Continental Congress had no given legal authority to govern but it still
appointed ambassadors
signed treaties
raised armies
appointed generals
obtained loans from Europe
issued paper money
disbursed funds
It had no right to
levy taxes
had to request money, supplies, and troops from colonial states
Colonial states often ignored the requestsSlide29
The Outcome of the War was Influenced by Many Factors
Clash between colonial authority and Second Continental Congress
Delegates did not have power to pass the Declaration of Independence
Virginia Convention wanted its delegates to propose a the declaration of independence, the formation of foreign alliances, and a confederation of the states.
delegates had to get approval from their own colonial governments to accept the Declaration of IndependenceSlide30
The Outcome of the War was Influenced by Many Factors
Clash Between Colonial Authority and Second Continental Congress
Treaty of Paris:
Continental Congress didn’t want a separate peace with Britain because the agreement with France stated that the US would fight Britain until France stopped.
John Jay, John Adams, and Benjamin Franklin signed a treaty anyway in Sept. of 1782.
Individual States ignored Federal recommendations to restore confiscated Loyalist property and they:
took Loyalist property for "unpaid debts"
kept laws against payment of debts to British creditorsSlide31
Essential Questions
What was the military course of the Revolutionary War?What role did leadership, commitment, and luck play in the American victory over the British?