Luna C Mu ñoz University of Central Lancashire UK Research Methods Festival Oxford 2010 Importance of parenting Efforts to change parents behaviours depend on this link Poor parenting ID: 180928
Download Presentation The PPT/PDF document "Parenting and Youth Conduct Problems and..." is the property of its rightful owner. Permission is granted to download and print the materials on this web site for personal, non-commercial use only, and to display it on your personal computer provided you do not modify the materials and that you retain all copyright notices contained in the materials. By downloading content from our website, you accept the terms of this agreement.
Slide1
Parenting and Youth Conduct Problems and Delinquency: Reciprocal Effects and Moderation by Callous-Unemotional Traits
Luna C.
MuñozUniversity of Central Lancashire, UK
Research Methods Festival, Oxford, 2010Slide2
Importance of parenting
Efforts to change parents’ behaviours depend on this link
Poor parenting
Conduct problemsSlide3
Poor parenting
Earlier
Conduct problems
Conduct problems
Some children may not respondSlide4
One size may not fit allSlide5
The some....
Hawes & Dadds (2007) conducted parent-training for young children’s conduct problemsThey found that children whose conduct problems were accompanied by stably-high callous and unemotional traits improved but only temporarilySlide6
Callous-Unemotional Traits
Is unconcerned about the feelings of othersDoesn’t feel empathyDoes not feel any emotions deeplyLacks fear or anxiety
Lacks remorse or regretSees emotions as a hindranceEmotions do not control his/her actionsSlide7
Subtyping Antisocial Behavior in Children: Using Callous-Unemotional
TraitsConduct Disorder
Childhood-onset
Callous-Unemotional
Traits
Impulsive
High Emotional Arousal/
Emotion DysregulationSlide8
Callous-Unemotional Traits/ Psychopathy in Adulthood - Similarities
Children with CU show more serious offendinga particularly violent form of criminal behaviorThey also are more likely to recidivate
Poor treatment progressRelated to emotional processing deficitsSlide9
Callous-Unemotional Traits
Conduct Problems
CU
Conduct Problems
More Severe
Antisocial BehaviorSlide10
Conduct Problems
Some children continue to have conduct problems, which affects them more than
other kids
Why?Slide11
Conduct Problems with/without Callous-Unemotional Traits
Without Callous-Unemotional Traits
With Callous-Unemotional TraitsSlide12
Origin of Conduct Problems
ParentingStrong emotional reactionsThoughts – that people's actions are hostileInattention/ Impulsivity/ Hyperactivity
Cognitive ability – Intellectual deficits
PersonalitySlide13
These traits drive behavior
The research carried out tends to be conducted with the assumption that CU traits drive behavior with little input from the environmentSlide14
Callous-Unemotional Traits are Largely Inherited
Twin studies of children who display antisocial behaviors (Viding et al., 2005)Strong genetic influence was found for children with antisocial behaviors AND callous-unemotional traits
Only modest genetic influence for children with antisocial behaviors but without callous-unemotional traitsSlide15
---Low CU Traits
High CU Traits
Ineffective Parenting
Conduct ProblemsSlide16
Earlier
Poor parenting
---Low CU Traits
High CU Traits
Later
Poor parenting
Earlier
Conduct problems
Later
Conduct problemsSlide17
Origin of Conduct Problems
ParentingStrong emotional reactionsThoughts – that people's actions are hostileInattention/ Impulsivity/ Hyperactivity
Cognitive ability – Intellectual deficits
PersonalitySlide18
Earlier
Poor parenting
---Low CU Traits
High CU Traits
Later
Conduct problems
CorrelationalSlide19
Poor
parenting
---Low CU Traits
High CU Traits
Conduct
problems
Earlier
LaterSlide20
Some evidence for reciprocal direction
Hawes & Dadds (2004) found that parents of children with CU reported that time-out was less effective
, when compared to those parents of children with high levels of conduct problems but with low levels of callous-unemotional traitsSlide21
My argument...
A child’s lack of concern over punishment may be one reason why parents loosen control over their childrenParents may give up trying when children are delinquent, but especially with children with callous-unemotional traitsExamine bi-directionally!Slide22
Why longitudinal investigations?
Wohlwill (1973) and Kessen (1960)We need to go beyond age-related descriptionsWe need to be able to clarify individual processes of development and change
Cairns & Cairns (1994)Identify individual difference predictabilityStability over timeRates and types of individual changeIdentify periods of greatest risk and possibility for greatest changeSlide23Slide24
Parenting and Problem Behaviour: Callous-Unemotional Traits
100 school children from a moderate-sized city from southeastern USAA stratified random sampling design was used to match the selected sample to the school sample on gender, ethnicity, and SES
76 children (mean age 13.4 years at Time 1) provided data over three yearsMuñoz
,
Pakalniskiene
, & Frick.
Manuscript under reviewSlide25
Bidirectional effects one year later
Low callous-unemotional
More knowledge led to less controlControl led to more knowlege
Little effect
No effect
High callous-unemotional
Less knowledge led to less control
No effect
Less knowledge led to more conduct problems
More conduct problems led to less control
Muñoz
,
Pakalniskiene
, & Frick.
Manuscript under reviewSlide26
Parenting Measures
Alabama Parenting Questionnaire: Monitoring and Supervision scaleSlide27
Problem with monitoring measures
Many of the assessments being used assess what parents know about their children (i.e., knowledge) rather than actions to gain knowledge (i.e., monitoring)(Kerr & Stattin, 2000; Stattin & Kerr, 2000).Slide28
Problem with monitoring measures
Wootton and colleagues’ (1997) study asked about whether the child hung out with peers that were unknown to the parent. Don’t know whyUnsupervised because parents have been lax
They disobey/ sneak outThe latter is part of the child’s behaviorSlide29
Parenting Measures
Parents’ KnowledgeAlabama Parenting Questionnaire: Monitoring and Supervision scaleParental MonitoringSolicitation of information from child
Parental ControlParents’ demands that lead to knowledgeSlide30
Conduct Problem Measures
Youth-report: Self-Report of Delinquency Scale (Elliott & Ageton, 1980) assesses the child’s self-report of 36 illegal juvenile acts.Parent-report:
Behavioral Assessment System for Children-Parent Rating Scale (Reynolds & Kamphaus, 1992)Conduct Problems scale focuses on more covert conduct problems (e.g., cheats in school, gets into trouble)Slide31
Stability of parentingSlide32
Prediction of parenting from parenting
.27***
Knowledge
ControlSlide33
Prediction of parenting from parenting
Knowledge
Control
Hi= -.05
Lo=.39***Slide34
Prediction of parenting from parenting
Control
Knowledge
Hi= .20
Lo= -.20*Slide35
Prediction of parenting from parenting
Control
Solicitation
Hi= .07
Lo=.30***Slide36
Stability differed by CU
Hi=.41**
Control
Control
Lo=.75***Slide37
Do parents affect behaviour? differing by CU groupsSlide38
Parenting predicts behaviour
Knowledge
Delinquency / Conduct Problem
Solicitation
.13/ -.15*
Control
Analyses are conducted while controlling for earlier CP
-.19*/ -.04
-.01/ -.03Slide39
What parents know predicts changes in behaviour, especially for high CU
Knowledge
Delinquency
Solicitation
Lo= -.13
Control
Analyses are conducted while controlling for earlier CP
Hi= -.28*Slide40
Does Behaviour affect Parenting? Differing by CU groupsSlide41
Problem behaviour leads to changes in what parents do
Knowledge
Delinquency / Conduct Problems
Solicitation
-.13/ .01
Control
Analyses are conducted while controlling for earlier parenting
-.01/ -.06
-.26**/ .05Slide42
And is especially true for those with high levels of CU and who are delinquent
Knowledge
Delinquency
Solicitation
Control
Analyses are conducted while controlling for earlier parenting
Lo= -.10
Hi= -.38**Slide43
Implications for parental involvement
Parents reduce their control over time when their child shows delinquent behaviours, particularly when the child also has callous-unemotional traits.A reduction in control leads to a less effective management of child behaviour.Interventions need to encourage an intimate relationship between parent and child so that youths with callous-unemotional traits actively disclose information to their parents.Slide44
Poor
parenting
---Low CU Traits
High CU Traits
Conduct
problems
Earlier
LaterSlide45
Conclusions
We were able to show that the relation between parenting and conduct problems can be a child-effect, which supports prior studiesAnother explanation is that shared genetic effects explain child personality traits, conduct problems, and parents’ parenting (see
Jaffee et al., 2004)Slide46
Acknowledgments
My post-doctoral advisers:Margaret KerrHåkan Stattin
Their superstar graduate student:Vilmante Pakalniskiene, now Dr.
Vilma
My PhD supervisor:
Research Professor Paul
Frick
Very grateful to Neville Butler Memorial PrizeSlide47
Future directions