Unit 3 - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Unit 3

States of Consciousness

Textbook Chapter 3Slide2

Difficult to define!

Behaviorists rejected it completely

Interest in consciousness faded through 1960sTechnology helped revive an interest in itToday, consciousness is defined as our awareness of ourselves and our environmentActive mode involves controlled, heightened awareness such as planning and decision makingPassive mode involves minimal awareness and includes states such as daydreaming and sleeping

What is Consciousness?Slide3

Naturally occurring altered states of consciousness

Sleep

DreamingDaydreamingArtificially induced altered states of consciousnessHypnosisMeditationDrug-altered consciousness

Altered States of ConsciousnessSlide4

Scientists have given various reasons for the purpose of consciousness

Reproductive advantage

Long-term planning (considering various outcomes and consequences)Reading others’ behavior and altering how we present ourselves for survivalHowever, how does our brain create conscious experience?Brain and ConsciousnessSlide5

Defined as the branch of psychology that examines the relationship between the brain and cognitive processes

Can use fMRI to see what parts of the brain are active when we are conscious

Beginning to map out neural patterns to correspond with conscious processesDual processingWe seem to have two neural systems at workOne system is used for conscious processing, the other is for unconscious processingThe two systems function simultaneously, though we are only aware of the conscious one

Cognitive NeuroscienceSlide6

Selective attention

is the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

we are bombarded with tens of thousands of stimuli per secondwe only focus on a small fraction of these stimuliCocktail Party PhenomenonSelective attention and accidentsCell phones and driving?Cell phones and walking!?

Selective AttentionSlide7

Neisser (1979) Experiment

When we focus on one thing, we “miss out” on others

Inattentional blindness occurs when we fail to see things because we are focused on other stimuliChange Blindness (Simons, 1996) occurs when we fail to notice a change in a the environment when we are focused elsewhere (change deafness exists, too!)Choice Blindness (Johansson, 2005) occurs when we fail to recognize the choice we have made moments after doing so (and choice-choice blindness…?)In some instances, a stimulus may demand our attention (e.g. hearing our name in noisy room)

Selective InattentionSlide8

Something we don’t try to pay attention to catches our attention.

Pop outSlide9

We may not be conscious, but our brain is active

We continue to process information while we sleep

Technology has given researchers a greater understanding of brain activity during sleepSleepSlide10

Circadian Rhythms

24-hour cycle of biological functioning (circa-diem)

Humans naturally wake with sunlight and sleep when it gets darkStimulation of SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus in hypothalamus) by bright light striking retina’s photoreceptive cellsSCN triggers pineal gland to decrease melatoninExposure to artificial light and the circadian cycle?Biological Rhythms and SleepSlide11

Every 90-Minutes, we cycle through 5 sleep stages several times during the night (Stages 1, 2, 3, 4, and REM)

Researchers monitor brain waves, eye movement, and facial muscle tension to study these stages

Generally, as the night progresses, we experience shorter stage 4 and 3 sleep and longer periods of REM sleepOver a third of people report never dreaming, though they do – they just do not recallWhen these sleepers are awakened during REM, they can usually remember their dreamsWe spend 20-25% of our sleeping time in REM, dreaming away…

Sleep Stages: General TrendsSlide12

Awake and alert

: beta waves dominate

Stress, anxiety, high activity events (like the HIGHEST gear that our brain is every in)CaffeineAwake but relaxed: alpha waves dominate Creativity, healthy immune systemFirst waves ever discovered

If we skip over Alpha Waves (i.e. alarm clock pulls us out of Delta Waves (deep sleep) and immediately creates anxiety (beta waves)), then we may see a decrease in health and creativity.

The Sleep Stages: Specifics Slide13
Slide14

Stage 1 Sleep

: slowed breathing, irregular, larger brain waves (

theta waves), hallucinations, feelings of falling, paralysis, “Hyponogogia”Stage 2 Sleep: deeper sleep, more difficult to awaken, larger theta waves, sleep spindles, sleeptalkingStage 3 Sleep

: even deeper sleep, difficult to awaken,

delta waves

begin

Stage 4 Sleep: very deep sleep, delta waves, sleepwalking, bedwettingREM: rapid brain waves, dreaming, increased heart rate, cortical activity, sexual arousal, “paradoxical sleep” In general, as sleep deepens, sleep waves increase in amplitude and decrease in frequency

Sleep Stages (Cont.)Slide15

Sleep Stages

REM is important, and when we are deprived of it, we may experience

REM Rebound.

The loss of muscle tone/paralysis that occurs during REM helps us avoid acting out our dreams. Sleepwalking and talking must therefore occur during

nREM

in most people. REM decreases with age.Slide16
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Protective Value

: we sleep at night, as we are not adapted for hunting/gathering in darkness. Sleeping in darkness keeps us away from dangerous nocturnal predators. Animals who need less protection sleep less.

Restorative Value: we restore and repair brain tissue and prune unused neural pathwaysMemory: we recall better after a good night’s sleep (don’t pull all-nighters!!!!!!)Creativity: the break that sleep (and dreams) provide allows us to awaken with a fresh new approach (Friedrich August Kekule von

Stradonitz

and his chemistry break through)

Growth

: Pituitary releases more growth hormone during deep sleep – may explain why we spend less time in deep sleep as we age (or that we grow less because we sleep deeply less)Why Do We Sleep?Slide19

Nearly half of all Americans are sleep deprived!

Sleep deprivation is linked with concentration difficulties, irritability, unhappiness, fatigue, illness, obesity, hypertension, and poor motor performance

William Dement’s research on sleep: “Sleep deprivation makes you stupid!”If you need an alarm clock…if you fall asleep in class…you are sleep deprived!People who report getting enough sleep also are more likely to report feeling satisfied with their lives!

Sleep DeprivationSlide20

1 in 10 adults; 1 in 4 older adults

Inability to fall asleep or remain asleep

Role of Ventrolateral Preoptic NucleusIn hypothalamus - “shut off” brain activity associated with wakefulness by releasing inhibitory NTs (example???)Degenerates with age

Treatments

Sleeping pills and alcohol?

Exercise but not before bed

Avoid caffeine and rich foods before bed; milk for serotonin insteadUnwind before bed – dim lights, no TV- WHY?Keep regular sleep schedule with no naps- WHY?

Avoid stressors – looking at clock, ruminating, etc.

Hypersomnia? (excessive sleepiness, never “refreshed”)

Sleep Disorders: InsomniaSlide21

Sudden lapse into sleep – in severe cases, REM

Usually brief – 5 minutes

Linked to lack of neurotransmitter linked to alertness, orexin, produced in hypothalamus.Rusty the narcoleptic dog

Sleep Disorders: NarcolepsySlide22

Temporary cessation of breathing during the night

Puts great stress on heart- arrhythmia and heart attack more likely

Irritability, fatigue- work-related/driving injuries increaseLinked with obesityChildren w/ enlarged tonsilsCPAP and BiPAP; Surgery“Positive Airway Pressure”

Sleep Disorders: Sleep ApneaSlide23

Uncontrollable screaming and arousal without the ability to be awakened

Seen only in children or adults on drugs

Linked to CNS overactivity; Rare (3-6%)Occur during stage 4 sleep typically, not REM like nightmaresWhat does this tell us about the disorder?

How can you tell the difference b/w a NM and NT?

Sleep Disorders: Night TerrorsSlide24

Stage 4

sleep disorder

Individuals walk and talk in sleep and do not recall anything in the morningSeems to run in familiesMore likely to have children w/ night terrorsMore common in childrenWHY?Linked to fatigue, anxiety, alcohol, sedatives

Sleepwalkers (somnambulists) usually return to bed on their own

Don’t wake them up?

Sleep Disorders:

Sleepwalking and SleeptalkingSlide25

Occurs in REM sleep

and

Stage 4?Difference in types of dreams?We spend 6 years of our lives in dreams!DreamingSlide26

Manifest Content

– actual story line of the dreams – often reflect our experiences and preoccupations (e.g. Tetris dreams) – (vs. Freud’s Latent)

Sensory stimuli from the outside may intrude – alarm clock, smells – indicating some level of awareness even when unconsciousOnly stimulus-response learning seems to occur in dreamsTone + puff of air, no foreign languageTo remember dreams, write them down, talk about them before going back to sleep. Dreaming (cont.)Slide27

Freud’s

Wish Fulfillment

Interpretation of Dreams (1900)Manifest and Latent ContentLacks any scientific backingInformation ProcessingSort out our dayImprove and organize memories

Does not explain dreams about places we have never seen/things never experienced

Correlation b/w sleep & grades

Physiological Function

REM sleep brain stimulation develops and preserves/prunes neural pathwaysInfants with developing brains spent much time in REMGives no explanation about the meaning of dreams

“Mental Housekeeping” Crick and

Mitchison

– “reverse learning”

Activation Synthesis

Hobson and

McCarley’s

Theory

REM sleep causes neural activity that the brain weaves into stories

Does not explain meaning of dreams (no meaning)

Cognitive Development

Dreams reflect the dreamer’s knowledge; development; affect

Dreams often continue waking consciousness

Problem

Solving

Fails to address role of physiological brain activity in dreams

Rosalind Cartwright and depression

BIOLOGICAL

and

PSYCHOLOGICAL

explanations of dreams work together, not against one another

Theories

of DreamingSlide28

Identify the Dream Theory Represented:Slide29

Lucid Dreaming

A person is aware

that they are dreaming while the dream is in progressA.k.a. conscious dream. Dreamer can actively participate in and often manipulate the imaginary experiences in the dream environment.

Lucid dreams can be extremely real and vivid depending on a person's level of self-awareness during the lucid dream.Slide30

Do we need to dream?

People deprived of REM sleep (and therefore in overall sleep time) display irritability, fatigue, increased reaction time, hallucinations

“The Men Who Did Not Sleep”- DementCats and REM Deprivation90 Hours- Decrease in sensory acuity, slowed reaction time, decreased memory ability, hallucinations

.

201 Hours- Peter Tripp- Mental agility tests were intolerable, visual hallucinations, conspiring doctors (could’ve been partially caused by stimulants)

11 days- Randy Gardner- decline in concentration, motivation, perception, analytical abilities, memory, motor control, reaction time, hallucinations, delusions, forgetting tasks,

microsleepsSpeculation of Sleep Deprivation for those involved in: Exxon Valdez, Chernobyl, ChallengerSlide31

Greek root:

hypnos

, meaning “sleep”Anton Mesmer (1732-1815) and “mesmerism” as a cureHypnosis is a systematic procedure used to produce a heightened state of suggestibilityNot an “altered state”?Not everyone can be hypnotized

Hypnotic Susceptibility Scales

Willingness to be hypnotized

Those with good imagination and fantasy life, who are able to concentrate, and who have a favorable opinion of hypnosis

Hypnotism as entertainment

HypnosisSlide32

Age Regression

: acting like of reliving one’s child-state

Hypnosis may cause hypnotized people to feel like children, but they often still have adult abilitiesMemories that have been “hypnotically refreshed” are often a combination of fact and suggestionActing against one’s will?People do not do this because they are hypnotizedThey may perform unlikely acts simply because anyone in authority can induce people – hypnotized or nor – to act against one’s will

Spanos

article from reading

Power of Hypnosis…?Slide33

Hypnotherapists try to help clients heal themselves

Posthypnotic suggestions

: suggestion made to hypnotized client that influence client’s later behaviorPosthypnotic amnesia: client told they will not remember anything that happened while they were hypnotizedHypnotherapy as a supplement to therapy has been shown to be helpful – particularly in managing obesity, but not for drugs, smoking or alcoholHypnosis has been successful in pain management

Hypnotized people can endure things from ice baths to surgery without anesthesia!

Hypnosis can be used for pain management in lieu of addictive pain killers

In Europe, the surgical use of hypnosis is on the rise

Hypnosis as TherapySlide34

Role Theory

Hypnotized individuals are playing a role

If they trust the hypnotist, they will behave accordingly – as expectedDissociation TheoryA dissociation is a split in consciousness which allows thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously but separately The hypnotized individual gives some control over these processes to the hypnotistAutomatic writing: subject writes one thing and discusses an unrelated thing at same time

State Theory

Hypnosis is a special state of consciousness

Specific, distinct changes in mental processes take place during hypnosis

Combining theories?The Hypnotized StateSlide35

Techniques that attempt to focus attention and promote relaxation

Deliberate attempt to alter consciousness

Concentrative Meditation attempts to focus all attention on ONE thing: a word, a sound, etc. so that the same information is cycled through the nervous system repeatedly.Zen: Focused breathing (Buddhism)Transcendental : Repetition of a

mantra

(Maharishi Mahesh Yogi

)Sufi: Frenzied dancing and prayer (e.g. whirling dervishes)Alpha waves predominate- EFFECTS?!?Can be used for relaxation,

suppression of sympathetic nervous system

MeditationSlide36

Drugs and Consciousness

Psychoactive drugs

are chemicals that influence the brain, alter consciousness, and produce psychological changesRecreational Use involves the self-administration of drugs in ways that deviate from medical or social norms

Drug

Abuse

– pattern of use that diminishes fulfillment of responsibilities at home, work, or schoolSlide37

Results of Substance Abuse

Tolerance

refers to a person’s progressively decreasing responsiveness to a drug, leading to increased amounts required to produce the same effectReverse Tolerance- Happens with certain substances- In the immediate short term, the substance will have more

of an effect

Withdrawal

, the unpleasant physiological

symptoms (head ache, nausea, tremors) that follow discontinued use may occur, indicating that…Physical Dependence has occurred

Psychological dependence

may also prompt the individual to continue using the drug

Addiction

results when continued use is necessary to prevent withdrawalSlide38

Do Now:

Jayden is a graduate student who began drinking alcohol in college. When he first started drinking, 3-4 shots of vodka would cause him to display signs of intoxication. Now, however, he has to drink at least a half of a bottle of alcohol to feel the effects. When he ceases to drink, Jayden experiences tremors, sweating, and slight nausea. It has come to the point where he has been slacking on his graduate studies and missing class. What are some effects of drug use that Jayden is experiencing? Is he dependent?Slide39

Dependence

(4 of the following 7 symptoms)

Developing a toleranceExperiencing withdrawalUsing substance for a longer period or in greater quantities than intendedPresence of a desire or repeated attempts to cut back on use

Spending a lot of time using/obtaining the substance

Reduction or cessation of usual activities

Continued use despite awareness of drug’s harmful effectsSlide40

Depressants

aka “Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs”

Depress the functioning of the CNS, reduce neural activity and slow body functionsWithdrawal: tremors, nausea, sweating, restlessness, irritability, anxiety, possibly death (stroke, heart attack)….Why???

Long term: Addiction, Tolerance Slide41

Depressants: Alcohol

Increases

Serotonin, GABA, Dopamine, causing:mild euphoria, relaxation, lowered inhibitions (misperceived as stimulant)Slowed neural processing (don’t drive!)

Perception, motor processes, judgment, visual acuity, cognitive functioning are impaired

Memory disruption (“black outs”)**

Withdrawal: Delirium Tremens- Death by heart attack??Slide42

Depressants: Alcohol

Behavioral tolerance

?- Vogel-SprottPromiscuity/Driving and alcohol?

Highly physically and psychologically addictive

~14

million Americans

abuse alcohol (NIAAA)1 in 13 adults, or 7% of adult populationMen are 3x

more likely to become alcoholics than

women

Brain shrinkage; Memory disruption;

Korsakoff’s

Syndrome- B1 deficiency

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

We will return to this in “development” unitSlide43

Depressants: Barbiturates

Sleeping pills

and TranquilizersBind to GABA (inh.) receptors and block Glutamate (Exc

.)

Calming, sedative effect – reduce

inhibitions

e.g. Nembutal (Exorcism of Emily Rose)Slide44

Depressants: Benzodiazepine

Like Barbiturates, they enhance the effects of GABA (inhibitory neurotransmitter)

Used to treat anxiety, insomnia, agitation, seizures, muscle spasms, alcohol withdrawalTolerance and physical dependence result after timeEx: Diazepam (Valium),

Lorazepam

,

XanaxSlide45

Depressants: Propofol

Increases effects of GABA

Blocks Sodium Channel (Think back to neural firing!)Short term: mild euphoria, hallucinations, and disinhibition; Used as sedative for anesthesiaSlide46

In conclusion….

What are some reasons for why people use depressants?

How do they work? (Mechanisms and effects)Why are they so dangerous?Alcohol poisoning kills 79,000/year (College Stats)

Some celebrities who have overdosed at least partially as a result of depressants:

Marilyn Monroe:

Acute Barbiturate Poisoning (Nembutal)

Jimi Hendrix

:

Acute Barbiturate Poisoning

Elvis Presley:

Sedatives

Anna Nicole Smith:

Clonazepam,

Lorazepam

, Diazepam, Sleeping pills

Heath Ledger:

DiazepamSlide47

Stimulants

Increase central nervous system activity and speed up body functions; arousal responseSlide48

Stimulants: Meth

Methamphetamine (Speed)

Euphoria, triggers release of dopamineIrritability, insomnia, seizures, depression, violence, psychosis

HIGHLY addictiveSlide49

Stimulants: Nicotine

Euphoria

, triggers epinephrine and norepinephrine releaseSuppresses hunger and increases alertnessStimulates release of dopamine: highly addictive!Withdrawal leads to insomnia, anxiety, irritability and weight gain

Philip Morris- “Death saves $$”

Depression, divorce, disabilitiesSlide50

Stimulants- Caffeine

Caffeine

Wakefulness, increased metabolism (3-4 hours)Withdrawal leads to fatigue and headachesSlide51

Stimulants- Cocaine

Fast

euphoria – fast crashBlocks _________ reuptake (pleasure)HIGHLY addictive

Withdrawal leads to fatigue, irritability, increased appetite,

depression

Blow (Johnny Depp)Slide52

Stimulants- Ecstasy

Ecstasy (MDMA)

Stimulant and mild hallucinogenTriggers release of serotonin and prevents its reabsorptionDestroys serotonin-producing neurons – permanent depressionSuppresses immune system

Romeo and Juliet

(4:30)

Ecstasy and Death articleSlide53

Though Ecstasy may not be as deadly in the long run as alcohol, cocaine or heroin use, the drug "has the potential to cause death," said Washington state toxicologist

Barry Logan

. "Some people are more sensitive to it than others.“Marissa Ann Napier was one of them.

Doctors who treated her and the medical examiner who performed her autopsy think the Ecstasy in Marissa's system -- .87 milligrams of MDMA per liter -- caused seizures. The convulsions in turn caused labored and irregular breathing, which eventually caused her oxygen-starved brain to shut down

.

Marissa was brain dead, though her heart was just barely beating, when she arrived at Harborview, said

Shawn Skerrett

, the doctor who treated her there.

She

was unconscious and breathing ineffectively,

Skerrett

said. Her pupils had become fixed and dilated. A pink frothy foam was coming out the side of her mouth, consistent with pulmonary edema, or lungs that are filled with water

.

"This was a horrible case, and not one you easily forget," said

Skerrett

.

Though Marissa's friends later told sheriff's deputies that she also had taken hallucinogenic mushrooms at the party, medical examiners found only caffeine and MDMA in her system.Slide54

Hallucinogens

Drugs that alter perceptions of reality and distort sensory and perceptual experiencesSlide55

Hallucinogens: LSD

lysergic acid diethylamide

Albert Hofmann (Bicycle Day), Timothy LearyGov’t experimentation- “Truth Serum”- KK

Hours of mild euphoria, hallucinations, sensory distortion, and “mind expansion”

Non-addictive, but can produce “bad trips” and

flashbacks

Can result in psychosis, memory loss, paranoia, panic attacks, nightmares and aggressionAssociation with

Counterculture/Beatniks- KK, JK, TL

Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds

“Turn on, Tune in, Drop out

”; Question Authority

Ken

Kesey

and the Merry Pranksters

RN- TL is “the most dangerous man in America”Slide56

Marijuana

THC, the active ingredient in marijuana, produces symptoms such as

Mild hallucinationsEuphoriaEnhanced sense of well-beingRelaxationDistortion of

time

Memory disruption

Brain shrinkage

Intensified sensory experiences(munchies)ALSO a stimulant at higher doses/depressant at lower doses

Some users may experience anxiety and

paranoia

Marijuana use and the frontal lobe development?Slide57

PCP (“angel dust

”)

(Phencyclidine)Loss of contact with realityaggression, insensitivity to pain

Binds to potassium channels in brain and muscle-activating neurons

Aaron Hernandez on PCP?Slide58

Narcotics

Used to relieve pain and induce sleep – also called

opiatesOpium, morphine, heroinLaudanum- combo of opiates and alcohol for headaches?Oxycodone

Stimulate

endorphin

receptors to produce euphoric numbness

Highly addictiveTolerance and the lethal doseWithdrawal symptoms include chills, sweating, anxiety, diarrhea, spasmsSlide59
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Biological Influences

Hereditary tendencies: twin and adoptive studies

Dopamine deficiencies may provoke usageSelf medicating for biologically-based disorders?Psychological InfluencesFeeling life is meaninglessPeople under stress or experiencing depressionSocial InfluencesPeer pressure

Teenage rebellion and thrill-seeking

Seeking social networks with similar interests can perpetuate usage or help to quit

Influences on Drug UseSlide63

Altered state of consciousness

Temporal lobe seizures

Oxygen deprivation induced “tunnel vision”“hallucinatory activity of the brain?”No way to really know…Near Death ExperiencesSlide64

Drugs that alter perceptions of reality and distort sensory and perceptual experiences

LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)

Derived from fungus ergotAbbie Hoffman, Albert Hofmann, Timothy LearyHours of mild euphoria, hallucinations, sensory distortion, and “mind expansion”Non-addictive, but can produce “bad trips” and flashbacks

PCP (“angel dust”)

Loss of contact with reality, aggression, insensitivity to pain

Binds to potassium channels in brain and muscle-activating neurons

High psychological dependenceMarijuana (THC)Several hours of euphoria, relaxation, hallucinations

ALSO a stimulant at higher doses/depressant at lower doses

Low physical addiction/moderate psychological addiction

Impairs motor skills and perception, may trigger paranoia, disrupts memory, shrinks brain, intensifies sensory experiences (like taste – “munchies”)

HallucinogensSlide65

Increase central nervous system activity and speed up body functions; arousal response

Methamphetamine (Speed)

Euphoria, triggers release of dopamine (long-term deficiency)Irritability, insomnia, seizures, depression, violence, psychosisHIGHLY addictiveNicotineEuphoria, triggers epinephrine and norepinephrine releaseSuppresses hunger and increases alertness

Stimulates release of dopamine: highly addictive!

Withdrawal leads to insomnia, anxiety, irritability and weight gain

Philip Morris- “Death saves $$”

Depression, divorce, disabilities

Caffeine

Wakefulness, increased metabolism (3-4 hours)

Withdrawal leads to fatigue and headaches

Cocaine

Fast euphoria – fast crash

Blocks dopamine reuptake

HIGHLY addictive

Withdrawal leads to fatigue, irritability, increased appetite, depression

Ecstasy (MDMA)

Stimulant and mild hallucinogen

Triggers release of serotonin and prevents its reabsorption

Destroys serotonin-producing neurons – permanent depression

Suppresses immune system

Stimulants