Randal C Picker 1945 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005 2015 James Parker Hall Distinguished Service Professor of Law Ludwig amp Hilde Wolf Teaching Scholar The Law School The University of Chicago ID: 709791
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Slide1
Computer Platforms before the Platform Era
Randal C. Picker
1945
1955
1965
1975
1985
1995
2005
2015
James Parker Hall Distinguished Service Professor of Law
Ludwig & Hilde Wolf Teaching Scholar
The Law School, The University of ChicagoSlide2
Big Iron, 1945-1982
1945
1955
1965
1975
1985
1945: von Neumann EDVAC paper
1946: ENIAC
1964: IBM releases System/360
1956: AT&T and IBM Antitrust Consent Decrees
1947: Bell Labs invents transistor
1969: DOJ files SA2 antitrust suit vs IBM
1982: DOJ dismisses suit vs IBM
1953: Silicon, not Germanium
1957: Sputnik launches
‘45
‘55
‘65
‘75
‘85
‘95
‘05
‘15
1958: Integrated circuit inventedSlide3
The Personal Computer, 1971-2001
1965
1975
1985
1995
2005
Nov 1971: Intel releases 4004 chip
Jan 1975: Altair 8800 on cover of Popular Electronics
June 2001: DC Circuit affirms MS antitrust liability
Jan 1976: Gates open letter to hobbyists
Apr 1977: Apple II released
May 1998: DOJ brings browser antitrust case vs Microsoft
Mar 2004: EU finds MS violation for WMP
July 1994: US-Microsoft MS-DOS antitrust deal
Aug 1995: Netscape IPO
‘45
‘55
‘65
‘75
‘85
‘95
‘05
‘15
Aug 1981: IBM releases PCSlide4
The Desktop Internet, 1993-2010
1985
1995
2005
2015
1993: Mosaic
Oct 2015: CA2 rules in favor of Google on books
Aug 2004: Google IPO
Dec 2009: AOL/TW divorce
Apr 1998:
Brin
& Page Google paper
Jan 2013: FTC closes Google investigation
Apr 2015: EU Google Shopping SO
May 2010: EU announces Google investigation
Jan 2000: AOL/Time Warner deal
‘45
‘55
‘65
‘75
‘85
‘95
‘05
‘15
Sept 2005: Authors Guild Google Books suit
May 2012: Facebook IPO
July 1995: Amazon goes live
Aug 1995: Netscape IPOSlide5
Mobile, 2007-2015
2005
2015
Jan 2007: iPhone launch
Nov 2007: Amazon Kindle launch
July 2013: DOJ eBooks antitrust suit against Apple
Apr 2016: EU announces Android SO
Sept 2008: Android SDK released
June 2015: CA2 affirms vs Apple in ebooks suit
Jan 2013: FTC smartphone patent settlement with Google
Jan 2010: iPad launch
Aug 2012: $1 billion smartphone patent verdict in favor of Apple
‘45
‘55
‘65
‘75
‘85
‘95
‘05
‘15
Apr 2015: EU announces Android investigationSlide6
ACEP: A Platforms NomenclatureFour Terms/ConceptsArchitectureCommonsEcosystemPlatformKey MechanismsAccessConnectivitySlide7
7Inventing Computers (and an Architectural Commons)Slide8
8
Chicago Daily Tribune, Feb 15, 1946
ENIAC: Electronic Numerical Integrator and ComputerSlide9
9
Army/Air Force Technical Manual, Feb 1952
The Vacuum TubeSlide10
10
Chicago Daily Tribune, Feb 15, 1946
ENIAC: Electronic Numerical Integrator and ComputerSlide11
11
U.S. Patent No. 3,120,606 (Feb 4, 1964)
ENIAC PatentSlide12
12
von Neumann, EDVAC First Draft, June 30, 1945
Commons Via Publication: von Neumann and the Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer Slide13
13
Honeywell v. Sperry Rand, D. Minn., 1973
Commons via Publication: The ENIAC Patent Dispute
“
The First Draft Report was a printed publication, within the meaning of 35 U.S.C. 102, by June 30, 1945, prior to the ENIAC patent critical
date. …
The claims of the ENIAC patent asserted in this suit are anticipated by or obvious in view of the First Draft Report
.”Slide14
14Semiconductors Arrive and a Commons is CreatedSlide15
April 20, 201715
Public Disclosure of Transistor
New York Times (July 1, 1948)Slide16
Bardeen & Brattain on The Transistor
The Physical Review (July 15, 1948)Slide17
17
U.S. Patent No. 2,524,035 (Oct 3, 1950)
Bardeen & Brattain Point-Contact Transistor PatentSlide18
18
AT&T Complaint (Jan 14, 1949)
Commons Via Antitrust: The AT&T LawsuitSlide19
Physical Review (July 1, 1951)
Shockley, Sparks and Teal on Junction TransistorSlide20
New York Times (July 5, 1951)
Demonstration of Junction TransistorSlide21
21
U.S. Patent No. 2,569,347 (Sept 25, 1951)
Shockley Junction Transistor PatentSlide22
Bell Labs (Nov 15, 1951)
Bell Labs Transistor SymposiumSlide23
Bell Labs (Nov 15, 1951)
“Aid the Military Effort”Slide24
24
AT&T Final Judgment (Jan 24, 1956)
“The defendants
are each ordered and directed to grant or cause to be granted … non-exclusive licenses under all claims or any, some or all existing and future Bell System patents …
.”
Commons Via Antitrust: Required Patent Licensing as a RemedySlide25
Wall Street Journal (May 10, 1954)
TI Announces Silicon TransistorSlide26
26A Computing PlatformSlide27
27
The New York Times, April 8, 1964
Commons Via Business Model: IBM System 360 IntroductionSlide28
28
U.S. Patent No. 3,380,029 (Apr 23, 1968)
Propertization via Patent: The First Software PatentSlide29
29
New York Times (Jan 18, 1969)
Propertization Via Antitrust: The IBM LawsuitSlide30
30
Los Angeles Times, June 24, 1969
P
ropertization Via Antitrust?: Business Model UnbundlingSlide31
31
Homebrew Computer Club Newsletter, Jan 31 1976
Selling Software?Slide32
32
Homebrew Computer Club Newsletter, Jan 31 1976
Selling Software?Slide33
33
Homebrew Computer Club Newsletter, Jan 31 1976
Selling Software?Slide34
34
“Some
letters suggested that software should be sold for a flat fee to hardware companies who would add the cost of the software to the price of their computer. Whether this is legal or not, the marketability of software to hardware companies is questionable when software is so freely shared among hobbyists.”
A
SECOND AND FINAL LETTER
BILL GATES
General Partner, Micro-Soft
Selling Software?:
Rebundling
?Slide35
35Microsoft Windows and the EUSlide36
Copyright © 2013 Randal C. Picker36
W OS
Browser
Consumers
Developers
Publishers & Advertisers
OS Extension & Tying in Two-Sided Markets
Media Player
Music Cos
Platform tying as one-sided leveragingSlide37
Microsoft Fact Sheet, April 2006Slide38
April 20, 2017
38Slide39
“
Under the commitments approved by the Commission, Microsoft will make available for five years in the European Economic Area (through the Windows Update mechanism) a
‘Choice Screen’
enabling users of Windows XP, Windows Vista and Windows 7 to choose which web browser(s) they want to install in addition to, or instead of,
Microsoft’s
browser Internet
Explorer.”
European Commission, Dec 16, 2009Slide40
40
www.browserchoice.euSlide41
41
www.browserchoice.euSlide42
42
www.browserchoice.euSlide43
43
“
On the basis of information it has received, the Commission believes that Microsoft may have failed to roll out the choice screen with Windows 7 Service Pack 1, which was released in February
2011.
”
European Commission, July 17, 2012Slide44
44Thank You