APA Format I Wish Id Said That Plagiarism APA Publication Manual record even sources of inspiration as well as direct borrowings pp 1516 Repeating four to five words ID: 633968
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Slide1
Plagiarism, Quoting, & Citing Sources(APA Format)
“I Wish I’d Said That”Slide2
Plagiarism!
APA
Publication
Manual
: record
even
sources of inspiration
as well as
direct borrowings
(pp. 15-16)
Repeating
four to five words
, even when interrupted by
new minor elements
, may be considered
plagiarism
! Slide3
Plagiarism!
“Plagiarism sometimes happens because researchers do not keep
precise records
of their readings. . . . Presenting an author’s exact wording without marking it as a quotation is plagiarism, even if you cite the source” (Modern Language Association [MLA] 55)Slide4
“If your own sentences follow the source so closely in idea and sentence structure that the result is really closer to quotation than to paraphrase . . . you are plagiarizing, even if you have cited the source. You may not simply alter a few words of your source. . .
. You
need to recast your summary into your own words and sentence structure, or quote
directly” (Retrieved
22 Feb., 2004 from <http:// www.fas.harvard.edu/ ~expos/sources/chap3.html>).Slide5
Bradley vs. Wegman2006: Edward Wegman (George Mason University) wrote a report critical of use of statistics by Thomas Bradley (among others)
2010: Thomas Bradley (University of Massachusetts) alleges that Wegman reproduced sections of a textbook he wrote without quoting—and he’s right!
Wegman’s report, submitted to a U. S. Congressional Committee plagiarized Bradley’s textbook! However . . .Slide6
Bradley & Fritts
Once the regression coefficients have been calculated,
the eigenvectors incorporated in the regression equation are
mathematically transformed into a new set of n coefficients correspond
ing
to the original
(
intercorrelated
) set of
n
variables
.
These new coefficients
are termed
weights or elements of the response function
and are analogous to the stepwise regression coefficients discussed earlier. . . . (Bradley, 1985, p. 346)
Once the regression coefficients
for the selected set of orthogonal variables have been calculated, they may be mathematically transformed into a new set of coefficients which correspond to the original correlated set of variables. These new coefficients (sometimes referred to as weights or elements of the response function) are analogous to the stepwise regression coefficients described in the previous section. . . . (Fritts, 1976, p. 353)
15 new/different words out of 55
Quibbles:
“are termed” vs. “referred to”
“discussed earlier” vs. “described in the previous section”
SAME order of ideas EXACTLYSlide7
Plagiarism Roll of (Dis)Honour:
Stephen E. Ambrose, Civil War historian (
The Wild Blue
)
Doris Kearns Goodwin, biographer of the Kennedy clanJane “Wikipedia” GoodallDavid
Rotor and Douglas Tipple, consultants to Public Works Dept.,
Ottawa
30 Carleton University engineering students (2002)Slide8
Cheating—Why?
Karl-Theodor
zu
Guttenberg,
Min. Defense
Annette
Schavan
, Min. EducationSlide9
Must I Cite?Each time you refer to specific results/concepts drawn
from published work
, cite the source in a brief parenthetical note
“information and ideas you deem broadly known by your readers and widely accepted by scholars . . . Can be used without documentation” (MLA 59).
“In 1066, the Normans invaded England.” OK“The average sea-level rise has been approximately 2mm per year for the last 7000 years.” SOURCE!Slide10
5 Reasons to Cite SourcesYou are establishing the basis for your own conclusions and thus their authority
You are documenting your process so that others can follow
You are acknowledging the work of your colleagues
You are avoiding the very serious charge of PLAGIARISM
We are in the midst of a
replication crisisSlide11
3 Reasons People PlagiarizeIt is slightly
faster
and
easier
than documenting your sourcesIt makes your own
original
contribution seem greater
They do not think they will be caughtSlide12
3 Reasons NOT to PlagiarizeIt has never been easier to detect plagiarism than it is now
Documents presently reach a larger audience than ever and are available almost indefinitely
Plagiarism is STILL regarded as a major
disgrace (even though
Schavan
was later re-appointed!)Slide13
APA Citations:
It’s Easy!Slide14
APA Style: Crisp & CurtWriters in humanities & some applied fields quote far more often and are generally more expansiveSome include source information in the text:
In his seminal 1982 study, Jacques Derrida seeks to expose “the pyramidal silence of the graphic difference between the
a
and the
e
” (4).
Derrida (1982) exposed “the pyramidal silence of the graphic difference between the
a
and the
e
” (p. 4
).
MLA
Version:
APA
Version:Slide15
Citations in General
You may require
many
citations per paragraph—not just one note per page
Two main components:
Author’s/Authors’ name(s), yearSlide16
Three Basic Approaches
Zundel and Ladouceur (2006) warned of the dangers of accidental plagiarism.
The course instructors warned of the dangers of accidental plagiarism (
Zundel
&
Ladouceur
, 2006).
As recently as 2006,
Zundel
and
Ladouceur
warned against the dangers of accidental plagiarism.
1. Info. in parentheses
2. Text & parentheses
3. All in text
use
&
in parentheses; use
and
in the text.
PM
describes this as a
“
rare case
”
(p. 207).Slide17
What
Not
To Do
In a journal article published in 2006, Dr. Pierre Zundel and Nadya Ladouceur, course instructors at the University of New Brunswick, warned of the dangers of accidental plagiarism (Zundel & Ladouceur, 2006).
From 14 words to 32—with
no additional INFORMATIONSlide18
Indirect Citations
Linder and Hawkins (as cited in Hertzberg, 2010) studied a group of people who believed that only the only sports worth playing were those that produced a financial return.
If you do not have access to Linder and Hawkins,
use the phrase “as cited
in”
and name your source.Slide19
Personal Communications
Group work can lead to frustration and anger if participants do not understand their individual responsibilities (personal communication, N.
Ladouceur
, March 14, 2014).
Use interlocutor’s name
& initials
and
the full date.Slide20
Email & Postings
Group work can lead to frustration and anger if participants do not understand their individual responsibilities (Ladouceur, 2014).
This
is an archived posting, and so will
have
a
corresponding
reference
list entry.Slide21
Course Email Posting
Ladouceur, N. (2014, March 14). Re:
Social interactions in team research. [SOCI2374 posting
]. Retrieved from https://lms.unb.ca/d2l/le/43372/ discussions/List
Anything that is archived should have a
reference list entry.Slide22
General PointCitations are quick, easy
, and
well supported by current software
APA and Chicago author-date systems are simple and unobtrusive
For a SMALL investment of time you gain many advantages—and avoid a major riskACCIDENTAL plagiarism is still possible . . .Slide23
ParaphrasesSlide24
Paraphrasing Sources
"Nurse practitioners must be alerted to the potential influence of pharmaceutical marketing" (Monaghan et al., 2003, p. 19).
“Student
U
nderstanding
of the Relationship Between the Health Professions and the Pharmaceutical
Industry” (2003)Slide25
APA: Paraphrasing Sources
In a context in which results of early clinical trials are prominently featured in marketing materials, nurse practitioners must be made aware of the strategies by which pharmaceutical corporations promote their products (Monaghan et al., 2003).
In business & social sciences, quotation is less common than in humanities. Slide26
ParaphraseWhenever you encounter
unique phrasing
or
special terminology
, consider direct quotation.Summing up a long argument in your own words (technically, summarizing not paraphrasing) is legitimateSlide27
Paraphrase: Original
“Instead
of tending towards a vast Alexandrian library the world has become a computer, an electronic brain, exactly as
in an
infantile piece of science fiction. And as our senses have gone outside us, Big Brother goes inside. So, unless aware of this dynamic, we shall at once move into a phase of panic terrors, exactly befitting a small world of tribal drums, total
inter-dependence
, and superimposed
co-existence” (McLuhan, 1962, p. 32).Slide28
Paraphrase: Source
McLuhan, M. (1962).
The Gutenberg galaxy: The
m
aking of typographic
m
an
. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press. Slide29
Paraphrase
The
world has
grown to resemble a
computer,
as repeatedly predicted in science fiction epics. However, as
our senses have
been externalized, ideological authority has been internalized, pervading all social interactions. Our lack of awareness of this dynamic will create an environment of panic
terrors,
arising from the inter-dependence enforced co-existence of the global village.Slide30
Paraphrase: With Citation
The
world has
grown to resemble a
computer,
as repeatedly predicted in science fiction epics. However, as
our senses have
been externalized, ideological authority has been internalized, pervading all social interactions. Our lack of awareness of this dynamic will create an environment of panic
terrors,
arising from the inter-dependence enforced co-existence of the global village
(
McLuhan, 1962).Slide31
Paraphrase: Repeated Phrases
The
world has
grown to resemble a
computer,
as repeatedly predicted in science fiction epics. However, as
our senses have
been externalized, ideological authority has been internalized, pervading all social interactions. Our lack of awareness of this dynamic will create an environment of panic
terrors,
arising from the inter-dependence enforced co-existence of the global village
(
McLuhan, 1962).Slide32
Paraphrase: Rephrase & Quote
The
world has
grown to resemble a
computer,
as repeatedly predicted in science fiction epics. However, as
our senses have
been externalized, ideological authority has been internalized, pervading all social interactions. Our lack of awareness of their nature will create an environment of “panic
terrors
,” arising from “the total inter-dependence and superimposed co-existence” of the global village
(
McLuhan, 1962, p.
32)
.Slide33
Paraphrase and PlagiarismIt is EASY to slip from paraphrase to plagiarism
Be vigilant: when in doubt, QUOTE
If you need a second opinion, ask--Slide34
When in doubt . . .
453-4527
Drop
in Hours
at HIL
AND
Engineering
Libraries:
Mon-Thursday,
6:00-10:00pmSlide35
Memory Test