2017 Forest Health Workshop Walker MN Mike Parisio NW Region Forest Health Specialist Jack Pine 2needled pine often with stronglycurved forwardfacing cones Range extends from Nova Scotia to Northwest Territories southward to northern New England in the East and southward to Lake S ID: 1020118
Download Presentation The PPT/PDF document "Jack Pine Budworm in Minnesota" is the property of its rightful owner. Permission is granted to download and print the materials on this web site for personal, non-commercial use only, and to display it on your personal computer provided you do not modify the materials and that you retain all copyright notices contained in the materials. By downloading content from our website, you accept the terms of this agreement.
1. Jack Pine Budworm in Minnesota2017 Forest Health Workshop – Walker, MNMike Parisio – NW Region Forest Health Specialist
2. Jack Pine2-needled pine, often with strongly-curved, forward-facing conesRange extends from Nova Scotia to Northwest Territories, southward to northern New England in the East and southward to Lake States in the WestGrows well on poor, sandy soils (e.g. glacial outwash)Common pioneer species on burned-over forest lands
3. Jack PineBoth serotinous and non-serotinous populations in MNCones typically straighter and non-serotinous in southern portion of rangeCones typically more strongly curved and serotinous in northern portion of range
4. Jack pine shorter-livedPrimarily open conesWoodland, more lightly stocked Formerly prairieFrequent, low-intensity wildfires(Surface 10-30 yrs, crown 80-130 yrs)Jack Pine in Fire Dependent NPCs by Floristic RegionFDcFDnJack pine longer-livedPrimarily serotinous conesForest, more densely stockedFormerly (and still) forestedInfrequent, high-intensity wildfires(Surface 210-260 yrs, crown 170-220 yrs)
5. Jack pine communities historically occupied some 2,081,000 acres (pre-settlement)830,000 acres irreversibly lost to agriculture or non-forestland conversion501,000 acres currently support other cover types (e.g. Norway pine, aspen)Only about 750,000 acres of Jack pine dominated communities remainingJack Pine in Decline
6. All live Jack pine volume has dropped 47% from 7,266,000 cords in 1990 to 3,879,500 cords in 201485,000 acres of Jack pine/mixed-Jack pine forest was lost from Chippewa Plains and Pine Moraines & Outwash plains ECS subsections alone between 2003–2013 Jack Pine in DeclineCanadian Shield742,000 acres remaining26% of former extent70% of loss to forest conversionCentral Outwash1,056,000 acres remaining41% of former extent86% of loss to land conversionAgassiz Beach Ridges98,000 acres remaining50% of former extent90% of loss to land conversionChippewa plainsPine moraines &Outwash plainsAlmendinger 2012
7. Jack Pine Forest DynamicsJack pine relies on fire for seedbed preparationJPBW conditions Jack pine forests for fire
8. Jack Pine BudwormChoristoneura pinus pinusNative North American insectDefoliating pest of Jack Pine (Pinus banksiana)Occasionally attacks other pine species (esp. Red pine in MN)Rarely attacks white spruce, black spruce, eastern larch, and balsam fir in stands mixed with Jack pine
9. Jack Pine Budworm Life CycleOne generation per yearAdult moths active for brief period in midsummer to mate (July/August) Early instar larvae overwinter and first begin feeding in May/June of following yearLarvae complete feeding in approx. 6 weeksAdults emerge from pupae in approx. 6 -10 days
10. Steve Katovich, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.orgBlack head capsule & prothoracic plate~1 inchCream-colored spotsJPBW Larval IDYoung caterpillars yellowish-brown and less than ½ inMature caterpillars reddish-brown with cream-colored spotsBlack head with black plate behind headMature caterpillars about 1 in
11. Young JPBW larvae feed within pollen conesTiny, concealed larvae can be revealed by finding webbing and frass on pollen conesPollen cones highly-important for survival of young larvaeOlder larvae feed on pollen cones when availableJPBW Pollen Cone Feeding
12. Jack Pine Budworm DefoliationBeltrami Co. 2016Older larvae also feed on needles as pollen cones become unavailablePartially-consumed needles attached to branches with webbing and results in reddish-brown discolorationDefoliation present throughout canopies but often appears worse towards top
13. Jack Pine Budworm DefoliationBeltrami Co. 2016Hubbard Co. 2016
14. Wolf Lake, MN - 2006heavily-defoliated trees are very apparent from the air!NW ‘sconi - 1984MIDNR
15. JPBW OutbreaksEpisodic outbreaks with sudden major increases in population densitiesOutbreaks are variable in extent, duration, and severityOutbreaks and periods of time between outbreaks are usually relatively shortEntire outbreaks usually last only 3-4 years Local defoliation usually only noticeable for 2 yearsSevere defoliation often associated with older trees in lower density stands
16. JPBW Outbreak CollapseSurvival of JPBW larvae relies to pollen cone crop Delayed negative feedback between JPBW and pollen cone production Reduction in pollen cone production related to severity of defoliation from previous yearRepeated heavy defoliation leads to insufficient pollen cone production and JPBW population crashesReduced pollen cone production for several years following outbreaksPollen ConesJPBW
17. Expected Regional Return Intervals10.0 yrs8.0 yrs24.0 yrs12.3 yrsJPBW outbreaks typically occur every 6 – 12 years in Lake StatesShortest return intervals and highest JPBW densities occur on driest sites with sandiest soils
18. * polygons represent core areas and not continuous defoliation Minnesota JPBW Return Intervals1954 – 1957*1964 – 1969*1976 – 1980*1984 – 1987*1992 – 1994*2003 – 2008
19. 2002 – 845 acres
20. 2003 – 18,546 acres
21. 2004 – 47,700 acres
22. 2005 – 75,600 acres
23. 2006 – 70, 769 acres
24. 2007 – 17,310 acres
25. 2008 – 2,326 acres
26. All Defoliation 2002 to 2008Longer than average outbreakCoincided with larger regional Canadian and Lake States outbreakAll outbreak areas in MN were simultaneously defoliated to some degree
27. Growth reductions follow consecutive years of severe defoliation (year 1 = 50%, year 2 and year 3 = 100%)Top-kill and mortality of previously top-killed trees 10% of dominant/codominant trees are typically killed after 2 or 3 years of severe defoliation (range 2-40%)Kills some intermediate trees, many (up to 90%) suppressed trees, and most Jack pine regenerationPollen cone production significantly reduced or stops for up to 3 years following a major outbreakImpacts of JPBW Outbreaks in the Lake States
28. 8.0 yrs24.0 yrs FDn forests~24 yr return intervals in northeastern countiesRelatively low percentage of Jack pine stands infestedLargest recorded outbreak - 36,000 total acresUp to 5% mortalityDoes not significantly affect regeneration FDc woodlands~8 yr return interval in west central countiesMultiple outbreaks within Jack pine lifespan (your career, too) High percentage of all Jack pine stands infestedLargest recorded outbreak – 75,000 total acres Up to 40% mortalityAffects regeneration through:Mortality of young trees Loss of seed trees to salvage logging Significant reduction in pollen and seed production following outbreaks Regional Differences in JPBW Impacts
29. Stands that rarely experience serious damage tend to be:Even-agedproperly-spacedWell-stockedVigorous< 45 years oldJPBW Resistant StandsBadoura Jack Pine Woodland SNA (Nick Jensen – MNDNR)Badoura Jack Pine Woodland SNA (Nick Jensen – MNDNR)
30. Which stands are most vulnerable?Pollen cone production dictates vulnerabilityPollen cone production generally increases with stand ageOld, large trees in understocked stands produce more pollen conesDrought stress can also increase pollen cone productionTrees generally become less vigorous and less resilient to defoliation with age
31. Harvest Jack pine at 40 - 50 yrs Avoid understocking and overstocking to prevent excess wolf trees or excess trees in suppressed/intermediate classes Minimize overall edge to area ratio whenever possibleAvoid large, continuous blocks (20 – 40 acres) of mature and over-mature Jack pineAvoid uneven-aged or multi-storied stands by clearcutting to regenerate Jack pineManage to Reduce JPBW Impact
32. Over-stocking results in small crowns, lower vigor, and prolific pollen cone productionUnder-stocking results in wolf trees, many branches, and prolific pollen cone productionAvoid over-stocked stands and under-stocked stands (70 < x < 110 ft2)Basal Area Guidelines
33. Management during/post OutbreakDo nothing, wait and seeEvaluate defoliation at the end of summerSalvage the stand Salvage mature and over-mature stands by clearcuttingDead Jack pine becomes unmerchantable in ~18-20 months
34. Current outbreak - JPBW 2014354 acres
35. 5,210 acresCurrent outbreak - JPBW 2015
36. Current outbreak - JPBW 20162,392* acres54% decrease*Underestimation?Jan 19, 2017
37. 2017 JPBW considerations2016 aerial survey data may be an underestimate due to weatherIs the outbreak truly subsiding?Will severe defoliation occur next year?Monitor current outbreak areas and beware of building populations in Northwest?
38. Mike Parisio Northwest Region Forest Health SpecialistBemidji, MN 218 308-2363Jess Hartshorn Northeast Region Forest Health Specialist Grand Rapids, MN218 328-8897Brian SchwingleCentral Region Forest Health SpecialistSt. Paul, MN 651-259-5821Val Cervenka Forest Health Program Coordinator St. Paul, MN 651-259-5296NwNEcRMNDNR Forest Health Unit
39. Questions?