Basic Aristotelian terms for Invention - PowerPoint Presentation

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Basic Aristotelian terms for Invention

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Ethos: The Persuasiveness of Character

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Ethos

The term originally meant “way of life” or “dwelling/abode” and shares the root of the words

ethics/ethical

and

ethnic.

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Ethos

The term originally meant “way of life” or “dwelling/abode” and shares the root of the words

ethics/ethical

and

ethnic.

Aristotle says that among all the elements of persuasion, it is the

ethos

of the speaker that tends to be the most influential.

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Ethos

Audiences seek demonstrations of the speaker’s

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Ethos

Audiences seek demonstrations of the speaker’s

Good judgment: Do you grasp things appropriately, make good decisions, are you wise and balanced in your views?

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Ethos

Audiences seek demonstrations of the speaker’s

Good judgment: Do you

grasp

things appropriately, make good decisions, are you wise and balanced in your views?

Good will: Do you have the audience’s best interests at heart?

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Ethos

Audiences seek demonstrations of the speaker’s

Good judgment: Do you

grasp

things appropriately, make good decisions, are you wise and balanced in your views?

Good will: Do you have the audience’s best interests at heart?

Good character: Do you provide a model to emulate?

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Ethos

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Ethos

At minimum:

establish your credibility to speak on the subject.

A more advanced approach

: demonstrate your good judgment, good will, and good character.

The best

:

speakers cultivate an unmistakable personal style that animates the whole speech and gives

us

a new way to be.

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Pathos: The Persuasiveness of Emotions

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Pathos

Shares root of the word

passion

and

passive

. To feel

pathos

means to be “touched” by the language of the speaker.

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Pathos

Shares root of the word

passion

and

passive

. To feel

pathos

means to be “touched” by the language of the speaker.

According to Aristotle,

pathe

are not “irrational” or unpredictable. A speaker can deliberately cultivate specific moods and, from there, influence an audience’s judgment.

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Pathos

Good speakers add elements to a speech that put the audience in a “mood.”

Fear-Confidence

Love-Hate

Anger-Calm

Shame-Pride

Pity-Contempt

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Pathos

Good speakers add elements to a speech that put the audience in a “mood.”

Angst, boredom, depression, despair, duty, embarrassment, faith, friendship, frustration, gratitude, guilt, hope, indifference, innocence, jealousy, joy, loss, mourning, nihilism, pride, regret, remorse, respect, sadness, self-respect, vanity, zeal and more…

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Pathos

Pathos is often cultivated through

concrete

language

and

sensory detail

.

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Pathos

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Pathos

At minimum

: Add emotionally attuned passages to one or more main points.

A more advanced approach

: Seek to stir specific moods in the audience that might shape their judgment.

The best

:

speakers cultivate a palpable emotional energy in the speech that gives the audience a kind of embodied “thrill” and awakens new emotional responsiveness and new ways to feel.

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Logos: The persuasiveness of good Reasons

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Logos

The word originally meant “gathering” in a way that allows what is there to stand out.

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Logos

The word originally meant “gathering” in a way that allows what is there to stand out.

We find

logos

used as a suffix (e.g. psycho

logy

, anthropo

logy

, bio

logy

).

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Logos

The word originally meant “gathering” in a way that allows what is there to stand out.

We find

logos

used as a suffix (e.g. psycho

logy

, anthropo

logy

, bio

logy

)

And it is the word for “Word” in the Christian tradition.

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Logos

For this class, we will consider

logos

primarily as a way thinking about the importance of building strong

arguments

.

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Logos

For this class, we will consider

logos

primarily as a way thinking about the importance of building strong

arguments

.

Logos in this sense deals with what is

likely

and

reasonable

…not “logical” and “necessary.”

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Argument

Argument is an attempt to inspire

judgment

in an another about something

uncertain

using

reasons

drawn from what the audience

already

knows and believes.

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Parts of an Argument

Claim: A statement about something uncertain

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Parts of an Argument

Claim: A statement about something uncertain

Reason: Why we should agree

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Parts of an Argument

Claim: A statement about something uncertain

Reason: Why we should agree

Evidence: What facts support the reason

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Parts of an Argument

Claim: A statement about something uncertain

Reason: Why we should agree

Evidence: What facts support the reason

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Warrant: Underlying (often implicit, common sense) assumptions that make the claim/support plausible

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Parts of an Argument

Claim: That guy is not boyfriend material.

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Parts of an Argument

Claim: That guy is not boyfriend material.

Reason:

Evidence:

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Warrant:

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Parts of an Argument

Consider counterarguments at the level of the reasoning or underlying warrant.

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Parts of an Argument

Claim:

Reason:

Evidence:

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Warrant:

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Typical Kinds of Arguments

Definition

Similarity

Difference

Degree

Consequence

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Logos

At minimum:

Consider what your audience is likely to find reasonable and plausible.

A more advanced approach

: Write an array of arguments tailored to the specific audience; consider the underlying warrants and prepare to refute counter-arguments.

The best

:

speakers give us new ways of reasoning, new truths, or new ways to affirm our truths.

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Putting it all together

"Before I Die"