Alexey Gusev on behalf of MSCE Contribution to analysis of POP Protocol effectiveness in cooperation with TFTEI TFH workplan 1111 PAH pollution and population exposure Motivation importance of research to support efforts to ID: 812741
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Slide1
Progress in MSC-E activities on research and assessment of POP pollution in the EMEP region
Alexey Gusev on behalf of MSC-E
Slide2Contribution to analysis of
POP Protocol effectiveness
in co-operation with TFTEI, TFH (workplan 1.1.1.1)
PAH pollution and population exposure
Motivation:
“importance of research to support efforts to
reduce unintentional releases of PAHs” (LTS)
Main activities:
Assessment of
trends in B(a)P pollution and exceedances of limit valuesEvaluation of exposure to mixture of toxic PAHs Explore interaction of PAHs and aerosol particles
4
PAHs of the Protocol:
B(a)P
B(b)F
B(k)F
IP
Slide3PAH pollution and population exposure
PM chemical composition
Interaction between
PAHs
and
aerosol particles
Air quality assessment for PM is often based on PM mass concentration without considering sources and chemical composition of particles
Analysis of PM toxicity can contribute to evaluation of adverse effects of PM on human health
Organic components
(e.g. PAHs, PCDD/Fs, …)
PM
Heavy metals
(e.g. Cd, Pb, …)
Nitrates, sulphates
Elemental carbon, etc.
Health effects of PM and PAHs/HMs
Respiratory diseases
Cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary diseases
Carcinogenic and mutagenic effects
…
Slide4PAH emissions: sectors and temporal changes
PAH emissions:
Biomass/fossil fuels combustion is the main source of PAHs to the atmosphere
The largest contribution is made by Residential combustion sector (>60%)
PAHs are co-emitted with PM from sectors related to combustion
PAH emissions do not change significantly over the past ~20 years
4 PAHs and PM
2.5
sectoral emissions in 2017 (CEIP)4 PAHsPM2.5
Slide5PAH emissions: sectors and temporal changes
Changes of sectoral B(a)P emissions from 2000 to 2018
Residential combustion:
no changes (< 1%)
PAH emissions:
Biomass/fossil fuels combustion is the main source of PAHs to the atmosphere
The largest contribution is made by Residential combustion sector (>60%)
PAHs are co-emitted with PM from sectors related to combustion
PAH emissions do not change significantly over the past ~20 years
Slide6Long-term changes of B(a)P pollution
B(a)P concentrations (2018)
Modelled vs measured B(a)P air concentrations at EMEP sites
Long-term changes of modelled B(a)P concentrations generally correspond measurements of EMEP monitoring sites
Modelling results and measurements do not indicate significant decrease of B(a)P air concentrations
EMEP sites with long-term measurements of B(a)P
Slide7Long-term changes of B(a)P pollution
Modelled vs measured B(a)P air concentrations of AIRBASE sites
B(a)P concentrations (AIRBASE, 2018)
Observed and modelled B(a)P concentrations (2007-2018)
Poland
Italy
EU target limit
Variations of B(a)P concentrations observed at
rural/background urban AIRBASE sites
indicate minor changes and exceedances of air quality limits
Slide8Evaluation of exposure to mixture of toxic PAHs
PAHs are emitted to the atmosphere as a
mixture of different compounds
Number of considered
PAHs
differs in various international organizations and countries
Carcinogenic
(CEQ),
mutagenic (MEQ), and dioxin-related
toxicity (TEQ) equivalents can be estimated for PAH mixture4 PAHsBaP, BbF, BkF, INDPOP Protocol
8 PAHs
BaP
, BeP, BaA, DahA, BbF, BjF, BkF
, Chry
EU Air Directive/ECHA*
US EPA Priority list
16 PAHs
BaP,
BaA,
BbF
,
BkF
,
DahA
,
Chry
, IND,
Acy
,
Flth
,
Pyr
, Nap, Flu, Ace,
BghiP
, Ant,
Phen
Selection of particular PAHs is based on carcinogenic and mutagenic properties
* ECHA – European Chemical Agency
Slide9Evaluation of exposure to mixture of toxic PAHs
Gridded B(a)P emissions,
g km
-2
(0.1x0.1 degrees)
Experimental modelling
of 16 toxic PAHs for EMEP region
Emission data based on global gridded PAH emission inventory PKU-FUEL (PKU, China)
Physico
-chemical properties of 16 PAHs were collected from literaturePhysico-chemical properties:Subcooled liquid pressure (P0L)Henry Law constant (H)Octanol-air partition coefficient (KOA
)
Octanol-water partition coefficient (KOW
)Octanol-carbon partition coefficient (K
OC)
Temperature dependencies of coefficients
Rate of degradation in media
Predominant state in the atmosphere:
8 PAHs in particulate phase
4 PAHs in gaseous phase
4 PAHs in both gasesous and particulate phases
Slide10Evaluation of exposure to mixture of toxic PAHs
16 PAHs mixture
concentration
(ng TEF m
-3
)
B(a)P concentration
(ng TEF m
-3
)PAH mixture toxicity - B(a)P toxic equivalent factors (TEF):Toxicity of PAH mixture can be expressed using B(a)P-equivalent concentrationsB(a)P-equivalent concentrations of 16 PAHs exceed EU target value in many countries
Experimental model simulations using global 16 PAH emission inventory PKU-FUEL for 2015
D(
a,h
)A
5
ANTH
0.01
B(a)P
1
ACE
0.001
B(a)A
0.1
ACY
0.001
B(b)F
0.1
FLTH
0.001
B(k)F
0.1
FLU
0.001
IND
0.1
NAP
0.001
CHRY
0.01
PHEN
0.001
B(
ghi
)P
0.01
PYR
0.001
(
Samburova
et al., 2016, STOTEN)
B(a)P-equivalent concentrations of 16PAHs:
B(a)
P
eq
=
S
(
C
PAHi
*
TEF
i
)
Slide11Evaluation of exposure to mixture of toxic PAHs
Contributions of 16 PAHs to total calculated B(a)P-equivalent concentration (2015)
Toxicity of PAH mixture can be expressed using
B(a)P-equivalent concentrations
Largest
contribution
to total toxicity of 16 PAHs is made by
D(ah)A, B(b)F,
and
B(a)PB(a)P-equivalent concentrations of 16PAHs: B(a)Peq = S (CPAHi * TEFi)
Slide12PAH concentrations in soot particles from the combustion of solid fuels
(
Szatyłowicz and Skoczko, 2019)
Enrichment of aerosol particles with toxic PAH compounds from combustion of solid fuels
Estimates of PAH content in aerosol particles
Fuel
B(a)P,
ng m
-3
B(a)P eq, ng m-3Coal0.61.6Firewood0.370.9
WHO guideline value for PM
2.5
10 µg/m
3
(annual average)
Predicted concentrations of B(a)P and B(a)P eq
16PAH
in air on PM
2.5
(10
m
g/m
3
)
Slide13Research to improve B(a)P pollution assessment
National scale studies on B(a)P (Spain, France, Poland)
Project domains
Past and on-going studies (2017-2021):
Multi-model study of B(a)P pollution in Spain and France
Analysis and improvement of
B(a)P
emissions from key sectors
(agriculture, domestic heating)Analysis of model parameterizations for B(a)PInitiation of a new case study for Poland (2020-2021)Refinement of B(a)P emissions (Spain):Updated total emission is 30-60% lower The dominating sector changed from “Agriculture” to “Residential combustion”B(a)P emissions in Spain
Previous estimates
Spain
France
Poland
Refined estimates
Slide14Research to improve B(a)P pollution assessment
National scale studies on B(a)P (Spain, France, Poland)
Project domains
Past and on-going studies (2017-2021):
Multi-model study of B(a)P pollution in Spain and France
Analysis and improvement of
B(a)P
emissions from key sectors (agriculture, domestic heating)Analysis of model parameterizations for B(a)P
Initiation of a new case study for Poland
(2020-2021)SpainFrancePolandModel sensitivity to major processes
CHIMERE
B(a)P air concentration (2015)
GLEMOS
Slide15Testing PPLFER scheme of gas-particle partitioning process
PPLFER takes into account chemical composition of PM (organic/inorganic components)
Assumes B(a)P absorption into various OM and adsorption to EC fractions of PM
PPLFER scheme leads to improvement of agreement for ~40% of EMEP sites
Better represents the ratio between gaseous and particulate phase of B(a)P
Research to improve B(a)P pollution assessment
Model simulations with current
DUAL OM-EC
GPP schemes vs measurements
Fraction of B(a)P in particulate phaseDUAL OM-EC scheme
Model simulations with current
DUAL OM-EC and new PPLFER GPP schemes vs measurements
Fraction of B(a)P in particulate phase
PPLFER scheme
Slide16Preliminary work plan (2020-2021):
Initial meeting of experts (Warsaw, November 2019)
Inter-comparison
of GLEMOS and GEM-AQ model results for B(a)P
Test model simulations with
previous
and
updated B(a)P emission inventories for Poland
Evaluation of
B(a)P pollution levels and exceedances of EU/WHO limitsSpatial distribution of B(a)P emissionsLong-term changes of B(a)P emissions in PolandResearch to improve B(a)P pollution assessmentNational scale studies on B(a)P (Poland)
Previous estimates
Updated estimates
Slide17Model domain and B(a)P emissions (2017)
Multi-model study of B(a)P pollution
Contribution to EuroDelta-Carb model intercomparison project (TFMM)
Objectives :
Multi-model assessment
of B(a)P pollution levels and exceedances of air quality guidelines
Analyzing interaction between
PM chemical composition
and B(a)P transport and fateContribute to analysis of consistency of residential wood burning emissionsModeling groups:
Institution
Model
EMEP/MSC-E
GLEMOS
INERIS (France)
CHIMERE
IEP-NRI (Poland)
GEM-AQ
ENEA (Italy)
MINNI
Slide18Observed vs modelled PCB-153 air concentrations (GLEMOS, 2016)
Research project on HCB and PCBs
Study of main sources controlling HCB and PCBs pollution in co-operation with CCC/NILU, (workplan 1.1.4.3)
Main activities:
Analysis of “multi-media” POPs with large contribution of secondary emissions (
PCBs, HCB
)
Use of
EMEP POP passive sampling campaigns
for 2006/2016Spatial mapping of POP levels using two models (GLEMOS and FLEXPART)Comparison of contributions of primary and secondary emissions
to POP pollution
Results of the study are prepared for a peer-review publication
Slide19Analysis and assessment of PAH pollution and exposure:
Model assessment of key source categories of PAH pollution;
Analysis of trends in PAH pollution levels and exceedances;
Refinement of model parameterizations (gas-particle partitioning, degradation);
Multi-model analysis of B(a)P pollution levels;
Detailed assessment of PAH pollution in Poland.
Attribution of long-term changes of POP pollution to regional/global sources and factors:
Analysis of available global POP emissions inventories for evaluation of long-term pollution changes;Model assessment of the role of regional/global/secondary sources in long-term changes of POP pollution.
Future directions
(in accordance with bi-annual workplan 2020-2021)