Survivorship curves What do these graphs indicate regarding species survival rate & - PowerPoint Presentation

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2. Survivorship curvesWhat do these graphs indicate regarding species survival rate & strategy?0251000100Human(type I)Hydra(type II)Oyster(type III)10150Percent of maximum life span10075Survival per thousandI. High death rate in post-reproductive yearsII. Constant mortality rate throughout life spanIII. Very high early mortality but the few survivors then live long (stay reproductive)

3. 1,000IIIIII100101100500Percentage of maximum life spanNumber of survivors (log scale)Ideal Survivorship Curves

4. Population Growth Curves4d = delta or changeN = population Sizet = timeB = birth rateD =death rate 

5. Population Growth Models 

6. Exponential Growth Curves6d = delta or changeN = Population Sizet = timermax = maximum per capita growth rate of population Population Size, NTime (hours)Growth Rate of E. coli

7. Logistic Growth Curves7 

8. Logistic Growth Curves8d = delta or changeN = Population Sizet = timeK =carrying capacityrmax = maximum per capita growth rate of population 

9. Comparison of Growth Curves9

10. Growth Curve Relationship10

11. Examining Logistic Population Growth Graph the data given as it relates to a logistic curve. Title, label and scale your graph properly.11

12. Examining Logistic Population Growth 12Hypothetical Example of Logistic Growth Curve K = 1,000 & rmax = 0.05 per Individual per Year

13. Population Reproductive Strategiesr-selected (opportunistic)Short maturation & lifespanMany (small) offspring; usually 1 (early) reproduction; No parental careHigh death rateK-selected (equilibrial)Long maturation & lifespanFew (large) offspring; usually several (late) reproductionsExtensive parental careLow death rate

14. 14Some populations overshoot K before settling down to a relatively stable densitySome populations fluctuate greatly and make it difficult to define KHow Well Do These Organisms Fit the Logistic Growth Model?

15. Percent of populationPercent of populationPercent of populationRapid growthAfghanistanSlow growthUnited StatesNo growthItalyMaleMaleMaleFemaleFemaleFemaleAge85+80–8475–7970–7465–6960–6455–5950–5445–4940–4435–3930–3425–2920–2415–1910–145–90–4Age85+80–8475–7970–7465–6960–6455–5950–5445–4940–4435–3930–3425–2920–2415–1910–145–90–41001088888866666644444422222200Age Structure Diagrams: Always Examine The Base Before Making Predictions About The Future Of The Population

16. Hydrangea Flower ColorHydrangea react to the environment and ultimately display their phenotype based on the pH of their soil.Hydrangea flower color is affected by light and soil pH. Soil pH exerts the main influence on which color a hydrangea plant will display.16

17. Fish And Maintaining Homeostasis In Various Water Conditions17Fish and other aquatic animals deal with changing environments in part due to nature and in part due to human interactions.Pressure- their bladder fills with gas to equalize internal pressure

18. Biogeographic Realms18

19. Introduced SpeciesWhat’s the big deal? These species are free from predators, parasites and pathogens that limit their populations in their native habitats.These transplanted species disrupt their new community by preying on native organisms or outcompeting them for resources. 19

20. Guam: Brown Tree SnakeThe brown tree snake was accidentally introduced to Guam as a stowaway in military cargo from other parts of the South Pacific after World War II. Since then, 12 species of birds and 6 species of lizards the snakes ate have become extinct. Guam had no native snakes.20Dispersal of Brown Tree Snake

21. Southern U.S.: Kudzu VineThe Asian plant Kudzu was introduced by the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture with good intentions. It was introduced from Japanese pavilion in the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia. It was to help control erosion but has taken over large areas of the landscape in the Southern U.S.21

22. Introduced Species22

23. New York: European StarlingFrom the New York Times, 1990The year was 1890 when an eccentric drug manufacturer named Eugene Schieffelin entered New York City's Central Park and released some 60 European starlings he had imported from England. In 1891 he loosed 40 more. Schieffelin's motives were as romantic as they were ill fated: he hoped to introduce into North America every bird mentioned by Shakespeare.Skylarks and song thrushes failed to thrive, but the enormity of his success with starlings continues to haunt us. This centennial year is worth observing as an object lesson in how even noble intentions can lead to disaster when humanity meddles with nature.23

24. New York: European StarlingFrom the New York Times, 1990 (cont.)Today the starling is ubiquitous, with its purple and green iridescent plumage and its rasping, insistent call. It has distinguished itself as one of the costliest and most noxious birds on our continent.Roosting in hordes of up to a million, starlings can devour vast stores of seed and fruit, offsetting whatever benefit they confer by eating insects. In a single day, a cloud of omnivorous starlings can gobble up 20 tons of potatoes.24

25. 25Zebra MusselsThe native distribution of the species is in the Black Sea and Caspian Sea in Eurasia. Zebra mussels have become an invasive species in North America, Great Britain, Ireland, Italy, Spain, and Sweden. They disrupt the ecosystems by monotypic (one type) colonization, and damage harbors and waterways, ships and boats, and water treatment and power plants.

26. 26Zebra MusselsWater treatment plants are most impacted because the water intakes bring the microscopic free-swimming larvae directly into the facilities. The Zebra Mussels also cling on to pipes under the water and clog them. This shopping cart was left in zebra mussel-infested waters for a few months. The mussels have colonized every available surface on the cart.(J. Lubner, Wisconsin Sea Grant, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.)

27. 27Zebra Mussel Range

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29. INQUIRY: Does feeding by sea urchins limit seaweed distribution?W. J. Fletcher of the University of Sydney, Australia reasoned that if sea urchins are a limiting biotic factor in a particular ecosystem, then more seaweeds should invade an area from which sea urchins have been removed. 29

30. INQUIRY: Does feeding by sea urchins limit seaweed distribution?Seems reasonable and a tad obvious, but the area is also occupied by seaweed-eating mollusc called limpets.What to do? Formulate an experimental design aimed at answering the inquiry question.30

31. Predator Removal 31

32. Predator Removal 32Removing both limpets and urchins or removing only urchins increased seaweed cover dramatically

33. Predator Removal 33Almost no seaweed grew in areas where both urchins and limpets were present (red line) , OR where only limpets were removed (blue line)

34. Relationship Between Temperature and Precipitation 34

35. Community EcologyPopulations are linked by interspecific interactions that impact the survival & reproduction of the species involved

36. Community StructureCommunity−an assemblage of populations living close enough together for potential interactionDominant Species−most abundant, highest biomass, powerful control over occurrence and distribution of other species… VA Sugar MapleKeystone Species−NOT necessarily most abundant, exert strong control due to their ecological roles or niches… Sea Otters!!!Richness number of species & abundanceSpecies diversity older = greater diversity larger areas = greater diversity climate = solar input & H2O available

37. Biodiversity37Communities with higher diversity areMore productive and more stable regarding their productivityBetter able to withstand and recover from environmental stressesMore resistant to invasive species, organisms that become established outside their native range

38. Species Diversity Species Richness (# of different species) Species Diversity = + Relative abundance 38(proportion each different species represents of all the individuals in the community)

39. Species Richness39Which community is richer?AB

40. Sample Data40The data below represents the abundance of macro-invertebrates taken from three different river communities in Georgia. A variety of diversity indices may be used to calculate species diversity. Based on the data below, which community has the greatest diversity?

41. Observation Of Sea Otter Populations And Their PredationFood chain beforekiller whale involve-ment in chain(a) Sea otter abundance(b) Sea urchin biomass(c) Total kelp densityNumber per 0.25 m21972198519891993199702468100100200300400Grams per 0.25 m2Otter number (% max. count)040206080100YearFood chain after killerwhales started preyingon otters

42. Killer Whales vs. Sea OttersPredator-Pray EnergeticsThe daily caloric requirements for male versus female killer whales (orcas) is shown below:Male killer whale: 308,000 kcal/dayFemale killer whale: 187,000 kcal/dayCalculate the average caloric value of a sea otter assuming a male orca consumes five sea otters each day to meet its caloric requirement.

43. Killer Whales vs. Sea OttersPredator-Pray EnergeticsCalculate the average caloric value of a sea otter assuming a male orca consumes five sea otters each day to meet its caloric requirement. Using dimensional analysis or simple arithmetic:

44. Killer Whales vs. Sea OttersPredator-Pray EnergeticsAssume a population of 4 male orcas feed solely on sea otters. How many otters are lost to the community over a 6-year period?

45. Why the change?Some fish populations have declined in recent decadesShortage of seals and sea lions resulted in killer whales preying on smaller sea ottersShortage of certain fish caused substantial declines in harbor seals and sea lionsInterestingly, The Sea Otter Is Not UsuallyThe Orca’s Food of Choice

46. Why Should We Care About Declining Numbers of Sea Otters?Sea otters are an important part of the coastal communityThe loss of sea otters affects the community directly and indirectly

47. A keystone species is one that has a strong effect on the composition of the communityRemoval of keystone species causes a decrease in species richnessSea otters eat sea urchins which are fierce competitors having a diet of kelpIndirect Effect on the Community

48. Sea Urchin Population vs. Kelp Density48

49. Factors that Impact Communities1. Disease2. Interspecific Interactions:CompetitionPredationSymbiosisMutualism − mycorrhizaeCommensalism

50. Defense MechanismsMullerian-Two or more unpalatable, aposematically colored species resemble each other Cryptic-camouflage Aposematic-warningBatesian-palatable/ harmless species mimics an unpalatable/ harmful model

51. Ecological NichesAn organism’s niche is the specific role it plays in its environment…its job!All of its uses of biotic and abiotic resources in its environmentEx: oak tree in a deciduous forestProvides oxygen to plants, animalsProvides a home for squirrelsProvides a nesting ground for blue jaysRemoves water from the soil

52. The NicheEcological niche is the total of an organism’s use of biotic and abiotic resources in its environmentEx: Barnacle species on the coast of Scotland

53. SuccessionEcological succession− transition in species composition over ecological timePioneer organisms = bacteria, lichen, algaeClimax community = stablePrimary− begun in lifeless area; no soil, perhaps volcanic activity or retreating glacier. Secondary an existing community has been cleared by some disturbance that leaves the soil intact

54. Human Impact on EcosystemsHumans are the most widespread agents of disturbanceReduces diversityPrevent some naturally occurring disturbances

55. Human Impact on EcosystemsCombustion of Fossil FuelsLeads to acid precipitationChanges the pH of aquatic ecosystems and affects the soil chemistry of terrestrial ecosystems

56. Increasing Carbon Dioxide Concentration in the Atmosphere

57. Global Mean Annual Temperature

58. 58Ecosystems- Matter and Energy

59. 59Primary Productionhttp://www.bigelow.org/foodweb/chemosynthesis.jpg

60. 60Visualizing Matter & EnergyThere are a variety of diagrams that help us visualize how energy, biomass, matter, and even number of organisms interact in a particular community or ecosystem. It is important that you look carefully at the diagrams and understand what it says about that ecosystem in terms of matter and/or energy.

61. 61Primary Production made by Primary Producers Gross primary productivity is the total amount of energy that producers convert to chemical energy in organic molecules per unit of time. Then the plant must use some energy to supports its own processes with cellular respiration such as growth, opening and closing it’s stomata, etc. What is left over in that same amount of time is net primary productivity which is the energy available to be used by another organism.

62. Primary Production 62

63. Net Product Pyramid 63

64. Trophic Level Human Population 64

65. I think this slide should go up with the other pyramid slides even though it’s about populations65Biomass Pyramids

66. Pyramid of Numbers 66

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68. Energy Transformation68

69. Biogeochemical Cycle 69

70. Nitrogen Cycle 70

71. Phosphorus Cycle 71

72. Water Cycle 72

73. Carbon Cycle 73

74. Nutrient Cycling 74

75. Aquatic Biome Distribution 75

76. Terrestrial Biomes 76

77. Tropical Rain Forest77

78. Savanna78

79. Desert 79

80. Chaparral- also called Scrubland80

81. Temperate Grasslands 81

82. Temperate Forest 82

83. TaigaAlso called Coniferous or Boreal Forest 1. precipitation usually snow 2. conifers like spruce, fir, hemlock3. soil acidic and forms slowly 83

84. Tundra 84

85. Biosphere 85

86. Eutrophication- The Algal Bloom86