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Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology BScMBBS MD FIAMLE FICFMTProfessor of Forensic MedicineSDM College of Medical Sciences and HospitalSattur, Dharwad 580 009, Karnataka, IndiaPresidentNational Foundation of Clinical Forensic Medicine (NFCFM)Editor-in-Chief, IJFRFormerlyState Medicolegal ConsultantProfessor and HeadDepartment of Forensic Medicine and ToxicologyPresident Karnataka Medico Legal Society, Indian Academy of Forensic MedicineEditor-in-Chief, Journal of Indian Academy of Forensic Medicine (JIAFM)Editor-in-Chief, Journal of Karnataka Medicolegal Society (JKAMLS) JAYPEE BROTHERS MEDICAL PUBLISHERS (P) LTD ® Published byJitendar P Vij Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) LtdCorporate Office 4838/24 Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi - 110002, IndiaPhone: +91-11-43574357, Fax: +91-11-43574314 Registered Office B-3 EMCA House, 23/23B Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi - 110 002, IndiaPhones: +91-11-23272143, +91-11-23272703, +91-11-23282021+91-11-23245672, Rel: +91-11-32558559, Fax: +91-11-23276490, +91-11-23245683e-mail: jaypee@jaypeebrothers.com, Website: www.jay

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6-0Typeset atJPBMP typesetting unitPrinted at Dedicated to my beloved parentsLate Sri S Gopal Rao and Late Smt Sharada Bai G Rao “If I have the belief that I can do it, I shall surely acquire the capacity CONTRIBUTORSCONTRIBUTORS Nirmala N Rao Associate Dean, Professor and HeadDept of Oral PathologyKarnataka, India(Chapter 11: Forensic Identity—Age and Identity Senior Lecturer in Forensic Medicine and GeneticsSchool of Forensic and Investigative SciencesUniversity of Central LancashirePreston(Chapter 12: Forensic DNA Profiling) Gamini Goonetilleke MBBS (Cey.), FRCS (Eng)22, Sulaiman AvenueSri Lanka(Chapter 20: Firearms and Explosure Injuries—Injuries dueto Antipersonnel Landmines) BL Meel MD, DHSM (Natal), DOH (Wits), M PhilProfessor and HeadDepartment of Forensic MedicineFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Transkei P/bag X1 UNITRA(Chapter 25: Torture and Medical Profession) B Santhosh Rai PV Assoc. Professor of RadiodiagnosisKMC, Mangalore, Karnataka(Chapter 29: Forensic Radiology) Anil Aggrawal Professor of Forensic Medicine A Gupta MD Punith Setia Asst. Professors of Forensic Medicine(Chapter 30: Forensic Engineering)

PC Sarmah Professor and HeadDept. of Forensic Medicine and ToxicologyTadong, Gangtok, Sikkim(Appendix 3: Laws of Relevance to Medical Profession in India) B Santha Kumar MSc (FSc), MD, DFM, DNB (Forensic Med.)Professor and HeadDept. of Forensic MedicineChennai, Tamil Nadu Shashidhar C Mestri Professor and HeadDept. of Forensic MedicineFormer Professor and HeadDept. of Forensic MedicineJSS Medical College, Mysore, KarnatakaChennai, Tamil Nadu MD, DNB (Forensic Med)Professor and HeadDept of Forensic MedicineFormerly Professor and HeadDept of Forensic MedicineMysore Medical College, Mysore, KarnatakaAndhra Pradesh K Bhaskar Reddy Professor and HeadDept of Forensic MedicineThirupathi, Andhra Pradesh Uday Pal Singh Assoc. Professor in Forensic MedicineKakathiya Medical CollegeWarrangal, Andhra Pradesh VV Wase MD (Path), MD (Forensic Med)Dean, Professor of Forensic MedicineFormer Head, Dept of Forensic MedicineSri Ramanand Thirth Medical College viii Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology MR Chandran PrincipalProfessor of Forensic MedicineFormer Head, Dept of Forensic MedicineAmala Institute of Medical Sciences, Trissur, Kera

la M Shahanavaz Assoc. ProfessorDepartment of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology(Former Assistant Professor of Forensic MedicineKMC, Mangalore, Karnataka) NG Revi Professsor and HeadDept of Forensic MedicineFormer Professor and Head, Police SurgeonGovt Medical College, TrissurJubilee Mission Medical College, Trissur, Kerala Zachariah Thomas Assistant Professor of Forensic Medicine EJ Rodriguez Assoc Professor of Forensic Medicine Professor and HeadDept of Forensic MedicineKolara, Tamaka, Karnataka Shreemathi Rajagopal Retired Professor and HeadDept of Forensic MedicineSt. John’s Medical CollegeBengaluru, Karnataka Uday Kumar Professor and HeadDept of Forensic MedicineFormer Professor and HeadDept of Forensic Medicine, FMMC, Kankanady, MangaloreShri Laxmi Narayana Institute of Medical Sciencesand Research, Pondicherry Arbind Kumar MD, DNB (Forensic Med)Professor of Forensic MedicinePatna Medical College, Patna, Bihar Binoy Kumar Bastia Professor of Forensic MedicineJNMC, Belgaum, Karnataka Mahabalesh Shetty Professor and HeadDept of Forensic MedicineKSHEMA, Derla KatteMangalore, Karnataka Ritesh G Menezes MD, DNB (Forensic Med)A

ssoc Professor of Forensic MedicineKasturba Medical CollegeMangalore, Karnataka B Suresh Kumar Shetty Assoc Professor of Forensic MedicineKasturba Medical CollegeMangalore, Karnataka Prateek Rastogi Assoc Professor of Forensic MedicineKasturba Medical CollegeMangalore, Karnataka Tanuj Kanchan Assistant Professor of Forensic MedicineKasturba Medical CollegeMangalore, Karnataka Chaitra Tutor in Forensic MedicineKasturba Medical CollegeMangalore, Karnataka Raj Kumar Karki Sr. Resident in Forensic MedicineKasturba Medical CollegeMangalore, Karnataka Arjun Suri, Safal Shetty, Sampuran Acharya,Kartik Valliappan , II MBBS Students in ForensicMedicine (2008-2009), Kasturba Medical CollegeMangalore, Karnataka Ms Nirmala, Dinseh, Yogish, Suresh, Monappa, Non Teaching Staff, Department of Forensic MedicineKasturba Medical CollegeMangalore, Karnataka Divin Kumar,Balakrishna, Narayana Kotian,Sharath Kumar, Jayaram, Ms Jayanthi,Ms Ranjini Shetty, Ms Rathi, Ms Sushma KMC, Mangalore, Karnataka Ms Shreemati Mangalore, Karnataka M Rajesh Assistant Professor, MMCRIKandreepuram, Tamil Nadu Gokul, Sakthi Vignesh, Mohammad Halith,Dinesh Kumar, Ara

vind Arokiarajan,Veereshwara Raju, Praveen, Ms Gayathri, II MBBS Students in Forensic Medicine (2006-2007)MMCRI, KancheepuramTamil Nadu REVIEW PANEL A Busuttil MD, FRCPath, DMJ, FRCP (Eng), FRCP(Glas), FRCSRegius Professor of Forensic Medicine S Subramaniam MBBS, DMJ Clin, DMJ Path, MRCP (ForensicForensic Pathologist, Dept. of Pathology L Thirunnavakarasu Retired Professor and HeadDept of Forensic MedicineBangalore Medical College andSt John’s Medical CollegeBengaluru, Karnataka, India Alexander F Khakha Professor and HeadDept. of Forensic MedicineVardhaman Mahavir Medical CollegeR. No. 204, Safdarjung Hospital B Santha Kumar Professsor and HeadDept. of Forensic MedicineTamil Nadu, India Arun Kumar Agnihotri Additional ProfessorDept of Forensic Medicine M Shahanavaz Assoc. ProfessorDepartment of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology(Former Assistant Professor of Forensic MedicineKMC, Mangalore, Karnataka) Dinesh Rao Director (Actg), Legal Medicine Unit VV Wase MD (Path.), MD (Forensic Med),DNB (Forensic Med), LLB, DeanFormer Head, Dept of Forensic MedicineSri Ramanand Thirth Medical College Rajagopal (Maj Gen-Retd) AVSM , MS, Dea

nProfessor of OncosurgeryFormer Dean, AFMC, Pune, MaharashtraKMC, MangaloreKarnataka, India BH Tirpude Professor and HeadDept of Forensic MedicineSevagram, Wardha Narayana Reddy Principal, Professor and HeadDept of Forensic MedicineHyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India L Fimate Director, Professor of Forensic MedicineImphal, Manipur, India PK Chattopadhyay Director, Amity Institute of Advanced Forensic ScienceResearch and TrainingNoida, UP, India NG Revi Professsor and HeadDept of Forensic MedicineFormerly Professsor and Head, Police SurgeonGovt. Medical College, TrissurTrissur, Kerala, India Mukesh Yadav Professor and HeadDept of Forensic Medicine and ToxicologySchool of Medical Sciences and ResearchGreater NoidaUP, India CB Jani Professor and HeadDept of Forensic MedicineKaramsad Dist, Anand Silvano CA Dias Sapeco Professor and HeadDept. of Forensic Medicine x Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology MS Usgaonkar Professor and Former HeadDept of Forensic Medicine NK Aggrawal Professor and HeadDept of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Professor and HeadDept of Forensic MedicineDr Ambedkar’s Medical CollegeKarnataka, India Shas

hidhar C Mestri Professor and HeadDept of Forensic MedicineFormerly Professor and HeadDept. of Forensic MedicineJSS Medical College MysoreTamil Nadu, India KR Nagesh Professor and HeadDept of Forensic MedicineFather Muller’s Medical CollegeKankanady, MangaloreKarnataka, India Ananad Menon Assoc ProfessorDept of Forensic MedicineKasturba Medical CollegeMangalore, Karnataka, India Ritesh G Menezes MD, DNB (Forensic Med)Assoc ProfessorDept of Forensic MedicineKasturba Medical CollegeMangalore, Karnataka, India Prabeer Kumar Dev Assoc ProfessorDepartment of Forensic Medicine and State MedicineNorth Bengal Medical CollegeWest Bengal, India Prateek Rastogi Assoc Professor of Forensic MedicineKasturba Medical CollegeMangaloreKarnataka, India Tanuj Kanchan Assistant Professor of Forensic MedicineKasturba Medical CollegeMangaloreKarnataka, India Nirmala N Rao Associate Dean, Professor and HeadDept of Oral PathologyManipal, Karnataka Chetna Chandrashekhar Assistant Professor in Oral PathologyManipal, Karnataka, India Shweta Rehani Assistant Professor in Oral PathologyManipal, Karnataka, India MM Nadig PrincipalVaikunt Baliga College of

LawUdupi, Karnataka, India PV Bhandary Consultant Psychiatrist, DirectorDr AV Baliga Memorial HospitalVM Nagar, DoddanaguddeKarnataka, India FOREWORD TO THE SECOND EDITIONFOREWORD TO THE SECOND EDITION Law and medicine are the world’s oldest noble professions that are claimed to have been weddedlong ago, transforming into a science of facts assisting in to resolve the social evils. No otherprofessional endeavour has ever struggled in recent decades as forensic medicine to develop intowhat it is today! Indeed, with escalating violence, terrorism and such worldwide criminal activities,in solving the crime mysteries fascinatingly. As a doctor, a forensic expert applies his/her medicalProfessor Nageshkumar G Rao, was our faculty, worked as Head of the Department of Forensicrevise this book. His research publications available in the world forensic literature have earned many honours conferredon to him by the various authorities in India. I understand that Dr Rao got the coveted honour of ICFMT AnnualCongress Award, 2008. In 1987, Kasturba Medical College had conferred him with Dr TMA Pai Gold Medal for ResearchI have gone throug

h this revamped second edition of Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicologyhas very useful information for the medical and law students, and for the practising physicians and legal professionals.The publisher’s efforts to reprint the first edition clearly spell out the popularity of the book. Innumerable referencescited in each chapter construe the scientific base for the book. The book also includes worthy appendices at the end,comprising of question bank providing theory and viva-voce questionnaires, varsity examination methodology andI am sure, the second edition of the book too will get very good reception. My best wishes to Prof Nageshkumar Ramdas M Pai Ramdas M Pai President & Chancellor Declared as Deemed-to-be-University under Section 3 of the UGC Act, 1956 Ph: 91 820 2570064 E-mail: ramdas.pai@manipal.edu www.manipal.edu issues confront not only the specialist but also the young doctor treating a victim of violence infor a new procedure. Forensic medicine has cast its mantle on every facet of the interaction betweenquestions, forensic medicine has summoned the resources of science in full measure— DNA technology

for identitydrawings. The coverage includes ethics, legal procedures, consumer protection, thanatology, autopsy examination, MS Valiathan ChM, FRCS, FRCS (c)Former Vice-ChancellorManipal Academy of Higher Education(Deemed University)Manipal FOREWORD TO THE FIRST EDITIONFOREWORD TO THE FIRST EDITION FOREWORD TO THE FIRST EDITIONFOREWORD TO THE FIRST EDITION Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology is a lucid elucidation of the essence of medicolegalaspects of medical practice, which is essential knowledge, nay, compulsory knowledge, for allmedical students, and practicing doctors irrespective of their specialty. Professor NageshkumarG Rao, presently our Head of the Department of Forensic Medicine and Director of Postgraduatestudies, has been my student whom I know intimately, right from his undergraduate studentdays.After paying due obeisance to his postgraduate training and teaching expertise in the specialtyof Forensic Medicine, I must confess that he has matured into a good teacher and an excellentcommunicator at the same time.The book is concise, but covers all vital aspects of Forensic Medicine. I feel it will be an

asset to every practicingdoctor to be kept with him for ready reference. With the consumer problems coming into medicine in a big way,this assumes greater significance. I wish we had taught our students the Indian code of ethics, which, in my opinion,is far superior to the Hippocratic ethics that we all swear by.Consumerism is a bane to the practising doctors; but we must remember that it is the medical profession, whichhas taken medicine to the market place and converted it into a business, like any other profit making business, toattract consumerism. “Never make money in the sick room” was Hippocratic dictum. With corporate business gettinginto hospitals based on the five-star western culture (while large hospitals in the West are closing down), it wasinevitable that some checks and balances had to be introduced into the practice of medicine.The format and the printing of the book have been of very high order. Photographs, line drawings, flow charts,and tables in the book are relevant and extremely useful. Colour photographs presented in 60 plates with nearly300 pictures are excellent. The language is simple and easily unde

rstandable. The book should be in the clinic ofevery practising doctor. This would be a blessing as a ready reference in the courtroom also. I see a bright futurefor this book. I feel it may help the exam going student as well. I wish the book all success. BM Hegde MD FRCP (Lond) FRCP (Edinb) FRCP (Glasg) FACC which undoubtedlyof textbooks were already available?”. But fortunately Nageshkumar G Rao will not have to go through this often Anil Aggrawal Professor of Forensic MedicineMaulana Azad Medical College FOREWORD TO THE FIRST EDITIONFOREWORD TO THE FIRST EDITION PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITIONPREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION The book is a complete revitalization of its predecessor published around a decade ago. The publisher’s effort toreprint the previous edition earlier explains the popularity of the book. However, as an author I felt the need torevise the text on account of rapid advances and developments in forensic research globally. This edition was madepossible by the combined efforts of nearly sixty brilliant academicians who served as the honorary review panel members of this book.The contributors helped me in improv

ing the contents by providing new information, chapters, photographs andsuch other materials, while the review panel did the critical evaluation, appended recent advances, checked the languageand made essential changes in the text. , Regius Professor of Forensic Medicine of the Universityof Edinburgh; , Forensic Pathologist, Dept of Pathology, Kuwait University, Kuwait; Retired Professor and Head, Dept of Forensic Medicine, Victoria Hospital, Bangalore Medical Collegeand St. John’s Medical College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India Dr Alexander F Khakha, Professor and Head, Deptof Forensic Medicine, Vardhaman Medical College, Safdar Jung Hospital, New Delhi, India and Dr B Santha Kumar,Professor and Head, Dept of Forensic Medicine, Govt. Stanley Medical College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India arefive elite gentlemen and the best of my friends, whose selfless helps and remarkable efforts were crucial in revising, currently the Assoc. Professorof Forensic Medicine, at Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Karnataka, India has provided enduring and outstandingassistance in every phase of this venture.two parts has now been transformed into

five parts packed with recent scientific advances. This edition also includes Appendices with four importantQuestion Bank, Syllabus and Varsity Examination Aid, Laws of Relevance to Medical Profession in Indiaand, Starvation and Neglect and Law. I have avoided too many case stories, historical anecdotes and quotes inthis book, which I felt were superfluous and digressed from an academic point of view. The primary focus of thisover 600 pages edition has been to incorporate relevant subject matter covering the recommended by theMedical Council of India using simple, comprehensible language. Over 1500 references, 700 photographs, 500 drawings,charts and tables found in this book will make the intricate theory of the subject extremely easy to understand forevery reader. Especially students will not only excel in examinations but also achieve a thorough, usable knowledgeof the subject for future professional life. M/s Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, New Delhi, India has publishedthis book with great care using international standard printing technologies. They have designed an attractive cover,and utilized the power o

f coloured printing to create clear and beautiful pages so that reading of this book can bemade pleasurable and interesting.Suggestions, constructive criticisms and thoughts for improving this book are more than welcome. Kindly emailprof.nkgr@gmail.com I am sure that the forensic panorama provided in this edition will draw the attentionof every reader and generate more response than the previous edition from students, professionals, clinicians, general Nageshkumar G Rao PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITIONPREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION as appreciated globally In this book an attempt and 100 tables medical practitioner, investigating police officer, lawyer, law enforcing. My earnest hope is that this new book will find favorable response from all Nageshkumar G Rao ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Life is always full of opportunities. During three and half decades of my career, working as professor and head ofthe department of forensic medicine, at four finest medical colleges in India, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal andMangalore; Sikkim Manipal Institute of Medical Sciences, Sikkim; Meenakshi Medical College and Research Institute,Kancheepuram, Ta

mil Nadu; with an added privilege of availing of several scientific organizations globally;examinership in forensic medicine, at several Universities of the country; status of Legal Consultant to Govt. of Karnataka and as an expert witness in various Courts of Coastal Karnataka — all havegiven me the unique opportunities of not only in understanding what really Indian forensic is, but also get with several academicians, medicolegal experts, legal luminaries which has allowed me to constitute the Hon. ReviewPanel and Contributors(literature and Photographs) each one of them, who spared their precious time and helped me in improving this edition to its core, making itSome of these panel members have contributed selflessly their knowledge, special talents of photography, andtime, in the form of case photographs to support the revamping process. Those who contributed and allowed useof their illustrations have been credited in the legends for the particular figures, and grateful acknowledgement isonce again made here. As an author I explicitly wish to thank the following individuals in this regard: Drs Capt BSantha Kumar, Gamini

Goonetilleke, Shashidhar C Mestri, PWD Ravichnander, K Bhaskar Reddy, Uday Pal Singh,VV Wase, NG Revi, MR Chandran, Zachariah Thomas, EJ Rodriguez, Kiran J, Shreemathi Rajagopal, Uday Kumar,Binoy Kumar Bastia, Mahabalesh Shetty, M Shahanavaz, Ritesh G Menezes, B Suresh Kumar Shetty, Prateek Rastogi,and Tanuj Kanchan. My special thanks goes to all those who have put their sincere efforts, time and help by volunteeringas models/physical help in producing several photographs portraying the difficult themes discussed under Part-II:, replacing all the thematic cartoons of the previous edition. These include: Drs. M. Rajesh,Chaitra, Raj Kumar Karki; Forensic Medicine UG Students: Gokul, Praveen, Sakthi Vignesh, Mohammed Halith, DineshKumar, Aravind Arokiarajan, Veereshwara Raju, and Ms. Lavanya, Gayathri, Sindhuja Devi, Arjun Suri, Safal Shetty,Sampurann Acharya, Karthik Valliappan; and Non teaching staff members: Dinseh, Yogish, Suresh, Monappa, Janardhan,Joseph, Divin Kumar, Balakrishna, Narayan Kotian, Sharath Kumar, Jayaram, Ms Nirmala, Jayanthi, Ranjini Shetty,Rathi, Sushma, and Shreemati.Individual chapters and/portion in the

chapter wherever felt necessary was assigned to persons with a particularinterest and confidence in the areas asked to read, review critically and do the corrections directly or to give suggestionsto the author to implement, and to them are extended my sincere thanks. These include: VV Wase (Second Autopsy)(Artefacts)(Legal Procedure, Fast Track Court), L Fimate with MS Usgaonkar, Ritesh G Menezesand Tanuj Kanchan , NK Agarwal (Torture in Medical Practice)(Forensic Toxicology:General Principles, Corrosives and Irritants)(Neurotoxics, Cardiac Poisons, Mukesh Yadav (Ethics of Medical Practice), PK Dev (Records, ML Aspects of Anaesthetic and Operative Deaths)(Forensic DNA Profiling)(Types ofAutopsy Procedures, Trauma in its ML View Points), Prateek Rastogi PV Bhandary (ForensicPsychiatry) (Blast Injuries).My deep appreciation to some of the senior reputed professionals with whom, I had lengthy academic acquaintancewith close communications and rapport by e-mail/surface mail/telephonic talking, helped me by discussions, exchangeof views of the technical and philosophical aspects of four major Parts of the book i.e. Part I:Introd

uction andPart II:Part III:Forensic Pathology,Part IV:Clinical Forensic Medicine Part V:Forensic Toxicology, which resulted in thorough revision by inclusion of many of their conclusion and viewpoints. (Forensic DNA Profiling) (Injuries due to Antipersonnel Landmines), BL Meel (Torture and Medical Profession), NirmalaPC Sarmah (Laws of Relevance to Medical Profession in India)(Forensic Radiology)(Forensic Engineering), for readily acceptingand contributing new chapters to my book in spite of busy schedules in their respective work places.All the drawings in the second edition were made by the artists at Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd.professional team of artists, which is an important part in any book. xxiv Textbook of Forensic Medicine and ToxicologyI wish to express my solemn sentiments and sincere thanks to each of the authors/co-authors of the various books/journals/articles/Websites whose references are being cited in the text of the book, without which the scientific basefor the facts mentioned wouldn’t have been there.A special debt of gratitude is owed to Dr Ritesh G Menezes and Mr Divin Kumar faculty in F

orensic MedicineDepartment and College Office respectively at KMC, Mangalore, Drs. Nirmala N Rao, Chetna Chandrashekhar, andShweta Rehani, faculty in Oral Pathology Department, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal; for their painstakinglyread and re-read not only the rough and final copies of the manuscript, but also all the press page proofs, thricecorrecting errors in punctuation, spelling, grammar and syntax with a magnanimous devotion, prior to its approvalfor final press printing.My thanks are due to Dr Ramdas M Pai, Chancellor and President; and Dr HS Ballal Pro Chancellor of ManipalUniversity, Manipal; Mr LC Amarnath, Former Vice Chancellor and Mr SD Dhakal, Former Registrar of Sikkim ManipalUniversity, Sikkim; and Thiru Radha Krishnan, Chancellor, Thiru Sathanam, Registrar, Dr E Munirathnam Naidu,Former Vice Chancellor, and Dr Gunasagaran, Vice chancellor, Meenakshi University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu for theirconstant encouragement and support in accomplishing the book work.I am highly indebted to Mr Jitendar P Vij, CEO of M/s Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, New Delhi,India and his team members Mr Taru

n Duneja, Ms Chetna Malhotra, Ms Samina Khan, Mr KK Raman, Mr DC Guptaand Mr Bharat Bhushan, all are known to me over last 7-8 years for their kind co-operation, hard work and allskills of maintaining brilliance in printing. I appreciate the commendable patience they have and encouraging wordsthey always speak, which act as a source of inspiration to me, often suggesting me to contribute more to the book,making it a real ‘jewel in the crown’The responsibility of completing this new edition would have been impossible without the sacrifice made by Nirmalamy wife and Ganesh my son, daughter Nikhila and her husband Ajith; allowing to me to spare the family time inreading/writing for the book. To each one I propose my heart-felt appreciations and sentiments. CONTENTSCONTENTS 1.Introduction--------------------12.Historical P----------------33.Doctor and the Law-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------74.Ethics of Medical Practice-----------235.Euthanasia (Mercy Killing)-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------456.Consumer Protection Act and Medical Profession---------------------------------------------------------------------------487.Human Organ Transplantation: Legal ---------------------------------------------------------------528.Ethical and Legal AIDS-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------559.Medical Records-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5710.Medical and Legal Aspects of Deaths----------------------------------------------------5911.Forensic Identity-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6512.Forensic DNA Profiling-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11913.Thanatology----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13314.Postmor--------16215.Violent ----------19416.Trauma, Injury and Wound-----------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------22117.Regional Injuries--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------23418.Transpor-------------25919.Effects of Injury---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------26620.Firearms Injuries----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------27221.Effects of Cold and Heat--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------30722.Electrocution, Lightning ---32023.Trauma in its Medicolegal View Points------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------32924.Domestic Violence—Medical and Legal Aspects----------------------------------------------------------------------------33825.Torture and Medical Profession-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------34526.Sexual Jurisprudence----------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------35127.Infanticide, Foeticides Abuse----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------38228.Forensic Psychiatry--------------39529.Forensic -------------40830.Forensic -------------414 xxvi Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology 31.General Principles------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------41932.Corrosive Poisons--------------45033.Irritant Poisons-----------------45834.Neurotoxics-----------------49435.Cardiac P---------------53936.Asphyxiants-----------------54537.Domestic P-------------55538.Poisoning by ---55939.Food Poisoning and Poisonous Foods--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------56140.Drug Dependence and Drug Abuse-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------563Appendices--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5