I figured my body always would be able to repair itself I think all of us believe that until you begin to age and get hit with deteriorating joints Lee Majors It had not occurred to me that marriage requires the same effort as a career And unlike a career marriage requires a ID: 909373
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Slide1
Chapter 9-- Joints
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Slide2Famous Quotes
I figured my body always would be able to repair itself. I think all of us believe that – until you begin to age and get hit with deteriorating
joints
. Lee MajorsIt had not occurred to me that marriage requires the same effort as a career. And unlike a career, marriage requires a joint effort. Jessica Savitch (1947-1983)
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Slide3Ch. 9 (Joints) Study Guide
Critically read Chapter 9 pp.
278-297 before 9.3 (Anatomy of selected diarthroses).
Study all figures in the PowerPoint slides as well
.
Comprehend Terminology (those in bold in the textbook) within the reading scope above
Study
-- Figure questions, Think About It questions, and Before You Go On (section-ending) questions (within the reading scope above)Do end-of-chapter questions—Testing Your Recall— 1-4, 6-7, 9, 11-16, 18True or False– 2, 4, 5, 9, 10Review/study review sheet document (4 pages) posted on Blackboard
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Slide4I. Overview of the joints
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Figure 9.1– a gymnast and joint flexibility
Slide6§
Why Knuckles Crack and Joints Creak
Some peoples' bodies play a percussive symphony of cracking and creaking, thanks to the large orchestra of noise-making human joints.
What's behind it all?
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Slide79-
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§ Joints and their names
What are joints?
Arthro
logy = study of the joints
Kine
siology = study of musculoskeletal movement (motion of human body)How joints are named?From the names of the bones involvedEx. The atlantoccipital joint Ex. The humeroscapular joint
Slide8II.
Functional
classification of joints
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Are all joints able to move?
Immovable joints– where? Why?
Less movable– ex. vertebral column; why?
Moveable—shoulder, elbow, knee
Functional classification (freedom of movement)
synarthrosis (little/no movement) (“Syn”--together)amphiarthrosis (slightly movable)diarthrosis (freely movable) (‘Dia”– through)
Slide10III.
Structural
classification of joints
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§ Structural classification
How adjacent bones are joined?
Bony joints
(
syn
ostosis; synarthrosis)– two bones fusedFibrous joints (synarthrosis)—held together by collagen fibers; lack a synovial cavity Cartilaginous joints (amphiarthrosis)– held together by cartilage; lack a synovial cavity
Synovial joints
(
diarthrosis
)– having synovial (joint/articular) cavity (Fig. 9.5 next slide)
Fig. 9.5 Synovial Joint
Joint in which two bones are separated by a space called a
synovial (joint) cavity
Most are freely movable
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Slide139-
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§ 1. Bony Joints (Syn
osto
sis)
Gap between “
two bones
ossify”– become a single boneTWO frontal/mandibular bones in infantsCan occur in either fibrous joints or cartilaginous as well; Examples:Aging: cranial sutures (fibrous joints) destroyed (ex. Parietal bones fuse) in elderlyAging: attachment of first rib to the sternum (cartilaginous joint) becomes a synostosis with age
Slide149-
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§ 2. Fibrous Joints (
Synarthrosis-Amphiarthrosis
)
Collagen fibers
span the space between bones
Three kinds of fibrous jointsA. Sutures— the fibers are short and allow for little movement B. Gomphoses— the fibers are also _____ and allow for little movement; between teeth and the jaw C. Syndesmoses—longer fibers and more movableFigure 9.2
Slide15Fig. 9.2
Suture
Gomphosis
Syndesmosis
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Fibrous Connective Tissue
A
B
R. Tibia
Slide169-
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Immovable fibrous joints
Bind bones together;
only in skull
3 types— (Fig. 9.3 next slide)
Serrate sutures
- interlocking linescoronal, sagittal and lambdoid suturesLap sutures - overlapping beveled edgesBetween temporal and parietal bones; Name the suture? Plane sutures - straight, nonoverlapping edgespalatine processes of the maxillae
Fibrous Joint – A. Sutures
Suture
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Serrate suture
Lap suture
Plane suture
Dovetail joint
Miter joint
Butt joint
Bone
Wood
Three types of suture--
Slide189-
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Fibrous Joint – B. Gomphoses
Attachment of a tooth to its socket
Held in place by
fibrous
periodontal ligament
Consisting of collagen fibers attach teeth to jawbones (which bones?)Little movement (Synarthrosis) while chewing
Gomphoses
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Two bones bound by broad fibrous sheet called
Inter
osse
ous membrane
More/less
movable than that of sutures/gomphosesExamples: radius to ulna (a more movable one, Amphiarthrosis) allow supination and pronation (next slide); tibia to fibula (less movable one)Fibrous Joint – C. Syndesmosis
Tibia & fibula
Syndesmosis
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Supination and Pronation
For example: In the forearm
Supination
rotation of forearm so that the palm faces forward
Pronation
rotation of forearm so the palm faces to the rear
A
B
Supine
means
up
. In order to carry a bowl of
soup
, your hand must be in the supine position
Slide21Check point question #1--
Functionally, why are sutures classified as
synarthroses
, and syndesmoses as amphiarthroses?
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§ 3. Cartilaginous Joints (
amphiarthrosis
)
Two bones are linked by cartilage
Two types–
A. synchondroses and B. symphyses
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Cartilaginous Joint – A. Synchondrosis
Bones are joined by
hyaline cartilage
Examples:
First rib attachment to sternum (A on the right)
Temporary joint between epiphysis and diaphysis in growing bones: called Epiphyseal ?__________
A
B,
next
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Cartilaginous Joint – B. Symphyses
2 bones joined by
fibrocartilage
Examples:
See figure at right
Only slight amount of movement is possibleExamples– 1 & 2 on the right
1
2
Slide25Check point question #2--
What is the structural difference in histology between a
synchondrosis
and a symphysis?
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Slide26IV. Focusing on
synovial
joints
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§ 4. Synovial Joint
Most are freely movable; two bones in fact
Do / Do not
touch each other
Two bones are separated by a space called
A. _________ cavity (with fluid in it) and a soft tissue called B._____________
B. Articular cartilage --
hyaline cartilage covering the joint surfaces
Synovial fluid
—a lubricant; feeds cartilages
A
B
Next slide
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§ Synovial joints
Joint (Articular) capsule
encloses joint cavity
(Outer)
Fibrous capsule
: continuous with periosteum(Inner) synovial membrane; secretes ____________Articular discs or menisci: cartilage grows inward and forms pads (Fig. 9.29 c-d; 8.39)jaw, wrist, sternoclavicular and knee jointsabsorbs shock, guides bone movements and distributes forcesTendon: attaches muscle to boneLigament: attaches bone to bone
Slide29Knee Joint
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Slide30Right Knee Joint – Superior View
Medial meniscus
&
lateral meniscus absorb shock and shape joint
Lateral condyle of tibia
Medial condyle of tibia
?
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PCL
ACL
Slide319-
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Anterior view
Posterior view
Slide329-
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§ Tendon Sheaths and Bursae
Bursa
= a sac filled with synovial fluid
Tendon sheaths
=
elongated bursae lined with synovial membrane and wrapped around a tendon
Ulnar bursa
Tendon sheaths
Tendons (flexor digitorum)
Slide33Tendon Sheaths and Bursae
Bursa
=
a sac filled with synovial fluid (Locations) between muscles or between a tendon & a bone etc.; Good examples– Shoulder joint etc. Fig. 9.24Tendon sheaths = elongated bursae (Locations) where there is considerable friction
; such as the hand, wrist, fingers, the ankle, foot, toes etc.
Functions of bursa and tendon sheaths:Reduce friction in joints (such as the shoulder), Cushion the movement of one body part over another
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Slide34Fig. 9.24 Humeroscapular joint
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Slide35Check point question #3--
A) What is the functional classification of synovial joints?
B) Why is a meniscus in an
interphalangeal joint unnecessary?
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Slide36V.
Types of synovial joints
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Slide379-
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§ 6
Types of Synovial Joints—in descending order of
mobility
1.
Slide389-
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Slide399-
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1. Ball-and-Socket Joints
Features:
Smooth hemispherical head fits within a cuplike depression
Examples:
(shoulder) head of humerus into glenoid cavity of scapula
(hip) head of femur into acetabulum of hip boneType: only multiaxial joints in the bodyDemonstration: (next slide)
Slide40Planes of movement
(A-C) & axes of rotation
Shoulder joint has 3 degrees of freedom = multiaxial joint;
Other joints – monoaxial or biaxial
Axis of rotation
– Def.--perpendicular to the plane of movement; examples— A, B, C
The arm rises in the frontal plane
The arm moves through the
sagittal
plane
The arm rotates in the
transverse
plane
A
B
C
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Slide41Planes of movement & axes of rotation
A
—
Abduct
ion
(away from midline) vs. adductionB—Flexion (decreases a joint angle) vs. extension
C—Medial (internal) rotation vs. lateral rotation
The arm rises in the frontal plane
It moves through the _________ plane
The arm rotates in the ______ plane
A
B
C
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Slide422.
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Slide439-
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Slide449-
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2. Condyloid (ellipsoid) Joints
Features
:
Oval convex surface
on one bone fits into a
similarly shaped depression on the next Examples:radiocarpal joint of the wrist metacarpophalangeal joints at the bases of the fingersType: Biaxial joints– why?Demonstration: index finger (or 2nd - 5
th
digits) and Fig. 9.21
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When someone is
abduct
ed, they are taken away, just as
abduct
ion takes the limb away from the body.
During adduction, the limb is added to the body.
Metacarpo
phalangeal joints
Slide463.
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Slide479-
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Condyloid joint
Slide489-
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3. Saddle Joints
Features
:
Each articular surface is shaped like a saddle,
concave
in one direction and convex in the other bone (like a sitting rider)Examples: trapeziometacarpal joint at the base of the thumbType: Biaxial joint (see demo below)Demonstration: A) frontal plane (
palmar abduction
)
B) sagittal plane (
opposition
)
primates’ anatomical hallmark
: __________
Fig. 1.5 & 9.21 c-d
Slide49The thumbs became
opposable
; they made the hands prehensile
Monkey
Human
Primate adaptations:
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Slide50Figure 9.21d
ID this movement of thumb
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Slide51Figure 9.21e
ID this movement of thumb
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Slide524.
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Slide539-
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4. Gliding (plane) Joints
Features:
Flat articular surfaces
in which bones slide over each other
Examples: Fig. Z tarsal bonesbetween the carpal bones of the wrist, the tarsal bones of the ankle, articular processes of the vertebraeType: Biaxial jointsDemonstration: head is tilted side-to-side and back-and-forth, the vertebrae slide accordingly
Slide54Gliding
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T
alus
C
alcaneus
Cuboid
(
I
ntermediate)
(
L
ateral)
Medial cuneiform
C
an
T
alented Naval Medics Interest Lazy Cubs?
Slide555.
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Slide569-
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Anterior view
Capitulum
Funny bone
Slide579-
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5. Hinge Joints
Features:
One bone with
convex
surface that fits into a
concave depression on other boneExamples:ulna and humerus at elbow joint (trochlea of the humerus fits into the trochlear notch of the ulna)femur and tibia at knee joint (tibiofemoral)finger and toe joints (interphalangeal)Type: Monaxial (uniaxial) jointsFig. 9.25b
Slide58A hinge joint --the elbow
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(Trochlear notch)
Slide596.
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Slide609-
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6. Pivot Joints
Features:
One bone rotates on its longitudinal axis relative to the other
Examples:
proximal radioulnar joint; the radius pivots during pronation and supination
atlantoaxial joint (dens of axis to atlas); Fig. 8.24 (rotation of the atlas)Type: Monaxial jointsDemonstration: see next 3 slides
Slide629-
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Supination and Pronation
For example: In the forearm
Supination
rotation of forearm so that the palm faces forward
Pronation
rotation of forearm so the palm faces to the rear
A
B
Slide639-
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of the atlas (the next slide)
Slide649-
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(C1)
(C2)
?
Anterior arch
Slide65Check point question #4--
Which of the 6 type of synovial joints are biaxial?
Give one specific example for each biaxial synovial joint.
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Slide66Questions (muddiest points)?
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