The Rise of Industrial America HW Read 182 answers questions 614 Research Topic due Feb 1721 Test Feb 2223 multiple choice and short answer Next Unit Progressive Movement OTTW Project ID: 918040
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ReviewDiscuss 18.1 questionsThe Rise of Industrial AmericaHW: Read 18.2 answers questions 6-14Research Topic due Feb. 17/21Test Feb. 22/23 (multiple choice and short answer)Next Unit – Progressive MovementOTTW Project Due March 2/3Quest March 6/7
Feb.
14,
2017
Slide2What were three government policies used when addressing the issue of Native Americans and whites on the same land?
Slide3Why the transition?Why the transition?Government Policies and Native Americans
1830S/40S Removal
Relocate to Oklahoma
One large reservation
1850s/60s/70s Treaties
Designate specific boundaries
1880s + Assimilation
Absorb Natives into white culture
Passage of Dawes Act
“
Kill the Indian….Save the Man”
Slide4The Rise of Industrial America and The New South1865-1900
Slide5Late 19th century, from the 1870s to about 1900The term for this period came into use in the 1920s and 1930s and was derived from writer Mark Twain’s 1873 novel The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today, which mocked an era of serious social problems disguised by a thin gold gilding. The early half of the Gilded Age roughly coincided with the middle portion of the Victorian Era
It was succeeded by the Progressive Era that began in the 1890s
The Gilded Age
Slide6The Gilded Age was an era of rapid economic growth, especially in the North and West. As American wages were much higher than those in Europe, especially for skilled workers, the period saw an influx of millions of European immigrants. The Gilded Age was also an era of miserable poverty and inequality as millions of immigrants—many from impoverished European nations—poured into the United States
Slide7https://youtu.be/z66lixOeJfcThe Gilded Age
Slide8Coal deposits exploited for cheap energyTech innovation spread in transportation, communication, and factoriesNeed for new, easy to control laborersPressure to cut costsDrop in pricesFailure of the money supply to keep up with productivity
Dominant features of manufacturing after the Civil War?
Slide9What changed that allowed US econ. to expand so greatly?Methods of doing businesstechnologyEconomic changes
Slide10How much did the American economy grow between the Civil War and 1900?1850 – US just getting industrializedStrong economy but not one of world’s “superpowers”1900 – US industrial output increased 500% since 1850US produced over 1/3 of all manufactured goods in worldMore than England, Germany, France combined
Economic changes
Slide11Labor-saving productsLower pricesAdvances in transportationAdvances in communication Benefits of rapid economic growth?
Slide12Environmental harm, pollutionCompetition led to bankrupt companiesExploitation of workersTerrible working conditionsNo job security Low payTransformed the nature of the workUndercutting skilled laborMind-numbing assembly-line routines
Industrial growth came at a cost. Examples?
Slide13Telephone (Bell)Sewing machine (Singer)Light bulb, phonograph, motion picture camera, microphone, battery (Edison)Box camera (Eastman)
Fountain pen, typewriter (Sholes), zipper, refrigerated RR car
Bessemer Process- removed impurities from the iron by oxidation
What inventions changed US society in late 1800s?
Slide14Typewriter – business fasterLight bulb – work, leisure after darkTelephone – faster comm., changing social customsRefrigerated RR car – food industryBessemer process – steel replaces ironSewing machine – mass produced clothes, wardrobe changes fundamentally
How did these inventions change society?
Slide151900– 193,000 miles of RR trackResources used to build track promoted the growth of steel and coalCreated a market that was national– linked the West with the EastEncouraged mass productionMass consumptionEconomic specializationThe Business of Railroads
Slide16How did RR change the business model?Standardized parts – RR systems interchangeable, compatibleMore organized, efficient bookkeeping, accountingCut-throat competition – price wars, bribes to politicians, etc.Rivals RR driven out of businessCompanies that survived collaborated7 RR companies controlled 2/3 of industry by early 1900s
Business methods
Slide17How did business change in late 1800s?Shift to factoriesAdvertisingConsolidationBusiness
Slide18Why the shift from workshops to larger factories?More workers = more output = more profitsReplace workers w/ machineryWhat were effects of the shift?Skilled workers replaced by machines or operators (unskilled workers) in some industriesWorkers lose control of manufacturing processWorking for “the system” instead of self or group
Factories
Slide19How did steel industry change the business model?Andrew CarnegieVertical integration – controlling industry from “top to bottom”Controlling everything from raw materials (ore) to finished product (rails)Business Methods
Slide20How did steel industry change the business model?Vertical Integration: Horizontal Integration:
Practices
Eliminate Competition
Monopolies
High prices
Low Wages
One company controls all steps
in manufacturing process
One company buys out other
companies of same industry
Slide21Derogatory metaphor of social criticism applied to certain late 19th century American businessmen who used unscrupulous methods to get richRobber Barons
Slide22Slide23What else characterized Carnegie’s practices?Low wages to workersFavors from gov’t and business leadersLow pricesPhilanthropyDonated over $300 million to libraries, colleges, etc. (but not to poor directly)
Carnegie
Slide24How did the oil industry change the business model?Rockefeller – Standard Oil CompanyHorizontal integration Bought up most competition
Drove the rest out of business through price cuts
Controlled 90% of oil industry by 1879
Est. trusts
Business methods
Slide25How did Morgan exert control over the economy?FinancierRan banks and loaning institutionsWhen a Rockefeller or Carnegie needed $$$ to buy a rival, they went to Morgan
Made $$$ off loans
Also bought companies himself (e.g. purchased Carnegie Steel in 1901 for over $500 million & created US Steel)
J.P. Morgan
Slide26Cornelius Vanderbilt – RRGeorge Pullman – RRPhillip Armour & Gustavus Swift - meatpackingOther Robber Barons
Slide27What does this cartoon symbolize?
Slide28Explain this cartoon
The protectors of our industries". Cartoon showing seated on bags of "millions", on large heavy raft being carried by workers
Slide29Cornelius Vanderbilt: $180 billionAndrew Carnegie: $300 billionJohn Rockefeller: first ever billionaireRichest man in history$660 billionComparison – Bill Gates = $60 billion
Robber Barons
How much were they worth in today’s dollars?
Slide30Why was advertising increasingly important by late 1800s?Larger marketsMore competitionExcess output required innovative ways to get rid of surplus i.e. create new products out of “leftovers”Advertise to sell new products
Big Business
Slide31What is a trust?Several companies build an “umbrella corporation” to run entire industryStandard Oil bought stock in other companiesHorizontal integration – Rockefeller controlled Standard Oil and all rivalsMonopoly
Emergence of Trusts
Slide32What was done to curb them?Interstate Commerce Commission – regulate RRSherman Anti-trust Act (1890)Fed gov’t can break up trusts or groups that restrain free tradeProblems?Vague on what is a trust, what restrains free tradeWho did it usually break up?Labor unionsU.S. v E.C. Knight (1895)
Sugar monopoly
Court said
gov’t
could only break up distribution monopolies, not manufacturing monopolies
What does this tell us?
Whose side was the
gov’t on?Monopolies
Slide33The Bosses of the Senate, a cartoon by Joseph
Keppler
. First published in
Puck
1889
Explain this cartoon
The Senate as controlled by the giant moneybags, who represented the nation's financial trusts and monopolies
Slide34Justifications1. Social DarwinismNatural Selection and the strong survive2. Laissez Faire Government“Let it be”Hands off Government
Let market forces determine
Slide35Slide36ReviewDiscuss 18.2 questionsThe Rise of Industrial AmericaHW: Read Lies pages 205-218Research Topic due Feb. 17/21Test Feb. 22/23 (multiple choice and short answer)Next Unit – Progressive MovementOTTW Project Due March 2/3Quest March 6/7
Feb
. 15
Slide37Steamships and inexpensive one way passage mad it possible for millions of poor people to emigrateCame to the USPolitical and religious freedomEconomic opportunities by settling the West and industrial jobs in US citiesLeft EuropePovertyOvercrowding and joblessness in the cityReligious persecution
Immigration
Slide38Old ImmigrantsNorthern and western EuropeProtestants (some Irish or German Catholics)Spoke EnglishHigh level of literacy and occupational skillsBlend into rural American society
New Immigrants
Southern and eastern Europe
Italians, Greeks, Croats, Slovaks, Poles, and Russians
Poor and illiterate
Roman Catholic, Greek Orthodox, Russian Orthodox, and Jewish
Crowded into poor ethnic neighborhoods in NYC, Chicago, and other major US citie
s
Slide39Pathway to AmericaEuropeans1. Steerage on the ship2. Glimpse at Statute of Liberty3. Ellis Island
Health Physical
Document Check
1 day waiting period
2% sent back
Slide40Pathway to AmericaAsians1. Steerage2. Angel Island
2 week waiting period
29% sent back
Slide41Challenges1. Place to live 2.Job3. Unfamiliar surroundings 4. Nativism
Tenement Housing
Factory—hard labor
Did not join union.
Retreated to “ethnic islands”
Hostility from native born Americans
The greater difference in culture, the more severe the hostility
Slide42Restrictions:A. Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882B. Immigration Restriction Act of 1921 (Quotas)
Prohibited all Chinese immigration except students, teachers,
Merchants and government officials
Limited no. of immigrants from a country to 2 % of those nationals living in US in 1890
Slide43Rise of the Modern American City1865-1920
Slide44Industrialization created first metropolitan centersExamples:New YorkPittsburghChicagoDetroit
Identify the city and the basis of their economy
Slide452. Impact/Challenges
City Challenges
Reform
Lack of inner city transportation
Housing shortages/space
Poor sanitation
Crime and Fires
Subways (i.e. New York)
Trolley system
Housing laws:
Standard in plumbing/ ventilation
Sanitation departments
Clean water efforts
Police and fire departments
Impact: Faster transit, improved sanitation
Slide463. Justifications for reformSocial Gospel MovementSettlement House movement
Protestant Movement
Tied faith to good works
Helping the needy
Rejection of Social Darwinism
Jane Adams and Hull House in Chicago
Located in ethnic neighborhoods
Education, health care, life skills for immigrants
Slide474. Immigrants and the cityWorkforceChinese and Irish immigrantsMelting potPromote Detrac
t
Nativism
Combining cultures into one
Public Schools was key
Ethnic Enclaves
Slide48QuestionWas the Melting Pot concept achieved in the United States? Is there an American culture that is a blending of many different cultures? Or, have the different cultures remain separate and distinct?
Slide495. Politics in the cityForces that shape new political arrangementPolitical Machines
Rapid Population Growth
Impact of Social Darwinism—Harsh Conditions
Controlled activities in cities
Delivered services for votes
Slide50Organization
Political Boss
Controlled activities of city
Ward Bosses
Worked for votes in precincts
Precinct Captains
Worked for votes on a City Block
Slide51Immigrants: Why?Immigrants and the Political MachineSupporters of the Machine
Issues:
Graft
Scandals and fraud
Most notorious
wasTweed
Ring in New York City
Provided Jobs and Citizenship
Slide52The New SouthContinued PovertyDespite progress and growth, the South remained a largely agricultural section and the poorest region in the countryWhy?The South’s late start to industrializeA poorly educated workforceLack of capital to industrializeDevastation from the Civil War
Slide53Northern financing dominated the southern economyNorthern investors controlled three-quarters of the southern railroadsProfits from the new industries went to northern banks and financiersIndustrial workers in the South earned half the national average and worked longer hoursContinued Poverty
Slide54Rich coal and timber resources, and cheap labor made it perfect for industrial developmentIron and steel industries led to large numbers of black workers moving to the cities (higher pay)Large tracts of land were given to RR companiesThis created new towns and villagesThe South began to give tax cuts to attract Northern businessNew South Creed
Slide55By 1920 the South became the country’s leading textile centerLed to the growth of townsLowell of the SouthAugusta, GA2800 workersMill owned the housing, church, and financed the schoolsHired poor whitesExploited the workersPaid them in script redeemable only in goods from the company storePaid eleven cents an hour (30-50% of what mill workers in New England made)
Southern Textiles