Anth 140 Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr Richard W Franke Ancient Egypt Week 07 Lecture 03 Ancient Egypt Religion and Philosophy Medicine Last updated 19 September 2019 ID: 1019113
Download Presentation The PPT/PDF document "3/12/2016 1 Montclair State University D..." is the property of its rightful owner. Permission is granted to download and print the materials on this web site for personal, non-commercial use only, and to display it on your personal computer provided you do not modify the materials and that you retain all copyright notices contained in the materials. By downloading content from our website, you accept the terms of this agreement.
1. 3/12/20161Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. FrankeAncient EgyptWeek 07Lecture 03 – Ancient EgyptReligion and PhilosophyMedicineLast updated 19 September, 2019 Previously updated 27 March, 2017Previously updated 12 March, 2016
2. 2Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. FrankeWeek 07 Ancient EgyptThe learning objectives for week 07 are:to appreciate the nonwestern origins of writing and the alphabetto understand what scholars know about the ancient pyramidsto know a few basic facts about life in ancient Egyptto appreciate some of the major medical advances made in ancient Egyptto understand the likely Egyptian influences on the Judeo-Christian tradition
3. 3Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. FrankeWeek 07 Ancient EgyptTerms you should know for week 07 are:HieroglyphCartoucheRosetta StoneKufu pyramidMonotheism (origins)
4. 4Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. FrankeWeek 07 Lecture 02 Ancient Egypt and the PyramidsSources: Allen, James P. 2005. The Art of Medicine in Ancient Egypt. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art and Yale University Press. Published in conjunction with the exhibition “The Art of Medicine in Ancient Egypt,” held at the MMA New York from September 13, 2005 to January 15, 2006 Breasted, James Henry. 1933. The Dawn of Conscience. New York: Simon & Schuster. Excerpted as Egypt’s Moral Legacy: The Impact on Early Judaism. In Turning Points in World History: Ancient Egyptian Civilization, edited by Brenda Stalcup. San Diego CA: Greenwood Press, pages 196–208. Hurry, Jamieson B. 1926. Imhotep: The Vizier and Physician of King Zoser. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Mininberg, David T. 2006. Gallery lecture on The Art of Medicine in Ancient Egypt. 10 January 2006; Nunn, John F. 1996. Ancient Egyptian Medicine. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press by special arrangement with the British Museum Press.Smith, W. Stevenson. 1958. The Art and Architecture of Ancient Egypt. New Haven: Yale University Press.Trigger, B. G., B. J. Kemp, D. O’Conner and A. B. Lloyd. 1983. Ancient Egypt: A Social History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Zaslavsky, Claudia. 1990 [1973]. Africa Counts: Number and Pattern in African Culture. Brooklyn, New York: Lawrence Hill Books. Page 22
5. 9/19/20195Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. FrankeAncient Egyptian Religion and PhilosophyOverviewOsiris and Isis storyPharaohs and pyramidsInfluences on Judeo-Christian beliefs?Body and soulLesser gods and goddesses
6. 9/19/20196Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. FrankeAncient Egyptian Religion and PhilosophyThe Osiris and Isis Story Osiris, son of Amun-Ra, the sun god, was murdered by Seth, his jealous brother. Seth cut up Osiris' corpse into several (sometimes 14) pieces and scattered them across Egypt.
7. 9/19/20197Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. FrankeAncient Egyptian Religion and PhilosophyThe Osiris and Isis Story Isis, sister and wife of Osiris, painstakingly found and reassembled the body parts, wrapped them in mummy cloth and resurrected him long enough to climb on his erect phallus and become pregnant with Horus.
8. 9/19/20198Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. FrankeAncient Egyptian Religion and PhilosophyThe Osiris and Isis Story Osiris then became god of the night sky and of the realm of the dead. Horus eventually kills Seth to avenge the murder of Osiris.
9. 9/19/20199Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. FrankeAncient Egyptian Religion and PhilosophyThe Osiris and Isis Story Each living pharaoh took on the identity of Horus, and became Osiris at death. A cult of worshipers of Isis became widespread for thousands of years, and was well established in Roman times.
10. 9/19/201910Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. FrankeAncient Egyptian Religion and Philosophy The Osiris and Isis Story It may have influenced the development of early Christian ideas about Mary and Jesus. The Da Vinci Code novel contains speculations about the possibility that Jesus and Mary Magdalene were part of an Isis cult.
11. 9/19/201911Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. FrankeAncient Egyptian Religion and PhilosophyAs we noted in previous slides about the pyramids – pharaohs were gods as well as humansBurial in pyramids established their connection to the realm of the deadMay be star connections as well
12. 9/19/201912Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. FrankeAncient Egyptian Religion and PhilosophyJudeo-Christian Influences?Ancient Egyptian religion is more than 1,000 years older than earliest known Judeo-Christian writingsAncient Egyptians first known culture to imagine reunification of “soul” with body after a period after death
13. 9/19/201913Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. FrankeAncient Egyptian Religion and PhilosophyJudeo-Christian Influences?Earliest known Egyptian gods/goddesses were elements of nature.Early parts of Old Testament: God as fire and/or as volcano
14. 9/19/201914Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. FrankeAncient Egyptian Religion and PhilosophyJudeo-Christian Influences?Egyptians among the earliest known people to develop belief in anthropomorphic (human form) gods/ goddesses. This is a major feature of the Judeo-Christian tradition: God as father, king, judge, shepard
15. 9/19/201915Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. FrankeAncient Egyptian Religion and PhilosophyJudeo-Christian Influences?Early Egyptian anthropomorphic deities had a transitional quality, keeping parts of animals mixed with humans. Thus the anthropomorphic god Horus often has a falcon's head. (A falcon god called Horus was also known in ancient Egypt.)
16. 9/19/201916Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. FrankeAncient Egyptian Religion and PhilosophyJudeo-Christian Influences?The Egyptian creation story begins with a dark, watery void, probably a reference to the Nile flood. Atum, the creator, rises out of the waters and creates all living things. The Genesis creation story two thousand years later has strikingly similar elements.
17. 9/19/201917Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. FrankeAncient Egyptian Religion and PhilosophyJudeo-Christian Influences?Some of Egypt's gods and goddesses came down from "heaven" to earth to perform particular tasks – another possible precursor of later Christian ideas.
18. 9/19/201918Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. FrankeAncient Egyptian Religion and PhilosophySoul in Ancient EgyptEgyptians developed complex ideas about soul1. One's namewhich had some power of its own2. One's shadowreflecting the ability to procreate3. One's Baan animating force that could fly to places the body could not visit outside the tomb
19. 9/19/201919Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. FrankeSoul in Ancient Egypt4. One's Akha supernatural power attained only after death5. One's Kathe spirit after death, perhaps the personality of the eternal identity of the individual; during one's life it played some role not yet well understood by modern observers. A person's tomb was known as the "house of his/her ka."
20. 9/19/201920Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. FrankeAncient Egyptian Religion and PhilosophyLesser gods and goddesses Egyptian religion developed and changed somewhat over the 3,000 years of its existence, so other versions of the Osiris story are found, as are other gods, goddesses, cults, and beliefs.
21. 9/19/201921Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. FrankeAncient Egyptian Religion and PhilosophyLesser gods and goddessesPtah: patron of craftsmenThoth: patron of scribes; god of mathematicsHathor: goddess of love and childbirthMaat: goddess of truth, justice, and order; maat later became an abstract principle of truth and justice
22. 9/19/201922Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. FrankeAncient Egyptian Religion and PhilosophyJudeo-Christian Influences?Egypt the first culture historically to adopt monotheismIn 18th dynasty in reign of pharaoh Akhenaten
23. 9/19/201923Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. FrankeInfluences on Judeo-Christian Tradition?Reigned about 1353 BC to 1336 BCCombined Atum, Ra, and Horus into one god called “Atum”
24. 9/19/201924Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. FrankeAncient Egyptian Religion and PhilosophyAlso famous because of wife NefertitiHer bust in Berlin museum considered one of finest remains from antiquity
25. 9/19/201925Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. FrankeAncient Egyptian Religion and PhilosophyInfluences on Judeo-Christian Tradition?Akhenaten’s monotheism at least 100 years before Moses wrote down first five books of Old TestamentName Moses is Egyptian word (Moishe) for “child”Moses grew up and was educated in Egypt
26. 9/19/201926Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. FrankeAncient Egyptian Religion and PhilosophyInfluences on Judeo-Christian Tradition?Passages in Book of Proverbs and other Old Testament writings virtual quotes from earlier Egyptian writingsEspecially from Egyptian text called “Maxims of Amenemope,” written 1,500 years before Bible
27. 9/19/201927Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. FrankeAncient Egyptian Religion and PhilosophyInfluences on Judeo-Christian Tradition?More info –Breasted, James Henry. 1933. The Dawn of Conscience. New York: Simon & Schuster. Excerpted as Egypt’s Moral Legacy: The Impact on Early Judaism. In Turning Points in World History: Ancient Egyptian Civilization, edited by Brenda Stalcup. San Diego CA: Greenwood Press, pages 196–208.
28. 9/19/201928Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. FrankeAncient Egyptian Medicine Ancient Egypt was the most medically advanced culture of its time. Many of the practices developed by Egyptian physicians, physician-priests, and magicians laid the basis for modern medicine, being passed through the Greeks and other later cultures.
29. 9/19/201929Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. FrankeAncient Egyptian Medicine 1. Much of our knowledge of ancient Egyptian medicine comes from the Edwin Smith Papyrus, a document from 1600 BC that laid in various storehouses in New York for the past 100 years.
30. 9/19/201930Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. FrankeAncient Egyptian Medicine Recently exhibited for the first time in centuries, it provides 48 medical cases with diagnoses and suggested cures.Sources for the next several slides: Allen, James P. 2005. The Art of Medicine in Ancient Egypt. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art and Yale University Press. Published in conjunction with the exhibition “The Art of Medicine in Ancient Egypt,” held at the MMA New York from September 13, 2005 to January 15, 2006; Mininberg, David T. 2006. Gallery lecture on The Art of Medicine in Ancient Egypt. 10 January 2006; Nunn, John F. 1996. Ancient Egyptian Medicine. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press by special arrangement with the British Museum Press.
31. 9/19/201931Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. FrankeAncient Egyptian Medicine
32. 9/19/201932Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. FrankeAncient Egyptian Medicine2. Knowledge of the medicinal properties of the lotus – also a sacred object in ancient Egypt. They would grind up the roots and swallow as a pain killer. Modern scientists have discovered that lotus roots contain a morphine-like substance.
33. 9/19/201933Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. FrankeAncient Egyptian Medicine3. The use of honey and of raw meat to heal wounds. Both are osmotics – they suck up moisture and speed healing – they both have enzymes that aid in healing, and honey has antibiotic properties.
34. 9/19/201934Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. FrankeAncient Egyptian Medicine4. Knowledge of the pain killing and sedating properties of opium itself, which the Egyptians imported.
35. 9/19/201935Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. FrankeAncient Egyptian Medicine5. Use of pomegranate seeds as a contraceptive. They turn out to contain estrogenic chemicals similar to the modern birth control pill. Glass jars for pomegranate seeds or root grounds, New Kingdom 1280–1080 BC →
36. 9/19/201936Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. FrankeAncient Egyptian Medicine6. Use of ground up pomegranate roots that contain peletrin, an antiparasite. Infections and parasites were common problems for ancient Egyptians.
37. 9/19/201937Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. FrankeAncient Egyptian Medicine7. Use of lead- and copper-based black paint under the eyes to cut down on glare (just like modern baseball players). The galena (lead sulfide) also killed flies that caused river blindness – a serious disease in ancient Egypt.
38. 9/19/201938Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. FrankeAncient Egyptian Medicine8. Ancient Egyptians had medical schools where doctors were trained from textbooks and took exams to get certified. 9. There were apparently several types of specialists including gastroenterologists, obgyns, dentists, nurses, pharmacists and proctologists. Several known physicians were women.
39. 9/19/201939Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. FrankeAncient Egyptian Medicine10. Perhaps because of their mummification experience, Egyptians possessed substantial anatomical knowledge and developed a detailed specialist terminology for parts of the body including various bones and internal organs.
40. Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. FrankeMummification10a. 2017 Update: The ancient Peruvians developed mummification 7,000 years ago, way before the Egyptians 3,500 years ago. These two cultures independently created this means of preserving – and understanding – features of the human body.This slide was added on 27 March, 201740See the New York Times article of 23 March, 2017 about Peruvian and Egyptian mummies:https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/23/arts/design/mummies-exhibition-american-museum-of-natural-history.html
41. Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. FrankeMummification10b. 2017 Update: The ancient Peruvians used their mummies in ceremonies where bringing back the ancestors was important. The Egyptians put their mummies in tombs where they were to be preserved for the eternal afterlife.This slide was added on 27 March, 201741Peruvian mummiesSee the New York Times article of 23 March, 2017 about Peruvian and Egyptian mummies:https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/23/arts/design/mummies-exhibition-american-museum-of-natural-history.html
42. 9/19/201942Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. FrankeAncient Egyptian Medicine11. The Edwin Smith Papyrus contains the first known description of the physical characteristics of the human brain.
43. 9/19/201943Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. FrankeAncient Egyptian Medicine12. Disease prevention: Ancient Egyptians were aware of the importance of washing the body with water, but they did not understand germs.← Washing bowl with human feet. The bowl mimics the hieroglyph for “clean” and the tilt indicates that the water should be poured onto the body.
44. 9/19/201944Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. FrankeAncient Egyptian Medicine13. Egyptian physicians did not develop surgery to anywhere near the level of the ancient Native Americans (discussed earlier in the course).
45. 9/19/201945Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. FrankeAncient Egyptian Medicine14. Medicine and religion were closely connected. Many physicians were also priests and could administer chants and spells as well as ointments or powders.15. Sekhmet was the goddess of medicine in ancient Egypt.
46. 9/19/201946Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. FrankeAncient Egyptian Medicine16. Taweret, the female hippopotamus was the guardian of women during pregnancy and childbirth.Taweret figurine, 300 BC–30 BC →
47. 9/19/201947Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. FrankeAncient Egyptian Medicine17. Sources Allen, James P. 2005. The Art of Medicine in Ancient Egypt. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art and Yale University Press. Published in conjunction with the exhibition “The Art of Medicine in Ancient Egypt,” held at the MMA New York from September 13, 2005 to January 15, 2006;Mininberg, David T. 2006. Gallery lecture on The Art of Medicine in Ancient Egypt. 10 January 2006; Nunn, John F. 1996. Ancient Egyptian Medicine. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press by special arrangement with the British Museum Press.
48. 9/19/201948Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. FrankeAncient Egyptian MedicineEnd of Week 07 Lecture 03 on Egyptian ReligionPhilosophyMedicine