Grammaticalization and Reanalysis in Hebrew Elior Elkayam Tel Aviv University The 5 th International Conference For Graduate Students On Diverse Approaches To Linguistics 0 Introduction ID: 809619
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Slide1
From Habitual to Subjunctive: Grammaticalization and Reanalysis in Hebrew
Elior ElkayamTel Aviv UniversityThe 5th International Conference For Graduate Students On Diverse Approaches To Linguistics
0
Slide2Introductionwas + participle is a polysemous construction in Modern Hebrew1
In simple sentences
Counterfactual
Conditional
Past habitual
Subjunctive
In conditional sentences
Slide3Past habitual in Modern Hebrew (CoSIH: C412ND, 280-289)2
לגבי תרבות ערבית|ו-כאילו הוא אומר|הייתי הולך לסינמה מוטרו
|
והייתי רואה
את הסרטים האלה|
והאלה|
ו-
ו-
סרטים של אה|
פריד אל
אטרש
|
In regards to Arab culture
and
…
like he’s saying
I used to go
(
hayiti
holex
)
to Cinema
Motro
a
nd
I used to see
(
hayiti
roe)
these films
and those ones
and
…
and
…
films of eh
…
Farid
al-
Atrash
Slide4Subjunctive in Modern Hebrew (CoSIH: C514_1aND, 1-15)
3A: Good morningB: Good morningA: How’s it going?B: Good How are you? How come you’re red?
A: Come come I... I’ll tell you
What’s happening
n
ow?
Wait a second
B: You didn’t tell me
I
would have washed
(
hayiti xofefet
) my hair
first thing in the morning
A: Listen darling
You’re being recorded now
א
;
בוקר
טוב
&|
ב
;
בוקר
טוב
&|
א
;
מה עניינים\
ב
;
טוב|
מה נשמע\
מה
קרה את
אדומה|
את
היית
בטיול\
א; בואי בואי אני- אני (.) אספר לך|
מה
קורה
עכשיו|
חכי שנייה|
ב; לא
אמרת לי|
הייתי
חופפת
את השיער על הבוקר
|
א; (.)
תקשיבי
יקירתי|
את
מוקלטת עכשיו|
Slide5Counterfactual conditional in Modern Hebrew (CoSIH: P423aND, 1123-1125)4
חשוב לי|ששום דבר לא יטריד אותה|חוץ ממה שהיא צריכה לעשות||
(.)
אתה
מבין\
כי
אם הייתי מתחיל
לעשות את הבלגן הזה עם ההורים שלי
אז|
בתקופת
הלימודים
שלה|
היא
לא הייתה מתייחסת
באמון||
It’s important for me
that nothing disturb her
except for what she has to do
you see
because
if I would have started
(
im
hayiti
matxil
)
doing this mess with my parents then
during her school term
she
would not have treated
(lo
hayta
mityaxeset
)
[it]
trusfully
Slide6In this presentation…Grammaticalization theoryHabitualityCounterfactual conditional
SubjunctiveSummary of grammaticalization paths5
Slide7Grammaticalization6
Meillet (1912): grammaticalization is the process in which an autonomous word develops into a structural one.
Traugott
&
Trousdale
(2010):
grammaticalization is the development of grammatical functions.
Ariel et al. (2015)
differentiates between the former (=grammaticalization) and the latter (=
grammaticization
)
French:
pas
‘step’ >
pas
(negation)
English:
must
‘obligation’ >
must
‘epistemic certainty’
Slide8Grammaticalization7
Grammaticalisation is a diachronic process of change that involves a series of discrete micro-changes, a concept referred to as gradualness (Hopper & Traugott 1993).
going
to
(literally)
> going to (literal movement + intention) > going to (future)
Slide9Grammaticalization8
These micro-changes are carried out through reanalysis and analogyReanalysis
is the structural or functional change assigned to a constant surface
representation
of a syntactic string (Lehman
2004)
Analogy
involves the creation of new forms which
stand in paradigmatic
similarity to
others. It is responsible for the “host-class expansion”, i.e. the expansion of the class of elements with which the
grammaticizing
element can occur (
Himmelmann
2004).
This [sort
[of blue]] > This [sort
of]
blue
going to
school
> going to
work
> going to
visit
Slide10Grammaticalization9
Layering is reflected in the presence of coexisting old and new forms at one synchronic stage of development. It is referred to as persistence (Hopper 1991) or retention
(
Bybee
and
Pagliuca
1987
).
Traugott
2010: the diachronic process by which a construction increasingly encodes the speaker’s attitudes and beliefs is called
subjectification.
non-/less subjective
>
subjective
>
intersubjective
French:
pas
‘step’
and
pas
(negation)
Slide11Habituality introduction
An action which is conveyed as occurring usually, ordinarily, or customarily is expressed using the habitual aspect, and the expression thereof is called habituality (Comrie 1976, Langacker 1997, Dahl 1985, among others)הייתי שוחה באגם בילדותיhayiti soxe ba-agam be-yalduti
was.
1s.past
swim.
part
in-
def
-lake in-
childhood.gen’I used to swim in the lake in my childhood’
10
Definition
Modality
Aspect
Slide12Habituality introductionAccording to Givón
(1994): although the habitual is referring to past events, it does not refer to any particular event that occurred at any specific time. These features make the habitual a swing modal category between realis and irrealis. 11
Definition
Modality
Aspect
realis
irrealis
Slide13Habituality introductionAccording to Comrie (1976) and
Lenci, Bertinetto & Marco (2000) the habitual is a subtype of the imperfective viewpoint aspect12Definition
Modality
Aspect
Smith (1991):
Perfective
Imperfective
Describes
the situation
as a whole
Present part
of a situation
Has
beginning and end
Underdetermined
for end-points
Closed
informationaly
: cannot overlap with another event
Open
informationally
: can overlap with another event
Slide14Habituality morphology in Biblical Hebrew
haya + participle13a copula ‘be’
links a subject to
nouns,
adjectives
and
participles
tense
is contextual
derives
from
verbs
but carries
the morphological inflection of a
noun
(gender
and
number)
In certain contexts may be ambiguous between an adjective, noun or verb
Slide15Habituality in Biblical Hebrew14
גֵּר הָיִיתִי בְּאֶרֶץ נָכְרִיָּהger hayiti
bə
-‘
erec
noxriyya
sojourner
was.
1s
in-land foreign
‘
I
was a sojourner in a foreign land’
(Exod.
2.22)
וְהַנָּחָשׁ
הָיָה
עָרוּם
w-
ha-
nna
ħaʃ
haya
‘arum
and-
def
-serpent
was.
3s.m
wily
‘
And the serpent
was
wily’
(
Gen. 3.1)
ger
גֵּר
‘sojourner’
adjective
noun
‘arum
עָרוּם
‘wily’
participial adjective
Slide16Habituality in Biblical Hebrew
15a. יוֹסֵף בֶּן שְׁבַע עֶשְׂרֵה שָׁנָה הָיָה רֹעֶה אֶת אֶחָיו בַּצֹּאן josef
ben
ʃəva
‘
esre
ʃana
haya
ro’e
et eħaw
bac-ccon
Joseph
son seven teen year was.3
s.m
shephard
(
part.m
)
with
brothers.
gen
in
def
-sheep
‘Josef
, being seventeen years old,
(was herding
/ a shepherd / used to
herd)
with
his
brothers
among the sheep’
(Gen. 37.2
)
b.
שִׁבְעִים
מְלָכִים [...]
הָיוּ
מְלַקְּטִים
תַּחַת שֻׁלְחָנִי
ʃibʕi:m
məla:ki:m
ha:yu
:
məlaqqti:m
taɦat
ʃulɦa:ni
:
seventy kings
were
gather.
part-pl
under table-
1s.gen
‘
Seventy kings
[...]
used to gather their food under my table.'
(
Judges 1:7)
Slide17Habituality in Rabbinic Hebrew16
a. כשהיה המלך מגיע [...] אומר ke-ʃe
haya
ham-
melex
maggia
’
[…] ‘
omer
when
was.
3s def-king
arrive.part.m
[…]
say.
part.m
‘when
the king used to come […] he used to say […]’
(
Sifre
Deut.
26)
b.
בכל ערב תשעה באב
היה
משה
מוציא
כרוז [...] ובשער
היו
עומדים
be-
xol
‘
erev
tiʃa
be-‘
av
haya
moʃe
moci
keruz
[…]
in-every
evening.
gen
ninth in-Av was.
3s
Moses take-
out.
part
announcement
u-
baʃ
-
ʃaħar
hayu
omdim
and
in-
def
-morning was-
3p
stand.
part
‘every
evening of the Ninth of Av Moses used to announce […] and
in
the
morning they
would
wake
up’
(
Jerusalem Talmud
Taʿanit
67c
)
Slide18Progressive in Rabbinic Hebrew17
פעם אחת היינו יושבים [...] ונשבה הרוח pa’am ‘
aħat
hayinu
yoʃvim
[…] we-
naSva
ha-
ruaħ
time one was.1p
sit.part
and-
blow.
ant
the-wind
‘
once, we were sitting […] and the wind blew
’ (
Sifra
Behuqqotay
2.5
)
Slide19Counterfactual conditional introduction18
DefinitionModalityהייתי עייף
hayiti
ayef
was.
1s
tired
I
would (be/have been)
tired’
אם הייתי רץ הביתה
im
hayiti
rac
habayta
,
if
was.
1s
run.
part.m
home.
lat
,
‘
if I (ran/had run) home
,
if-clause
main clause
counterfactual (I didn’t run)
conditional (I am conditionally tired)
Slide20Counterfactual conditional introductionGivón (1994): the
counterfactual conditional conveys a situation in the past (realis) that did not occur (not real), yet placed under the scope of hypothesis (irrealis). It conveys a stronger irrealis assertion – the speaker’s intention is to convey a hypothetical situation. The realis assertion is only secondary since it’s given or presupposed.19Definition
Modality
realis
irrealis
Slide21Counterfactual conditional in Rabbinic Hebrew20
היה רכוב על החמור, ירדhaya raxuv ‘al ha-
ħamor
,
yered
was.
3s
ride.
part.pass
on
def
-ass,
dismount.3s.m.deo
‘if he was riding on an ass, he should dismount’
(
Mishna
Berakhot
4.5
)
היה עובר
בשוק ושמע קול שופרים מקרי
ן
[...], פסול לגרש בו
haya
over
baS
-Suk
we-
Sama
ʕ
kol
sofərim
makərin
[…],
was.
3s
pass.
part
in-
def
-street and hear-
ant
voice scribe
dictate-
par
pasul
le-
gareS
bo
invalid-
part.pass
to divorce
in.
3s.m
‘if
a man
was passing
on the street and hears the voice of a scribe dictating […],
it
is not valid for him to divorce with it’
(
Mishna
Gittin
3.1)
Slide22Counterfactual conditional in Rabbinic Hebrew21
היה רכוב על החמור, ירדhaya raxuv ‘al ha-ħamor,
yered
was.
3s
ride.
part.pass
on
def
-ass, dismount.
3s.m.deo
Habitual
/Counterfactual
Deontic
obligation
T
his discursive pattern conventionalised as a
counterfactual conditional
haya
is now
ambiguous
between a copula and a counterfactual marker
When ambiguity arises,
reinforcement
often appears
Slide23Counterfactual conditional in Rabbinic Hebrew22
אם היה משמרן, טהורים‘im haya meSamər-an,
tehor-im
if
was.
3p
guard.
part-acc.pl.f
pure.
pl
‘
if he was guarding them, they are pure’
(Mishna
Tahorot
8.3
)
אילו היינו
בסנהדרין, לא נהרג בה אדם מעולם
‘
ilu
hayinu
bas-
sanhedrin
, lo
neherag
ba
‘
adam
me-‘
olam
if
was.
1p
in-
def
-Sanhedrin, no
kill.
part.pass
in.
3s.f
person ever
‘
If we had been in the Sanhedrin, no one would ever have been put to death
’
(
Mishna
Makkot
1.10)
Counterfactual conditional in Modern Hebrew23
אם הייתי מתחיל לעשות את הבלגן הזה עם ההורים שליim hayiti matxil la’asot
et ha-
balagan
ha-
ze
im
ha-
horim
Seli
if
was.1s
begin.part.m to do
acc
def
-mess
def
-this with
def
-parents my
אז
היא לא
היתה
מתייחסת
באמון
az
hi lo
hayta
mityaxeset
be-
emun
then
she no was.
3s.f
treat.
part.f
in-trust
‘
if I had started that whole mess with my parents, then she wouldn’t have treated [it] trustfully’
(
CoSIH
: P423aND_sp2
)
Slide25Subjunctive introduction24
The subjunctive mood conveys the speaker’s preferences or certainty for what is asserted. The range of the subjunctives within the two sub-modes of irrealis (Givón 1994)
deontic (manipulative) side
a.
weak intended manipulation
(‘tell’, ‘ask’, ‘suggest’)
b.
preference
(‘want
’,
’wish
’, ‘prefer’, ‘expect’)
c.
epistemic anxiety
(‘hope’, ‘fear’)
d.
low epistemic certainty
(‘not-sure’, ‘doubt’, ‘suspect’, ‘ask if’, ‘not-know if’)
epistemic side
Slide26Subjunctive introduction
25Subjunctive
Periphrastic-modal
Conditional-derived
היה רוצה/צריך/יכול/חייב/אמור/מוכרח
would/should/could/must/supposed to/obliged
epistemic
deontic
truth, belief,
probability
,
certainty
, evidence
desirability
,
preference
, intent, ability, obligation, manipulation
Slide27Subjunctive introduction26
The subjunctive surfaced as a simple sentence from the embedded main clause of the conditional through syntactic liberation (Givón 1994).הייתי אומר לו את דעתיhayiti omer
lo et
daati
was.
1s
say.
part
.m
dat.
2s.m acc
opinion.
gen.1s
I would have told him my opinion’
אם הוא היה מתקשר
אליי
im
hu
haya
mitkaʃer
elay
,
if he was
call.
part.m
dat.
1s
’if he (had) called me
Slide28Subjunctive introduction27
The subjunctive surfaced as a simple sentence from the embedded main clause of the conditional through syntactic liberation (Givón 1994).It functions as an indirect speech-act, leaving the conditions required for its fulfilment to inference.
הייתי אומר לו
את דעתי
hayiti
omer
lo et
daati
was.
1s
say.
part
.m
dat.
2s.m
acc
opinion.
gen.1s
I would have told him my opinion’
Slide29Subjunctive examples from spoken Modern Hebrew
28לא אמרת ליlo amart lino
tell.
ant
dat
.
1s
‘you didn’t tell me’
הייתי חופפת
את השיער על הבוקר
hayiti
xofefet
et ha-
se’ar
al
ha-
boker
was.
1s
was.
part.f
acc
def
-hair
on the-morning
‘I
would have washed
my hair first thing in the morning’
(
CoSIH
:
C514_1aND_sp2, 11-12)
deontic preference
Slide30Subjunctive examples from spoken Modern Hebrew
29אם לא הייתי מכיר אותךim lo hayiti
makir
otax
if no was.
1s
know.
part.m
acc.2s.f
‘
if I didn’t know
you’
הייתי חושב
שאת דוחפת אותי לידיים של תמי מסר
hayiti
xoʃev
ʃe
-at
doxefet
oti
la-
yadaim
ʃel
tami
meser
was.
1s
think.
part.m
that-
you.
f
push.
part.f
acc.1s
to
.
def
-hands of
tami
meser
‘I
would have thought
you’re pushing me to the hands of Tami
Meser
’
(
Betipul
‘in treatment’: S02E30)
הייתי חושבת
שזה מכוון קודם כל נגד החבר שלה
hayiti
xoʃevet
ʃe-ze
mexuvan
kodem
kol
neged
ha-
xaver
ʃela
was.
1s
think.
part.f
that-it
aim.
part.pass.m
first-of-all against
def
-boyfriend her
‘
I
would think
that it is aimed first of all against her boyfriend’
(
Betipul
‘in treatment’: S01E16
)
low
epistemic certainty
Slide31Grammaticalization path irrealis broadeningFrom the habitual to the subjunctive there was a constant broadening of the irrealis while narrowing of the realis mood.
30
irrealis
realis
time
habitual
counterfactual
conditional
subjunctive
Slide32Grammaticalization path analogy31
StageCategory
Function
Example
1
adjective/noun
feature or entity
ger
(
‘sojourner
’)
2
participial adjective
feature of an agent
‘arum
(‘wily’)
denominative noun
agent
ro’e
(‘shepherd’)
3
participle
state of action
ro’e
(‘shepherding
’)
conceptual graduality made by analogy
morphological graduality made by analogy
Slide33Grammaticalization path reanalysisThe haya
+ participle in Rabbinic Hebrew was reanalysed from habitual to counterfactual32היה רכוב על החמור, ירדhaya
raxuv
‘al ha-
ħamor
,
yered
was.
3s
ride.
part.pass
on def-ass, dismount.
3s.m.deo
Habitual
/Counterfactual
Deontic
obligation
Slide34Grammaticalization path retentionThe habitual
was retained from Biblical to Rabbinic and finally to Modern HebrewThe counterfactual conditional was retained in Modern HebrewThe past tense meaning was retained in the habitual, most uses of the counterfactual conditional, and some of the uses of the subjunctive.
33
past habitual
progressive
counterfactual conditional
Modern Hebrew
Rabbinic Hebrew
Biblical Hebrew
subjunctive
Grammaticalization path subjectification34
היה הולךhaya holex‘used to go’
habitual
אם הייתי הולכת, הייתי כבר מגיעה
im
hayiti
holexet
,
hayiti
kvar
magia
‘if I had gone, I would have already arrived’
c
ounterfactual conditional
הייתי הולך
hayiti
holex
‘I would go’
subjunctive
ø
the intention of the counterfactual conditional utterance is often to provide support for speaker’s proposition or attitude
the subjunctive conveys the speaker’s attitudes or beliefs
Slide36Grammaticalization path cross-linguisticallySimilar grammaticalization path is attested in
English (Bybee 1992)Swahili (Salone 1983)Spanish (Lunn 1992)Uto-Aztecan languages (Steele 1975)
Creole
languages (
Bickerton
1975, 1981
)
35
Slide37Thank you!And special thanks to Prof. Mira Ariel, Prof. Hava
Bat-Zeev Shyldkrot, Danny Kalev, Daniel Hansen and Jonathan Avidan36
past habitual
progressive
counterfactual conditional
Modern Hebrew
Rabbinic Hebrew
Biblical Hebrew
subjunctive
References37
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