Hypercapnia Introduction Adaptations Diving animals Receptors Hypercapnia The condition of having an abnormally high concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood Introduction ID: 1009408
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1. General Physiology
2. ContentsHypercapnia.Introduction.Adaptations.Diving animals.Receptors.
3. Hypercapnia“The condition of having an abnormally high concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood”.
4. IntroductionCarbon dioxide is a gaseous product of body’s metabolism and is normally expelled from lungs.Carbon dioxide may accumulate in any condition that cause hypoventilation, reduction of alveolar ventilation.Inability of lungs to clear carbon dioxide leads to respiratory acidosis.
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7. Deepest Diving AnimalsDolphins.Elephant seal.Weddell seal.Sperm whale.Leatherback turtle.
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9. Diving by air breathing animalsElephant seal dives regularly to depth of 400m, On the other hand male northern elephant dives to depth of 1581m.The maximum dive duration recorded for elephant seal is about 2 hours.It has a deep diving success because their body hold large volume of blood.
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11. Sperm whales It dives regularly to depth of 2000m and staying submerged for over an hour.It can remain submerged for 90m.It’s blood carry myoglobin and red blood cells, they are able to direct their bloodstream away from non-essential organs while diving in order to make most of depleted oxygen levels.
12. Weddell sealIt can dive upto 2000 feet and stay under for 45mIt exhale before diving, reducing the oxygen stores in the lungs.Those animals that reduce lung volume before a dive air is forced out of the alveoli as the lungs collapse and it contained within trachea and bronchi.
13. ReceptorsReceptors that can detect presence of water are situated near the glottis and near the mouth or nose.These receptors include the chemoreceptors of aortic and carotid bodies and mechanoreceptors in the lungs.Increased chemoreceptors activity during a dive, however generates bradycardia.
14. The decrease in blood Oxygen levels and increase in carbon dioxide levels that occur during dive don’t stimulate ventilation.Because inputs from chemoreceptors of aortic and carotid bodies are ignored by respiratory neurons while the animal is submerged.
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