Management Level Paper E2 Project and Relationship Managemen t Lecture 015 Vidya Rajawasam ACMA CGMA MBA Leadership amp Management In the previous lecture we have discuss about the ID: 781331
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Slide1
Leadership & Management
Management Level – Paper E2Project and Relationship Management
Lecture - 015
Vidya
Rajawasam
ACMA CGMA MBA
Slide2Leadership & Management In the previous lecture, we have discuss about the
Classical theories of management Contemporary theories of management
Slide3Leadership & Management In this lecture, we will discuss about
Systems theory Contingency theory Introduction to Leadership theories
Slide4Leadership & Management The Systems Theory The systems theory
focuses on organizational work design taking into consideration of social aspects and technical aspects. Basically, it looks at the interaction between people and
technology
within an
organization
.
Slide5Leadership & Management The Systems Theory Trist and
Bamforth, developed the socio technical theory. They were able to highlight interaction between the social needs and technological activities.
Trist
was
responsible
for
researching
into ‘
longwall
’ method of mining in
Durham
county.
Slide6Leadership & Management The Systems Theory Trist identified, when a
technologically different method used in mining activities in one of his research sites, resulted a lower moral, high absenteeism and deteriorating worker relationships among workers. Although, the new
method
was introduced with proper scientific evaluations,
Slide7Leadership & Management The Systems Theory Although the new method was introduced with
proper scientific evaluations, the owners of the mine did not consider the effects on the work force.
The issue
concerns
with
ignorance
of
individual
and
group
needs in a
traditionally
close
linked
mining
occupation
.
Slide8Leadership & Management The Systems Theory The concern issues were;
Close knit groups had been broken.Communication was difficult due geographical spread of workers.
New
payment
scheme
caused
jealousy
among the workers.
Too much
specialization
and
individuality
was
built
into
jobs
.
Slide9Leadership & Management The Systems Theory The important
management theory point behind is that the social and technological factors are interlinked and cannot be dealt in isolation. Therefore, management should be concerned about this interaction
between
social
and
technological
aspects at
work
to avoid any
problems
.
Slide10Leadership & Management The Contingency Theory The
methods suggested by classical management theorists sometimes may not work. This theory suggests that some of the management theories has to be rejected in favor of certain contingencies
faced by
organizations
.
Slide11Leadership & Management The Contingency Theory The
contingency theory suggests that the effectiveness of various management practices, styles and techniques will vary according to the particular circumstances faced by an organization
.
The
problems
arise when
such
contingencies
are in
conflict
with other
management
issues
.
Slide12Leadership & Management The Contingency Theory Unfortunately, this theory
does not describe how such conflicts can be resolved. The common contingencies that businesses may react includes changes related to technology
,
competition
, government action,
union action
,
consumer reactions
and
economic
factors.
Slide13Leadership & Management The Leadership
Leadership is a dynamic process that is important in all levels within the organization. It does not necessarily take
place
within
the
hierarchical
structure
of the
organization
.
A
leader
may have
no
formal
title
at all and may
rely
on
personal
traits
and
style
to influence
followers
.
Slide14Leadership & Management The Leadership Leadership comes in number of different ways;
Some leaders are elected, in politics and trade unions.Some will emerge by popular choice, through their personal traits and qualities. Appointed leaders, a manager is appointed to position of authority. Leadership is a function of position.
Slide15Leadership & Management The benefits of Leadership There are several benefits from good leadership;
Reducing employee dissatisfactionEncouraging affective delegation Creating team spirit
Slide16Leadership & Management The benefits of Leadership There are several benefits from good leadership;
Helping to develop skills and confidence in a group.Helping to enlist support and co-operation from people outside the group of organization.
Slide17Leadership & Management The skills of a Leader The skill of a leader can consist of following;
The ability to use power effectively and in a responsible manner.The ability to understand that the people have different motivation forces at different times and situations.
Slide18Leadership & Management The skills of a Leader The skill of a leader can consist of following;
The ability to act in a manner that will develop a climate conducive responding to situations and arousing motivation.The ability to inspire others
Slide19Review MCQs
The following are part of systems theory? Focuses on interaction between social aspects and technology within a firm. Consists of strategies related to workforce development.
Focuses on developing young talent. Non of the above.
Leadership & Management
Slide20Review MCQs
The following are part of systems theory? Focuses on interaction between social aspects and technology within a firm.
Consists of strategies related to workforce development. Focuses on developing young talent. Non of the above.
Leadership & Management
Slide21Review MCQs
Contingency theory focuses on ? Developing managerial skills. Provides win-win situation for employees and firm. Providing specialized skills.
The effectiveness of management techniques, styles and practices may vary according to circumstances faced by an organization.
Leadership & Management
Slide22Review MCQs
Contingency theory focuses on ? Developing managerial skills. Provides win-win situation for employees and firm. Providing specialized skills.
The effectiveness of management techniques, styles and practices may vary according to circumstances faced by an organization.
Leadership & Management
Slide23Leadership & Management The difference in attitudes – leaders / managers Managers tend to
adopt impersonal or passive attitudes towards goals. Leaders adopt a more personal and active attitude towards goals
.
Managers
maintain low levels of
emotional
involvement with
people
and
leaders
have
empathy
with other people.
Slide24Leadership & Management The difference in attitudes – leaders / managers Managers
perceive themselves as regulators of the existing order of affairs. Leaders tend to seek opportunities for change.
Managers
reacts
to
situations
and leaders
transforms
situations
.
Slide25Leadership & Management The difference in attitudes – leaders / managers Managers
focuses on planning, organizing , directing and controlling activities and subordinates. Leaders focuses on communicating, motivating, encouraging and
involving
people.
Slide26Leadership & Management The theories of leadership In order explain certain characteristics
, styles, traits and qualities of leadership, several theories were developed; Personality , trait or qualities theories.Style theories
Contingency or situational theories
Slide27Leadership & Management The theories of leadership In order explain certain characteristics
, styles, traits and qualities of leadership, several theories were developed; Transformational / transactional Distributive
Slide28Leadership & Management The Personality, trait or qualities theories Early studies focused on the
qualities of effective leaders. The related qualities identified by the theorists are; Physical traits such as drive, energy, appearance and height. Personality traits such as adoptability, enthusiasm and self confidence.
Slide29Leadership & Management The Personality, trait or qualities theories Early studies focused on the
qualities of effective leaders. The related qualities identified by the theorists are; Social traits such as co-operation, tact, courtesy and administrative ability.
Slide30Leadership & Management The Personality, trait or qualities theories Some other theorists
focused on other personal qualities which were thought to be desirable in leaders. Many great leaders considered to have; Above average intelligence
Initiative
–
independence
and
inventiveness
, capacity to perceive a
need
for
action
.
Slide31Leadership & Management The Personality, trait or qualities theories Motivation
– the urge to do something Self assurance – self confidence The helicopter factor – the ability to rise above a particular situation
and
perceive
it in relation to the
surrounding
context
.
Slide32Leadership & Management The Personality, trait or qualities theories Other
essential qualities are, enthusiasm, sociability, integrity, courage, imagination, determination, energy, faith and virility.
Slide33Leadership & Management The Personality, trait or qualities theories The negative
side of these theories are, there are always counter-examples that can be given. Example, when one theorist argues that a good leader must be tall, a short yet effective leader is identified.
Slide34Leadership & Management The Personality, trait or qualities theories Therefore, a good
leadership is more than simply possession of particular psychological or physical attribute.
Slide35Leadership & Management The Style theories A successful
leader will always exhibit a pattern of behavior or style in gaining confidence of those they wish to lead. A style is a
difficult
factor to
measure
or
define
.
A
style
of a
manager
is
how
he or she
operates
and it is a
function
of many
different
factors.
Slide36Leadership & Management The Autocratic Leadership Autocratic
or authoritarian style – ‘Do this style’ In this style of leadership, the leader takes the complete control, imposes
all
decisions
on the
group
and does not ask for or listen to the opinions of the others.
Slide37Leadership & Management The Autocratic Leadership The autocratic leaders tend to distrust
the members of the group. As a result the close supervision and control of the actions of the individuals of the group will be carried out. Under some
circumstances
the type of leadership style can
cause
resentment
, but there can be other
situations
where the
style
of leadership is
necessary
.
Slide38Leadership & Management The Democratic / Participative Leadership This style also refers to ‘
Lets work together to solve this’ attitude leadership. With this style there is open discussion between the leader and the group. The ideas from the group are encouraged. The final decision will be taken by the leader.
Slide39Leadership & Management The Democratic / Participative Leadership The final
decision will be taken by the leader. The reasons for decision will be explained to the group. This style of leadership encourage
the
innovation
and
creativity
. The group members are
generally
motivated
under democratic leader.
Slide40Review MCQs
The benefits of leadership are ? Creating team spirit.
Encourage effective delegation Reduces the employee dissatisfaction Non of the above
Leadership & Management
Slide41Review MCQs
The benefits of leadership are ? Creating team spirit.
Encourage effective delegation Reduces the employee dissatisfaction Non of the above
Leadership & Management
Slide42Review MCQs
The leadership theories are categorized as ? Distributive
Evolving theories Style theories Non of the above
Leadership & Management
Slide43Review MCQs
The leadership theories are categorized as ? Distributive
Evolving theories Style theories Non of the above
Leadership & Management
Slide44Leadership & Management
Lecture Summary We have discussed the
Systems theory Contingency theory Introduction to Leadership theories
Slide45Leadership & Management
Management Level – Paper E2Project and Relationship Management
Lecture - 015
Vidya
Rajawasam
ACMA CGMA MBA