Twelfth Edition Chapter 12 Databases and Information Systems Copyright 2012 Pearson Education Inc Publishing as Prentice Hall 1 Databases and Information Systems Copyright 2012 Pearson Education Inc Publishing as Prentice Hall ID: 428114
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Computers Are Your FutureTwelfth Edition
Chapter 12: Databases and Information Systems
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
1Slide2
Databases and Information Systems
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall2Slide3
Objectives
Describe the basic components of a database.Describe the qualities of a good database. Distinguish between file management programs and relational database management systems, and explain the advantages and disadvantages of each.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
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Objectives
Differentiate between advanced database programs and applications, such as data warehouses, data mining, client/server database systems, and Web-database integration.List the components and main functions of an information system.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
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Objectives
Recognize the functional divisions and business units of an organization.List the major types of information systems used in today’s organizations.Describe how the retail sector is taking advantage of computer databases to increase sales and gain a competitive edge.
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The Levels of Data in a Database
Database
Collection of related data organized so it is easy to:Access
ManageUpdate
Group
Summarize
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The Levels of Data in a Database
Database unitsBit
Smallest unit of data stored by a computerContains either a 1 or a 0
Character
A letter, number, or symbol
Made of bytes—groups of 8 bits
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The Levels of Data in a Database
Database units (con’t
.)Field
Single unit of relative information
Has a field name—identifies content
Content is data type—includes items as Text, Number, Currency, Date/Time
Record
Includes a group of related fields
Contained in tables or data files
Has a primary key—unique identifier for each record
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The Levels of Data in a Database
Database units (con’t
.)Data file (table)
Collection of records
Database
One or more data files
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The Levels of Data in a Database
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Advantages of Database Management Systems
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Advantages of Database Management Systems
Data integrityData is valid
Data validation
Techniques used to help prevent errors
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Advantages of Database Management Systems
Data independenceSeparate from applicationsChanges do not require changes in structure of forms, reports, or programs accessing databases
Avoiding data redundancy
Enter data only once
Multiple entries of the same data—a sign of a poorly developed system
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Advantages of Database Management Systems
Data securityPrevents contents from being accessed by unauthorized users (e.g., medical records, financial data)
Audit trail—report of who accesses which data
Data maintenanceRequired for proper care and protection
Add records
Modify records
Delete records
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Types of Database Programs
Database ProgramsSoftware used to create databasesFile management program
Generates a
flat file
, meaning that there is no relationship with fields in other files
Database management systems
(
DBMSs
)
Manage multiple tables or files
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Types of Database Programs
File management systemsUseful for personal and small business needs
Used to develop a simple computerized system for information storage and retrieval
Inexpensive and easy to useUnable to link to data stored in other files
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Types of Database Programs
DBMS (Database management systems)Connects several files or tables
Manages, accesses, stores, and edits data
Available in a variety of formsNot usually tied to one particular platform
Able to present information in reports and other formats
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Types of Database Programs
Popular DBMS softwareCopyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
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Types of Database Programs
DBMS classifications
Flat
RelationalObject oriented
Multidimensional
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Types of Database Programs
RDBMS (Relational database management systems)Most widely used class of DBMS
Primary key field used as index to locate records
Queries can be done through SQL
Data dictionary lists all tables in database
Compared to file management program, RDBMS is:
More expensive
More difficult to learn
Better at controlling data redundancy
Better at preventing potential data errors
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Types of Database Programs
Microsoft AccessCopyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
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Types of Database Programs
ODBMS (Object-oriented database management systems)Suits media applications
Data represented as objects
Incorporate sound, video, text, and graphicsWell suited for applications such as:
Financial portfolio risk analysis
Design and manufacturing systems
Hospital patient record systems
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Types of Database Programs
Multidimensional databasesDepicted as a data cubeDimensions typically categories (i.e., time, products, sales, customers, budget, and markets)
Choice for online analytical processing (OLAP)
MDX query language
can access multiple dimensions
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Types of Database Programs
Data warehouses Central location capable of storing all corporate information Data available for analysis
Helps executives make decisionsUse drill-down
method (start with summary level and move down) to focus on specific data
Data marts
similar but support a department or division
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Types of Database Programs
Data mining Explores and analyzes data
Determines data patterns helpful for making decisions
Managers better understand customers and market Can help predict future trends
Variation is Web mining
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Types of Database Programs
Client/server database systemsUse database server software—responds to remote users’ requests for informationUse database client software—provides an interface with the user
Use queries to request information from the database server
Examples: ATMs and online banking
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Types of Database Programs
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Types of Database Programs
Web–database integrationTaking database information and making it accessible via the InternetGoogle, Yahoo!, Wikipedia
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Types of Database Programs
Cloud computing databaseContendersAmazon
SimpleDB
Google AppEngine
Datastore
Microsoft SQL Data Services
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Information Systems: Tools for Global Competitiveness
Information systemsIntegrate:People
Hardware
SoftwareData
Procedures
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Information Systems: Tools for Global Competitiveness
Information systems (con’t
.)Perform many functions:
Accepts input (data)Processes data into information
Stores data
Disseminates information throughout organization
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Information Systems: Tools for Global Competitiveness
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Information Systems: Tools for Global Competitiveness
Reduce information overload Route to appropriate users
SummarizeProvide information to selected people with specific needs
Eliminate unnecessary information
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Information Systems: Tools for Global Competitiveness
Functional divisionsManage core functions of an organization
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Information Systems: Tools for Global Competiveness
Typical functional divisionsAccounting
Accounts payable, accounts receivable, cost accounting, sales information, accounting reportsFinance
Forecasting, budgeting, cash management, budget analysis, financial reports
Marketing and sales
Maintaining public image and generating sales
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Information Systems: Tools for Global Competiveness
Typical functional divisions (con’t)
Human Resources
Tracks employees
Production/operation
Plans and controls processes that produce goods and services
Information Systems
System of people, data records, hardware and software that process data and information
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Information Systems: Tools for Global Competiveness
Business unitsUse of information systems:
Analyze marketProvide analysis and summary of market information
Review and adjust strategiesInfluence competition
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Information Systems in Organizations: A Survey
Transaction processing systemsHandle day-to-day accounting needs
Keeps record of every transaction involving money
Save money by automating routine recordkeeping
Batch online processing
Management information systems
Provide information needed to make decisions
Generate predefined reports
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Information Systems in Organizations: A Survey
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Information Systems in Organizations: A Survey
Decision support systemsProduce reports more specific than management information system reports
Enable managers to create simulations
OLAP (online analytical processing)
Executive information systems
Help top-level managers make strategic decisions
Filter critical information to show trends
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Information Systems in Organizations: A Survey
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Information Systems in Organizations: A Survey
Knowledge management systemsUse information from books and experienced individuals to assist decision making
Expert systems
Rely on detailed and in-depth knowledge of experts in a specific field
Use knowledge base to generate answers
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Information Systems in Organizations: A Survey
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Information Systems in Organizations: A Survey
Retail sectorComputers and databases not only used for traditional applications
Point-of-sale (POS)
Credit card authorization
Inventory system
Check-screening system
Signature capture system
Photo checkout system
Marketing devices
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Summary
A database is a collection of data stored in an organized way. The units of a database are: table or data file, records, field, and bit.A good database ensures data integrity, promotes data independence, avoids data redundancy, ensures data security, and provides procedures for data maintenance
.Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
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Summary
File management programs, which work with a single flat file, are easy to use and inexpensive. A database management system works with two or more data files that can be related by common fields. Data warehouses bring data together from many smaller databases into one massive database. Data mining and Web mining explore data to discover unknown patterns.
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Summary
Client-server database systems and Web–database integration are examples of Database management systems (DBMS). An information system includes data, hardware, software, people, and procedures.
Functional divisions of an organization include: accounting, finance, marketing and sales, human resources, production/ operations, and information systems.
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Summary
Information systems include: transaction processing systems, management information systems, decision support systems, executive information system, knowledge management systems, and expert systems.The retail sector’s use of POS terminals, when linked with inventory databases and other systems such as check-screening systems, provides businesses with the ability to perform many business tasks effectively.
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Copyright ©
2012
Pearson Education, Inc.
Publishing as Prentice Hall
49
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall