4 5515213 551524jC THE ARTIFICIAL PRODUCTION OF CARBON DIOXIDE AND ITS INFLUENCE ON TEMPERATURE By G S CALLENDAR Steam technologist to the British Electrical and Allied Industries Research Association Communicated by Dr G M B DOBSON FRS Manuscript ID: 49877
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ARTIFICIAL PRODUCTION ITS INFLUENCE (Steam technologist British Electrical Research Association.) this paper, parts having be referred accurate set taken about the year on the amount that the amount free air Atlantic region, many factors which the natural and the fossil fuel. Such factors the organic lengthy investigation that the small fraction quantity produced from considered, because the the atmosphere. mainly upon cquilibrium with equilibrium time, surface temperature, the change pressure over Annual net Sea surface period, when the rate known and the sea water few such figures will be when periods equilibrium time less important. Since calculating have seen a report observations on atmospheric readings taken effected by similar proportion the same way, the per cent. Such calculated increase course, partly heat from the earths surface and atmosphere greater than the absorption and the spectrum, considerable accuracy and from detailed, the values Rubens and Aschkinass the absorption have made atmospheric water vapour, and their measure- support the conclusion arrived the absorption water vapour it occurs for steam under laboratory comparison between atmospheric radiation, ditions, the absorption exponents atmospheric radiation. three primary given by because very wave length being the absorption exponent . . the absorption dioxide when the infra-red region very complicated remarked, it values found measurement and the presence observations on the longer wave and correctrd these wave lengths been called absorption measurements in this These new Fowle's values Fowle's experiments, water vapour which would water when obtained from observations remarkably a wide water vapour. the important Rubens and per cent water vapour, careful comparison over the band approximate percentage radiation energy various wave water vapour any quantity wave lengths greater atmospheric radiation comparisons have that the relation, deduced measurements, leads water vapour . . from the excluding the direct the sun, radiation." Valuable to refer the earth's surface, the downward radiation varies between three and water vapour. the sky absorption coeficients but laborious. known mean temperature, water vapour, content, and summing the absorbing wave bands, surface temperature. long series Dines show that the free trom surface bears a very low level shows the water vapour than thc would bc per cent but when this radiation. of mixed between the sum and energy distribution over wave band to they refer. observed sky radiation results water vapour carbon dioxide, perate conditions vapour pressure radiation comes from water vapour dioxide may supply firstly upon radiation takes thick layer that layer from radiation comes the atmospheric carbon alter the carbon dioxide near the surface the radiation without allowing for any increased the altitude the radiation focus, the present quantity the atmosphere (equal latter assumption depends other wave lengths the primary atmospheric carbon dioxide from one third the present these values twelve . . AMOUNT AND VERTICAL air layer, concentrated from the amount from the layers is small increase these values equivalent thickness of lowest kilometre is the exponents should be a unit certain amount heat falls each this heat heat exchange from clouds constant factor. the surface temperature and the difference radiation constant. sky radiation, the surface. the sky sky ()(-S,,] . . the change a given radiation increases the surface, being always assumed the heat water vapour the surface, and the actual the solar circulation, the the scattering of atmospheric the amount outside the wave due to can have its upon low provided it different from an increase the temperature ultimate rise be in the change sun heat. surface temperature surface temperature for the carbon dioxide the temperature arctic regions on sky radiation, not on temperatures, because the ratio sky radiation approaches opposing changes the earth. many other points connection with to here, water vapour atmospheric carbon reasonable estimate temperature to during the may be supposed against this utilisation, which during the units turned CIIRBON IIOXIUE . . 19th century. equilibrium time last line the polar displacement climate zenes, tempcrate latitudes. on temperatures energy absorption the Rubens per cent. actual temperatures near the have provided almost overwhelming detail, including many accurate and generally not whether such the temperature have examined about two defective when their the records back more a century found only are at Oxford, and comparisons show must be perhaps the Oxford, and Copenhagen, average departures City record, other long been used marked agreement the west York State, almost through- anomalies seem the earths then weighted to the area way the different zones Twenty-year moving the mean. departures from I have the temperature north temperate the figures values obtained nearly twice careful elimination stations was 1920-1929 1930-1994 1930-1994 - j -11 t7 + 2 +jO 1 I I I -1c) -1j -11 +6 +16 4-17 -11 -6 - 5 +3 f'4 From the curves in Fig. 4 it will be seen that the greater part the warmth these, with the west since about the three (Indian Ocean, higher mean and South both regions increase over high altitudes Europe the warmth the surface, km. altitude) and km. altitude), ARTIFICIAL PRODUCTION the surrounding country districts the departures examine this observations into three class exposures, material accumulation materially increased increased considerably the last controversy it to give each class. Large towns. B.C., Canada. Father Point, Irish Free Sibiu, Roumania. Yakutsk. U.S.S.R. Pembroke, Falklands. Kamchatka. Bahia Blanca, Argentine. Santiago. Honolulu, Hawaii.* Samoa. Chile. Adelaide. increase from period each class one departures from to make city records century, but during the last country stations Worksop, and Farm has risen slightly and Oxford no secular period under from some those from records show the China the mean due to atmospheric carbon present tempera- northern hemisphere, calculated values. next twenty years valuable evidence to the atmospheric carbon regards the temperature variations geologically recent the natural carbon dioxide rapid enough the great give glacial account for movements the almost inexhaustible supply when its pressure the air a fall mean temperatures (see glacial periods be accounted conclusion it the combustion whether it feet below, heat and the above small increases be important the growth situated plants to the any case should be delayed these would to give Radcliffe Obser- for the World weather Sea. Publications Callendar had into this paper. to criticise it, but he would to mention wish to reconsider. first place sufficiently realised its study, that it temperature distribution the radiation. radiative equilibrium, second place, perature distribution the atmosphere movement of not, therefore, calculate one factor definite indication Callendar should give little more information results shown the paper did not Callendar had given which included connected with calculation from these not the Lastly he in CO, and temperature years, niust had calculated, thought the temperature was his investigation of the natural regarding the were carried out. throughout the the polar regions were ignored. a reversal ARTIFICIAL PRODUCTION seemed necessary to additional calculations to processes besides normal energy it may proccsses in diagrams shouirig the last the mean temperature have occurred the latter reality does not pressure observations mean path from the that the the absorbing complicated series was not quite most interesting change during the amount the atiiiospheric regions where the circulation temperature, there arctic regions think that dioxide could certainly merited valuable contribution that it was not casual variation. COSTE congratulated his courage snme practical it went whether the were real. in ten- air and the ocean, latter being would be tons, which the burning thirty years and one such thermometers. the temperature radiative equilibrium added to temperature radiation, without interfering with the heat supply, some appears to temperature with sky radiation, calculated for different temperature changes the surface surface temperature method used published from use the available space more direct did not the natural had actually these, but just eight present paper. the surface small, but the protection for the warm Brunt, the appeared to years, with intervening, whereas recent conditions indicated gradual and arctic temperatures thought that the latter account of their rise he had Dines, the casual change probably very strong and west winds calculated values sea water to give the the sea one year, and the annual the air is less accurate temperatures were taken was any this point set this vertical motion occurs mnta1 tcmperature motion gives wind from warm to out that paper does not apply the case failed fully the statement quasi-geostrophic, then the component directed along the to cold with ascending cold to important bearing meteorological developments, whcre associated with and with geostrophic value. Although the departures generally small compared whole motion be described qllasi-geostrophic) they shortly be the mathematical physical basis